Review
BibTex RIS Cite

Oral and Dental Health Practıce Durıng The COVID-19 Pandemıc

Year 2020, Issue: Special Issue on COVID 19, 312 - 322, 20.03.2020
https://doi.org/10.21673/anadoluklin.741519

Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a major public health problem worldwide. The World Health Organization has first declared the new coronavirus epidemic as a “public health emergency of internationally concern” and afterwards a “pandemic”. SARS-CoV-2 enters cells through ACE2, the same host cell receptor, but has a higher binding affinity compared to SARS-CoV. Once entering the mucasal epithelial cells, SARS-CoV-2 becomes abundant in the saliva and nasopharyngeal secretions of affected patients. Therefore, the spread is generally thought to be due to droplet and aerosol exposure. When direct and indirect ways of transmission of COVID-19 from human to human are evaluated, the risk of disease transmission and cross infection in dental environments is considerably high. According to the data obtained from COVID-19 case series; the disease may have early symptoms such as loss of taste, loss of smell and dry mouth before typical symptoms of fever, dry cough, and fatigue. This supports the hypothesis that the first port of entry of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is the upper respiratory mucosa. Dentists therefore play a vital role in the early diagnosis and preventing transmission of COVID-19. This article aims to provide a comprehensive protocol regarding infection control and patient management for dentistry practices and oral and maxillofacial surgery operations during the COVID-19 pandemic, in accordance with the guidelines of international health institutions.

