Research Article
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An Intersectionality in Terms of Hierarchies and Stereotypes: Gender Roles and Eating Habits

Year 2024, Volume: 9 Issue: 17, 6 - 16, 27.04.2024

Selva Dilan Gölbaşı Koç Ali Kılınç Ezgi Yücel Alaettin Ünsal Didem Arslantaş

Abstract

Evaluating gender with an intersectional approach provides a broader area of influence. According to various theories, gender roles can be examined with attitudes towards non-human animals and the gender of animals when we expand the scope of "human justice" and "equity." The study aimed to determine the attitudes to gender roles and evaluate these attitudes according to Gender-Based Stereotyping in Nutrition (GBSN) and nutritional features by controlling personality traits and sociodemographic characteristics. The study was conducted on people aged 18 years and over, 444 people formed the study group. A 37-item questionnaire, prepared using the literature, was distributed via social media platforms. Results revealed that being older, being male, not living alone, and not having participated in gender-related training were influential factors for negative attitudes towards gender roles. Additionally, being omnivorous and having a high GBSN level were factors for negative attitudes towards gender roles. The independent variables that the most important predictors of the gender roles attitude dependent variable were "being female," "being vegan," and "GBSN level," respectively. No relationship was found between personality types and the level of egalitarian attitudes towards gender roles. Further studies are needed to better elucidate the relationality of attitudes to hierarchies in dietary practices and gender roles.

Keywords

Gender nutrition superiority attitude

Ethical Statement

The approval of the Eskişehir Osmangazi University Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee was obtained (date of 12/14/2021 and number of E-25403353-050.99-294661).