References

  • 1. Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. 2020;395(10224):565-574.
  • 2. World Health Organ¬izati¬on. Coronav¬irus di¬sease 2019 (COVID-19). S¬ituat¬ion report 10 (30 January 2020). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. Erişim: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200130-sitrep-10-ncov.pdf?sfvrsn=d0b2e480_2 (erişildi: 3 Mayıs 2020)
  • 3. Mahase E. China coronavirus: WHO declares international emergency as death toll exceeds 200. BMJ. 2020;368:m408.
  • 4. World Health Organization. WHO Director-General’s remarks at the media briefing on 2019-nCoV on 11 February 2020 (Internet). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. Erişim: https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-2019-ncov-on-11-february-2020 (erişildi: 28 Mart 2020)
  • 5. World Health Organ¬izati¬on. Coronav¬irus di¬sease 2019 (COVID-19). S¬ituat¬ion report 22 (11 February 2020). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. Erişim: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200211-sitrep-22-ncov.pdf?sfvrsn=fb6d49b1_2 (erişildi: 5 Mayıs 2020)
  • 6. Fallahi HR, Keyhan SO, Zandian D, Kim S G, Cheshmi B. Being a front-line dentist during the Covid-19 pandemic: a literature review. Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg. 2020;42:1-9.
  • 7. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. New Engl J Med. 2020;382(8):727-733.
  • 8. Peng X, Xu X, Li Y, Cheng L, Zhou X, Ren B. Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practice. Int J Oral Sci. 2020;12(1):1-6.
  • 9. Wan Y, Shang J, Graham R, Baric RS, Li F. Receptor recognition by the novel coronavirus from Wuhan: an analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS coronavirus. J Virol. 2020;94(7):e00127-20.
  • 10. Li F. Structure, function, and evolution of coronavirus spike proteins. Annu Rev Virol. 2016;3:237-261.
  • 11. Xu H, Zhong L, Deng J, Peng J, Dan H, Zeng X, et al. High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa. Int J Oral Sci. 2020;12(1):1-5.
  • 12. Ren YF, Rasubala L, Malmstrom H, Eliav E. Dental care and oral health under the clouds of COVID-19 (Internet). JDR Clin Trans Res. 2020. DOI/Erişim: https://doi.org/10.1177/2380084420924385 (erişildi: 30 Nisan 2020)
  • 13. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507-513.
  • 14. Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. New Engl J Med. 2020;382(18):1708-1720.
  • 15. Liu K, Fang YY, Deng Y, Liu W, Wang MF, Ma JP, et al. Clinical characteristics of novel coronavirus cases in tertiary hospitals in Hubei Province. Chin Med J (Engl). 2020;133(9):1025‐1031.
  • 16. Chen L, Zhao J, Peng J, Li X, Deng X, Geng Z, et al. Detection of 2019-nCoV in Saliva and Characterization of Oral Symptoms in COVID-19 Patients (31 March 2020). DOI/Erişim: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3556665 (erişildi: 5 Mayıs 2020)
  • 17. Giacomelli A, Pezzati L, Conti F, Bernacchia D, Siano M, Oreni L, et al. Self-reported olfactory and taste disorders in patients with severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 infection: a cross-sectional study (Internet). Clin Infect Dis. DOI/Erişim: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa330 (erişildi: 30 Nisan 2020)
  • 18. King’s College London. Loss of smell and taste a key symptom for COVID-19 cases (Internet). Erişim: https://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/loss-of-smell-and-taste-a-keysymptom-for-covid-19-cases (erişildi: 3 Nisan 2020)
  • 19. World Health Organ¬izati¬on. Coronav¬irus di¬sease 2019 (COVID-19). S¬ituat¬ion report 108 (7 May 2020). Erişim: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200507covid-19-sitrep-108.pdf?sfvrsn=44cc8ed8_2 (erişildi: 7 Mayıs 2020)
  • 20. Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia. New Engl J Med. 2020; 382:1199-1207.
  • 21. Walls AC, Park YJ, Tortorici MA, Wall A, McGuire AT, Veesler D. Structure, function, and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. Cell. 2020;181(2):281-292.
  • 22. To KKW, Tsang OTY, Leung WS, Tam AR, Wu TC, Lung DC, et al. Temporal profiles of viral load in posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARS-CoV-2: an observational cohort study. The Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(5):565-574.
  • 23. Rothe C, Schunk M, Sothmann P, Bretzel G, Froeschl G, Wallrauch C, et al. Transmission of 2019-nCoV infection from an asymptomatic contact in Germany. New Engl J Med. 2020;382(10):970-971.
  • 24. Meng L, Hua F, Bian Z. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): emerging and future challenges for dental and oral medicine. J Dent Res. 2020;99(5):481-487.
  • 25. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506.
  • 26. van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris DH, Holbrook MG, Gamble A, Williamson BN, et al. Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1. New Engl J Med. 2020;382(16):1564-1567.
  • 27. To KKW, Tsang OT, Yip CCY, Chan KH, Wu TC, Chan JMC, et al. Consistent detection of 2019 novel coronavirus in saliva (12 February 2020). Clin Infect Dis. DOI/Erişim: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa149 (erişildi: 23 Nisan 2020)