References

  • Adams, C. J. (2010). The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist‐Vegetarian Critical Theory. Translated by G. Tezcan and M. E. Boyacıoğlu. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınevi.
  • Adana, F., Arslantaş, H. F., N. Ergin, N. Biçer, N. Kıranşal, & S. Şahin. (2011). Views of Male University Students About Social Gender Roles; An Example From East of Turkey. Journal of Family Violence, 26 (7), 519-526.
  • https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/views-male-university-students-about-social-gender-roles-example.
  • Allen, M. W., Wilson, M., Ng S. H., & Dunne M. (2000). Values and Beliefs of Vegetarians and Omnivores. The Journal of Social Psychology, 140 (4), 405-422. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224540009600481
  • Altınal, B. E., & Tekdemir G. (2020). Ambivalent Speciesism Scale: Development, Validity and Reliability. Nesne Dergisi, 8 (18), 492-506. https://doi.org/10.7816/nesne-08-18-09
  • Atak, H. (2013). The Turkish Adaptation of the Ten-Item Personality Inventory. Archives of Neuropsychiatry, 50, 312-319. https://doi.org/10.4274/npa.y6128
  • Aylaz, R., Güneş, G., Uzun, G., & Ünal, S. (2014). Opinions of University Students on Gender Roles. Sürekli Tıp Eğitimi Dergisi, 23(5), 183-189. http://abakus.inonu.edu.tr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11616/6802/Makale%20Dosyas%c4%b1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
  • Bakioğlu, F., & Türküm, A. S. (2019). Adaptation of Gender Role Attitudes Scale to Turkish: A Study of Validity and Reliability. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 27(2), 717-725. https://doi.org/10.24106/kefdergi.2697
  • Bekleviç, A. Ç., & Kıran, S. (2017). Bir üniversite hastanesi araştırma görevlilerinin toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri tutum ölçeği ve çalışma yaşamında toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri algısının değerlendirilmesi. Master’s thesis, Bülent Ecevit University.
  • Bugay, A., Delevi, R., & Mullet, E. (2019). Attitude toward women in Turkey: Combined effect of sex, place, and culture. Current Psychology, 40, 3284-3292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00273-2
  • Costa, P. A., & Davies, M. (2012). Portuguese Adolescents' Attitudes Toward Sexual Minorities: Transphobia, Homophobia, and Gender Role Beliefs. Journal of Homosexuality, 59(10), 1424-1442. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2012.724944
  • Cullen, J. M., Wright Jr, L. W., & Alessandri, M. (2002). The Personality Variable Openness to Experience as It Relates to Homophobia. Journal of Homosexuality, 42(4), 119-134. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v42n04_08
  • Çarpar, M. C. (2020). Nutrition, Identity and Masculinity: The Sociology of Meat Eating. İstanbul University Journal of Sociology, 40, 249-277. https://doi.org/10.26650/SJ.2020.40.1.0041
  • Çiçek, B., & Z. Çopur. (2018). The Attitudes of Individuals Towards Women’s Working And Gender Roles. International Journal of Eurasian Education and Culture, 3(4), 1-21. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ijoeec/issue/37148/428498#article_cite.
  • Van Egmond, M., Baxter, J., Buchler, S., & Western, M. (2010). A Stalled Revolution? Gender Role Attitudes in Australia. 1986-2005. Journal of Population Research, 27(3), 147-168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12546-010-9039-9
  • Ergin, A., Bekar, T., & Aydemir, A. G. (2019). Attitudes of Students of Medical Faculty to Gender Roles and Affecting Factors. Fırat Medical Journal, 24(3), 122-128. http://www.firattipdergisi.com/text.php3?id=1163.
  • Ertuğrul Yaşar, Z. E., & Zorluoğlu, E. (2021). Investigation of University Students’ Gender Roles and Attitudes Towards Gender Roles. Erzurum Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 0(12), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.29157/etusbe.2020.59
  • Everett, J. A., Caviola, L., Savulescu, J., Faber, J, N. S. (2019). Speciesism, generalized prejudice, and perceptions of prejudiced others. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 22(6), 785-803. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430218816962
  • Figueredo, E. V. (2021). Investigating Differences in Gender Identity, Empathy and Personality Between Vegetarians and Non-Vegetarians. Doctoral diss., National College of Ireland, Dublin.
  • Fox, N., Ward, L. (2008). Health, Ethics and Environment: A Qualitative Study of Vegetarian Motivations. Appetite, 50(2-3), 422-429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2007.09.007
  • Hawthorne, M. (2019). Vegan Etik: Herkes İçin Şefkatli Bir Yaşama Kucak Açmak. [A Vegan Ethic: Embracing a Life of Compassion Toward All.] Translated by Feyyaz Şahin. İstanbul: Pales.
  • Hopwood, C. J., Bleidorn, W., Schwaba, T., Chen, S. (2020). Health, Environmental, and Animal Rights Motives for Vegetarian Eating. PloS One, 15(4), e0230609. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230609
  • Jular-Alba, R., Martín-Ramos, C., & Martín-Ramos, P. (2021). Attitudes Towards Gender Equality And Coeducation Among Secondary School Teachers: A Case of Study in Madrid, Spain. Electronic Journal of Research in Education Psychology, 19(55), 491-508. https://doi.org/10.25115/ejrep.v19i55.3751
  • Kalof, L., Dietz, T., Stern, P. C., & Guagnano, G. A. (1999). Social Psychological and Structural Influences on Vegetarian Beliefs. Rural Sociology, 64(3), 500-511. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1549-0831.1999.tb00364.x
  • Kehn, A., & Ruthig, J. C. (2013). Perceptions of Gender Discrimination Across Six Decades: The Moderating Roles of Gender and Age. Sex Roles, 69(5-6), 289-296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-013-0303-2
  • Koyuncu Şahin, M., & Çoban, A. (2019). An Overview of Gender Studies on Education in Turkey. The Journal of International Social Research, 12(64), 588-599. https://doi.org/10.17719/jisr.2019.3381
  • Kurpisz, J., Mak, M., Lew-Starowicz, M., Nowosielski, K., Bieńkowski, P., Kowalczyk, R., Misiak, B., Frydecka, D., & Samochowiec, J. (2016). Personality traits, gender roles and sexual behaviours of young adult males. Annals Of General Psychiatry, 15(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12991-016-0114-2
  • Öngen, B., & S. Aytaç. (2013). “Attitudes of University Students Regarding to Gender Roles and Relationship with Life Values.” [Üniversite öğrencilerinin toplumsal cinsiyet rollerine ilişkin tutumlari ve yaşam değerleri ilişkisi.] Istanbul Journal of Sociological Studies, 0(48), 1-18. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/iusoskon/issue/9552/119306.
  • Özmete, E., & Zubaroğlu Yanardağ, M. (2016). The Male Perspective on Gender Roles: The Value of Being a Male or a Female. [Erkeklerin Bakış Açısıyla Toplumsal Cinsiyet Rolleri: Kadın ve Erkek Olmanın Değeri.] Turkish Journal of Social Research, 20(1), 91-107. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tsadergisi/issue/21499/230533.
  • Savaş, G. (2018). Gender (In) Equality Perception of Individuals Living in Turkey. [Türkiye’de Yaşayan Bireylerin Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşit(siz)liği Algısı.] Akdeniz Kadın Çalışmaları ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Dergisi, 1(2), 101-121. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ktc/issue/39906/461518.
  • Son, G. Y. T., & Bulut, M. (2016). Vegan and Vegetarianism as a Life Style. [Yaşam Tarzı Olarak Vegan ve Vejetaryenlik.] Journal of Human Sciences, 13(1), 830-843. https://www.j-humansciences.com/ojs/index.php/IJHS/article/view/3614.
  • Şahin, N. N. (2020). The Relationship Between Gender Role and Food and Beverage Consumption Preferences. [Cinsiyet Rolü ile Yiyecek ve İçecek Tüketim Tercihleri İlişkisi.] PhD diss., University of Balikesir.
  • Thomas, M. A. (2016). Are Vegans the Same as Vegetarians? The Effect of Diet on Perceptions of Masculinity. Appetite, 97, 79-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.11.021
  • UN. (2020). Gender stereotyping. OHCHR and women’s human rights and gender equality. https://www.ohchr.org/en/women/gender-stereotyping
  • Wrenn, C. L., & Johnson, R. (2013). A critique of single-issue campaigning and the importance of comprehensive abolitionist vegan advocacy. Food, Culture and Society, 16(4), 651-668. https://doi.org/10.2752/175174413X13758634982092