  • 28. National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China. Specification of Hand Hygiene for Healthcare Workers (WS/T 313–2019). Erişim: http://www.nhc.gov.cn/fzs/s7852d/201912/70857a48398847258ed474ccd563caec/files/2cbd30e67c52445098c8db23eed0af0b (erişildi: 15 Nisan 2020)
  • 29. Yan Y, Chen H, Chen L, Cheng B, Diao P, Dong L, et al. Consensus of Chinese experts on protection of skin and mucous membrane barrier for health‐care workers fighting against coronavirus disease 2019. Dermatol Ther. 2020; e13310. DOI/Erişim: https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.13310
  • 30. Li JPO, Lam DSC, Chen Y, Ting DSW. Novel Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): The importance of recognising possible early ocular manifestation and using protective eyewear. Br J Ophthalmol. 2020;104(3):297-298.
  • 31. World Health Organization. Rational use of personal protective equipment (PPE) for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Interim guidance (19 March 2020). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. Erişim: https://www.who.int/publications-detail/rational-use-of-personal-protective-equipment-for-coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-and-considerations-during-severe-shortages (erişildi: 20 Nisan 2020)
  • 32. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Infection prevention and control for COVID-19 in healthcare settings- third update (13 May 2020). Stockholm: ECDC; 2020. Erişim: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/infection-prevention-and-control-and-preparedness-covid-19-healthcare-settings (erişildi: 17 Mayıs 2020)
  • 33. Yılmaz D. Diş Hekimliği ve Dental Klinikler Yönünden COVID-19 Enfeksiyonu. J Biotechnol and Strategic Health Res. 2020;4:22-28.
  • 34. American Dental Association. ADA Interim Guidance for Minimizing Risk of COVID-19 Transmission (1 April 2020). Erişim: https://www.ada.org/~/media/CPS/Files/COVID/ADA_COVID_Int_Guidance_Treat_Pts.pdf (erişildi: 25 Nisan 2020)
  • 35. Vandenberghe B, Jacobs R, Bosmans H. Modern dental imaging: a review of the current technology and clinical applications in dental practice. Eur Radiol. 2010;20(11):2637-2655.
  • 36. Samaranayake LP,Peiris M. Severe acute respiratory syndrome and dentistry: a retrospective view. J Am Dent Assoc. 2004;135(9):1292-1302.
  • 37. Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü. COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 Enfeksi¬yonu) Rehberi. Bilim Kurulu Çalışması (İnternet). Ankara: Sağlık Bakanlığı;2020. Erişim: https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/depo/rehberler/COVID-19_Rehberi.pdf (erişildi: 28 Nisan 2020)
  • 38. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. COVID- 19 Diş Hekimliği Uygulamalarındaki Acil ve Zorunlu Hizmetler (21 April 2020). Ankara: Sağlık Bakanlığı; 2020. Erişim: https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/depo/enfeksiyon-kontorl-onlemleri/COVID19-DisHekimligiUygulamalarindakiAcilVeZorunluHizmetler.pdf (erişildi: 30 Nisan 2020)
  • 39. Zimmermann M, Nkenke E. Approaches to the management of patients in oral and maxillofacial surgery during COVID-19 pandemic. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2020;48:521-526.
  • 40. Magennis, P. & Kumar, N. Guidance PPE for patients with emergency oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal conditions whose COVID Status is unknown (25 March 2020). Erişim: https://www.entuk.org/sites/default/files/files/BAOMS%20ENT%20COVID%20Advice%20Update%2025%20March%202019%20Final.pdf (updated: 4 May 2020) (erişildi: 10 Mayıs 2020)
  • 41. OMFS and ENT surgeons issue new COVID-19 PPE guidance. Brit Dent J. 2020;228(8):571–571. Erişim: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41415-020-1552-4.pdf (erişildi: 9 Mayıs 2020)
  • 42. Ida B, Raffaella C, Elvis K, Francesco F, Giulia CM. Management in oral and maxillofacial surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic: Our experience. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. (article in press) DOI/ Erişim: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjoms.2020.04.025 (erişildi:15 Mayıs 2020)
  • 43. Guo Y, Cong B, Lu J, et al. Clinical analysis of 25 oral and maxillofacialemergency patients during the period of COVID-19 epidemic. Chin J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2020;2:105–10. (Article in Chinese)
  • 44. Hsieh TY, Dedhia RD, Chiao W, Dresner H, Barta RJ, Lyford-Pike S,Hamlar D, Stephan SJ, Schubert W, Hilger PA. A Guide to Facial Trauma Triage and Precautions in the COVID-19 Pandemic. Facial Plast Surg Aesthet. 2020;22(3):164-169.
  • 45. Jessop ZM, Dobbs TD, Ali SR, Combellack E, Clancy R, Ibrahim N, et al. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Surgeons during COVID‐19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review of Availability, Usage, and Rationing. Br J Surg. (article in press) DOI/Erişim: https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.11750 (erişildi: 17 Mayıs 2020)