Üstünlükler ve Stereotipler Açısından Bir Kesişimsellik: Cinsiyet Rolleri ve Yeme Alışkanlıkları

Year 2024, Volume: 9 Issue: 17, 6 - 16, 27.04.2024

Selva Dilan Gölbaşı Koç Ali Kılınç Ezgi Yücel Alaettin Ünsal Didem Arslantaş

Abstract

Toplumsal cinsiyeti kesişimsel bir yaklaşımla değerlendirmek daha geniş bir etki alanı sağlar. Çeşitli teorilere göre "insani adalet" ve "eşitlik" kapsamını genişlettiğimizde toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri, insan olmayan hayvanlara yönelik tutumlar ve hayvanların cinsiyeti ile birlikte incelenebilir. Çalışmada, toplumsal cinsiyet rollerine ilişkin tutumların belirlenmesi ve bu tutumların, kişilik özellikleri ve sosyodemografik özellikler kontrol edilerek Yeme Alışkanlıklarında Cinsiyet Rollerine Dayalı Stereotipler (YACS) ve yeme alışkanlıklarına göre değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma 18 yaş ve üzeri kişiler üzerinde gerçekleştirilmiş olup, 444 kişi çalışma grubunu oluşturmuştur. Literatürden yararlanılarak hazırlanan 37 maddelik bir anket sosyal medya platformları aracılığıyla dağıtılmıştır. Sonuçlar, daha ileri yaşta olmanın, erkek olmanın, yalnız yaşamamanın ve toplumsal cinsiyetle ilgili eğitimlere katılmamış olmanın toplumsal cinsiyet rollerine yönelik olumsuz tutumlar üzerinde etkili faktörler olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca, çalışma grubunda hepçil olanlar ve daha yüksek YACS düzeyine sahip olanlar toplumsal cinsiyet rollerine yönelik daha olumsuz tutumlara sahipti. Toplumsal cinsiyet rollerine ilişkin tutum bağımlı değişkeninin en önemli yordayıcıları olan bağımsız değişkenler sırasıyla "kadın olmak", "vegan olmak" ve "YACS düzeyi"dir. Kişilik tipleri ile toplumsal cinsiyet rollerine yönelik eşitlikçi tutum düzeyi arasında bir ilişki bulunmamıştır.

Keywords

Cİnsiyet Beslenme Üstünlük Tutum

Ethical Statement

Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Girişimsel Olmayan Klinik Araştırmalar Etik Kurulu'ndan onay alınmıştır (14.12.2021 tarih ve E-25403353-050.99-294661 sayı).