COVID-19 Salgını Sırasında Ağız ve Diş Sağlığı Uygulamaları

Year 2020, Issue: Special Issue on COVID 19, 312 - 322, 20.03.2020
https://doi.org/10.21673/anadoluklin.741519

Abstract

SARS-CoV-2 virüsünün neden olduğu COVID-19 hastalığı, dünya genelinde büyük bir halk sağlığı sorunu haline geldi. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ), yeni koronavirüs salgınını önce “uluslararası endişe veren bir halk sağlığı acil durumu” ardından “pandemi” olarak ilan etti. SARS-CoV-2, hedef hücrelere girişte SARS-CoV ile aynı reseptörleri (ACE2) kullanmakla birlikte daha yüksek bağlanma afinitesine sahiptir. İnsan vücuduna girdikten sonra SARS-CoV-2, etkilenen hastaların tükürük ve nazofaringeal salgılarında bol miktarda bulunur. Bu nedenle yayılımının genellikle damlacık ve aerosol solunumu/teması ile olduğu düşünülmektedir. COVID-19’un insandan insana doğrudan veya dolaylı bulaşma yolları değerlendirildiğinde, dental ortamlardaki hastalık bulaşma ve çapraz enfeksiyon riski yüksektir. COVID-19 olgu serilerinden edinilen verilere göre; hastalığın ateş, kuru öksürük, yorgunluk gibi tipik semptomlarından önce tat ve koku kaybı gibi erken semptomları olabilmektedir. SARS-CoV-2 virüsünün ilk giriş yerinin üst solunum yolu mukozası olması, diş hekimlerinin COVID-19’un erken teşhisinde ve bulaşmasını önlemede büyük role sahip olduğuna işaret etmektedir. Bu makale, uluslararası sağlık otoritelerinin yönergelerine uygun olarak COVID-19 salgını döneminde diş hekimliği uygulamalarına, ağız, diş ve çene cerrahisi operasyonlarına yönelik enfeksiyon kontrolü ve hasta yönetimine dair kapsamlı bir protokol sunmaktadır.