References

  • Adams, C. J. (2010). The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist‐Vegetarian Critical Theory. Translated by G. Tezcan and M. E. Boyacıoğlu. İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınevi.
  • Adana, F., Arslantaş, H. F., N. Ergin, N. Biçer, N. Kıranşal, & S. Şahin. (2011). Views of Male University Students About Social Gender Roles; An Example From East of Turkey. Journal of Family Violence, 26 (7), 519-526.
  • https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/views-male-university-students-about-social-gender-roles-example.
  • Allen, M. W., Wilson, M., Ng S. H., & Dunne M. (2000). Values and Beliefs of Vegetarians and Omnivores. The Journal of Social Psychology, 140 (4), 405-422. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224540009600481
  • Altınal, B. E., & Tekdemir G. (2020). Ambivalent Speciesism Scale: Development, Validity and Reliability. Nesne Dergisi, 8 (18), 492-506. https://doi.org/10.7816/nesne-08-18-09
  • Atak, H. (2013). The Turkish Adaptation of the Ten-Item Personality Inventory. Archives of Neuropsychiatry, 50, 312-319. https://doi.org/10.4274/npa.y6128
  • Aylaz, R., Güneş, G., Uzun, G., & Ünal, S. (2014). Opinions of University Students on Gender Roles. Sürekli Tıp Eğitimi Dergisi, 23(5), 183-189. http://abakus.inonu.edu.tr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11616/6802/Makale%20Dosyas%c4%b1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.
  • Bakioğlu, F., & Türküm, A. S. (2019). Adaptation of Gender Role Attitudes Scale to Turkish: A Study of Validity and Reliability. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 27(2), 717-725. https://doi.org/10.24106/kefdergi.2697
  • Bekleviç, A. Ç., & Kıran, S. (2017). Bir üniversite hastanesi araştırma görevlilerinin toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri tutum ölçeği ve çalışma yaşamında toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri algısının değerlendirilmesi. Master’s thesis, Bülent Ecevit University.
  • Bugay, A., Delevi, R., & Mullet, E. (2019). Attitude toward women in Turkey: Combined effect of sex, place, and culture. Current Psychology, 40, 3284-3292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00273-2
  • Costa, P. A., & Davies, M. (2012). Portuguese Adolescents' Attitudes Toward Sexual Minorities: Transphobia, Homophobia, and Gender Role Beliefs. Journal of Homosexuality, 59(10), 1424-1442. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2012.724944
  • Cullen, J. M., Wright Jr, L. W., & Alessandri, M. (2002). The Personality Variable Openness to Experience as It Relates to Homophobia. Journal of Homosexuality, 42(4), 119-134. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v42n04_08
  • Çarpar, M. C. (2020). Nutrition, Identity and Masculinity: The Sociology of Meat Eating. İstanbul University Journal of Sociology, 40, 249-277. https://doi.org/10.26650/SJ.2020.40.1.0041
  • Çiçek, B., & Z. Çopur. (2018). The Attitudes of Individuals Towards Women’s Working And Gender Roles. International Journal of Eurasian Education and Culture, 3(4), 1-21. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ijoeec/issue/37148/428498#article_cite.
  • Van Egmond, M., Baxter, J., Buchler, S., & Western, M. (2010). A Stalled Revolution? Gender Role Attitudes in Australia. 1986-2005. Journal of Population Research, 27(3), 147-168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12546-010-9039-9
  • Ergin, A., Bekar, T., & Aydemir, A. G. (2019). Attitudes of Students of Medical Faculty to Gender Roles and Affecting Factors. Fırat Medical Journal, 24(3), 122-128. http://www.firattipdergisi.com/text.php3?id=1163.
  • Ertuğrul Yaşar, Z. E., & Zorluoğlu, E. (2021). Investigation of University Students’ Gender Roles and Attitudes Towards Gender Roles. Erzurum Teknik Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 0(12), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.29157/etusbe.2020.59
  • Everett, J. A., Caviola, L., Savulescu, J., Faber, J, N. S. (2019). Speciesism, generalized prejudice, and perceptions of prejudiced others. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 22(6), 785-803. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430218816962
  • Figueredo, E. V. (2021). Investigating Differences in Gender Identity, Empathy and Personality Between Vegetarians and Non-Vegetarians. Doctoral diss., National College of Ireland, Dublin.
  • Fox, N., Ward, L. (2008). Health, Ethics and Environment: A Qualitative Study of Vegetarian Motivations. Appetite, 50(2-3), 422-429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2007.09.007
  • Hawthorne, M. (2019). Vegan Etik: Herkes İçin Şefkatli Bir Yaşama Kucak Açmak. [A Vegan Ethic: Embracing a Life of Compassion Toward All.] Translated by Feyyaz Şahin. İstanbul: Pales.
  • Hopwood, C. J., Bleidorn, W., Schwaba, T., Chen, S. (2020). Health, Environmental, and Animal Rights Motives for Vegetarian Eating. PloS One, 15(4), e0230609. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230609
  • Jular-Alba, R., Martín-Ramos, C., & Martín-Ramos, P. (2021). Attitudes Towards Gender Equality And Coeducation Among Secondary School Teachers: A Case of Study in Madrid, Spain. Electronic Journal of Research in Education Psychology, 19(55), 491-508. https://doi.org/10.25115/ejrep.v19i55.3751
  • Kalof, L., Dietz, T., Stern, P. C., & Guagnano, G. A. (1999). Social Psychological and Structural Influences on Vegetarian Beliefs. Rural Sociology, 64(3), 500-511. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1549-0831.1999.tb00364.x
  • Kehn, A., & Ruthig, J. C. (2013). Perceptions of Gender Discrimination Across Six Decades: The Moderating Roles of Gender and Age. Sex Roles, 69(5-6), 289-296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-013-0303-2
  • Koyuncu Şahin, M., & Çoban, A. (2019). An Overview of Gender Studies on Education in Turkey. The Journal of International Social Research, 12(64), 588-599. https://doi.org/10.17719/jisr.2019.3381
  • Kurpisz, J., Mak, M., Lew-Starowicz, M., Nowosielski, K., Bieńkowski, P., Kowalczyk, R., Misiak, B., Frydecka, D., & Samochowiec, J. (2016). Personality traits, gender roles and sexual behaviours of young adult males. Annals Of General Psychiatry, 15(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12991-016-0114-2
  • Öngen, B., & S. Aytaç. (2013). “Attitudes of University Students Regarding to Gender Roles and Relationship with Life Values.” [Üniversite öğrencilerinin toplumsal cinsiyet rollerine ilişkin tutumlari ve yaşam değerleri ilişkisi.] Istanbul Journal of Sociological Studies, 0(48), 1-18. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/iusoskon/issue/9552/119306.
  • Özmete, E., & Zubaroğlu Yanardağ, M. (2016). The Male Perspective on Gender Roles: The Value of Being a Male or a Female. [Erkeklerin Bakış Açısıyla Toplumsal Cinsiyet Rolleri: Kadın ve Erkek Olmanın Değeri.] Turkish Journal of Social Research, 20(1), 91-107. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tsadergisi/issue/21499/230533.
  • Savaş, G. (2018). Gender (In) Equality Perception of Individuals Living in Turkey. [Türkiye’de Yaşayan Bireylerin Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşit(siz)liği Algısı.] Akdeniz Kadın Çalışmaları ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Dergisi, 1(2), 101-121. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ktc/issue/39906/461518.
  • Son, G. Y. T., & Bulut, M. (2016). Vegan and Vegetarianism as a Life Style. [Yaşam Tarzı Olarak Vegan ve Vejetaryenlik.] Journal of Human Sciences, 13(1), 830-843. https://www.j-humansciences.com/ojs/index.php/IJHS/article/view/3614.
  • Şahin, N. N. (2020). The Relationship Between Gender Role and Food and Beverage Consumption Preferences. [Cinsiyet Rolü ile Yiyecek ve İçecek Tüketim Tercihleri İlişkisi.] PhD diss., University of Balikesir.
  • Thomas, M. A. (2016). Are Vegans the Same as Vegetarians? The Effect of Diet on Perceptions of Masculinity. Appetite, 97, 79-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.11.021
  • UN. (2020). Gender stereotyping. OHCHR and women’s human rights and gender equality. https://www.ohchr.org/en/women/gender-stereotyping
  • Wrenn, C. L., & Johnson, R. (2013). A critique of single-issue campaigning and the importance of comprehensive abolitionist vegan advocacy. Food, Culture and Society, 16(4), 651-668. https://doi.org/10.2752/175174413X13758634982092
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Sociology of Culture
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Selva Dilan Gölbaşı Koç 0000-0002-9567-3544

Ali Kılınç 0000-0002-0577-8570

Ezgi Yücel 0000-0001-9359-3877

Alaettin Ünsal 0000-0001-8353-1605

Didem Arslantaş 0000-0002-5263-3710

Publication Date April 27, 2024
Submission Date January 5, 2024
Acceptance Date April 23, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 9 Issue: 17

Cite

APA Gölbaşı Koç, S. D., Kılınç, A., Yücel, E., Ünsal, A., et al. (2024). An Intersectionality in Terms of Hierarchies and Stereotypes: Gender Roles and Eating Habits. Abant Kültürel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 9(17), 6-16.
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