References

  • 1. Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. 2020;395(10224):565-574.
  • 2. World Health Organ¬izati¬on. Coronav¬irus di¬sease 2019 (COVID-19). S¬ituat¬ion report 10 (30 January 2020). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. Erişim: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200130-sitrep-10-ncov.pdf?sfvrsn=d0b2e480_2 (erişildi: 3 Mayıs 2020)
  • 3. Mahase E. China coronavirus: WHO declares international emergency as death toll exceeds 200. BMJ. 2020;368:m408.
  • 4. World Health Organization. WHO Director-General’s remarks at the media briefing on 2019-nCoV on 11 February 2020 (Internet). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. Erişim: https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-2019-ncov-on-11-february-2020 (erişildi: 28 Mart 2020)
  • 5. World Health Organ¬izati¬on. Coronav¬irus di¬sease 2019 (COVID-19). S¬ituat¬ion report 22 (11 February 2020). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. Erişim: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200211-sitrep-22-ncov.pdf?sfvrsn=fb6d49b1_2 (erişildi: 5 Mayıs 2020)
  • 6. Fallahi HR, Keyhan SO, Zandian D, Kim S G, Cheshmi B. Being a front-line dentist during the Covid-19 pandemic: a literature review. Maxillofac Plast Reconstr Surg. 2020;42:1-9.
  • 7. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. New Engl J Med. 2020;382(8):727-733.
  • 8. Peng X, Xu X, Li Y, Cheng L, Zhou X, Ren B. Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practice. Int J Oral Sci. 2020;12(1):1-6.
  • 9. Wan Y, Shang J, Graham R, Baric RS, Li F. Receptor recognition by the novel coronavirus from Wuhan: an analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS coronavirus. J Virol. 2020;94(7):e00127-20.
  • 10. Li F. Structure, function, and evolution of coronavirus spike proteins. Annu Rev Virol. 2016;3:237-261.
  • 11. Xu H, Zhong L, Deng J, Peng J, Dan H, Zeng X, et al. High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa. Int J Oral Sci. 2020;12(1):1-5.
  • 12. Ren YF, Rasubala L, Malmstrom H, Eliav E. Dental care and oral health under the clouds of COVID-19 (Internet). JDR Clin Trans Res. 2020. DOI/Erişim: https://doi.org/10.1177/2380084420924385 (erişildi: 30 Nisan 2020)
  • 13. Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507-513.
  • 14. Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. New Engl J Med. 2020;382(18):1708-1720.
  • 15. Liu K, Fang YY, Deng Y, Liu W, Wang MF, Ma JP, et al. Clinical characteristics of novel coronavirus cases in tertiary hospitals in Hubei Province. Chin Med J (Engl). 2020;133(9):1025‐1031.
  • 16. Chen L, Zhao J, Peng J, Li X, Deng X, Geng Z, et al. Detection of 2019-nCoV in Saliva and Characterization of Oral Symptoms in COVID-19 Patients (31 March 2020). DOI/Erişim: http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3556665 (erişildi: 5 Mayıs 2020)
  • 17. Giacomelli A, Pezzati L, Conti F, Bernacchia D, Siano M, Oreni L, et al. Self-reported olfactory and taste disorders in patients with severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 infection: a cross-sectional study (Internet). Clin Infect Dis. DOI/Erişim: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa330 (erişildi: 30 Nisan 2020)
  • 18. King’s College London. Loss of smell and taste a key symptom for COVID-19 cases (Internet). Erişim: https://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/loss-of-smell-and-taste-a-keysymptom-for-covid-19-cases (erişildi: 3 Nisan 2020)
  • 19. World Health Organ¬izati¬on. Coronav¬irus di¬sease 2019 (COVID-19). S¬ituat¬ion report 108 (7 May 2020). Erişim: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200507covid-19-sitrep-108.pdf?sfvrsn=44cc8ed8_2 (erişildi: 7 Mayıs 2020)
  • 20. Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia. New Engl J Med. 2020; 382:1199-1207.
  • 21. Walls AC, Park YJ, Tortorici MA, Wall A, McGuire AT, Veesler D. Structure, function, and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. Cell. 2020;181(2):281-292.
  • 22. To KKW, Tsang OTY, Leung WS, Tam AR, Wu TC, Lung DC, et al. Temporal profiles of viral load in posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARS-CoV-2: an observational cohort study. The Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(5):565-574.
  • 23. Rothe C, Schunk M, Sothmann P, Bretzel G, Froeschl G, Wallrauch C, et al. Transmission of 2019-nCoV infection from an asymptomatic contact in Germany. New Engl J Med. 2020;382(10):970-971.
  • 24. Meng L, Hua F, Bian Z. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): emerging and future challenges for dental and oral medicine. J Dent Res. 2020;99(5):481-487.
  • 25. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506.
  • 26. van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris DH, Holbrook MG, Gamble A, Williamson BN, et al. Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1. New Engl J Med. 2020;382(16):1564-1567.
  • 27. To KKW, Tsang OT, Yip CCY, Chan KH, Wu TC, Chan JMC, et al. Consistent detection of 2019 novel coronavirus in saliva (12 February 2020). Clin Infect Dis. DOI/Erişim: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa149 (erişildi: 23 Nisan 2020)
  • 28. National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China. Specification of Hand Hygiene for Healthcare Workers (WS/T 313–2019). Erişim: http://www.nhc.gov.cn/fzs/s7852d/201912/70857a48398847258ed474ccd563caec/files/2cbd30e67c52445098c8db23eed0af0b (erişildi: 15 Nisan 2020)
  • 29. Yan Y, Chen H, Chen L, Cheng B, Diao P, Dong L, et al. Consensus of Chinese experts on protection of skin and mucous membrane barrier for health‐care workers fighting against coronavirus disease 2019. Dermatol Ther. 2020; e13310. DOI/Erişim: https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.13310
  • 30. Li JPO, Lam DSC, Chen Y, Ting DSW. Novel Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): The importance of recognising possible early ocular manifestation and using protective eyewear. Br J Ophthalmol. 2020;104(3):297-298.
  • 31. World Health Organization. Rational use of personal protective equipment (PPE) for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Interim guidance (19 March 2020). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. Erişim: https://www.who.int/publications-detail/rational-use-of-personal-protective-equipment-for-coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-and-considerations-during-severe-shortages (erişildi: 20 Nisan 2020)
  • 32. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Infection prevention and control for COVID-19 in healthcare settings- third update (13 May 2020). Stockholm: ECDC; 2020. Erişim: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/infection-prevention-and-control-and-preparedness-covid-19-healthcare-settings (erişildi: 17 Mayıs 2020)
  • 33. Yılmaz D. Diş Hekimliği ve Dental Klinikler Yönünden COVID-19 Enfeksiyonu. J Biotechnol and Strategic Health Res. 2020;4:22-28.
  • 34. American Dental Association. ADA Interim Guidance for Minimizing Risk of COVID-19 Transmission (1 April 2020). Erişim: https://www.ada.org/~/media/CPS/Files/COVID/ADA_COVID_Int_Guidance_Treat_Pts.pdf (erişildi: 25 Nisan 2020)
  • 35. Vandenberghe B, Jacobs R, Bosmans H. Modern dental imaging: a review of the current technology and clinical applications in dental practice. Eur Radiol. 2010;20(11):2637-2655.
  • 36. Samaranayake LP,Peiris M. Severe acute respiratory syndrome and dentistry: a retrospective view. J Am Dent Assoc. 2004;135(9):1292-1302.
  • 37. Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü. COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 Enfeksi¬yonu) Rehberi. Bilim Kurulu Çalışması (İnternet). Ankara: Sağlık Bakanlığı;2020. Erişim: https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/depo/rehberler/COVID-19_Rehberi.pdf (erişildi: 28 Nisan 2020)
  • 38. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. COVID- 19 Diş Hekimliği Uygulamalarındaki Acil ve Zorunlu Hizmetler (21 April 2020). Ankara: Sağlık Bakanlığı; 2020. Erişim: https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/depo/enfeksiyon-kontorl-onlemleri/COVID19-DisHekimligiUygulamalarindakiAcilVeZorunluHizmetler.pdf (erişildi: 30 Nisan 2020)
  • 39. Zimmermann M, Nkenke E. Approaches to the management of patients in oral and maxillofacial surgery during COVID-19 pandemic. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2020;48:521-526.
  • 40. Magennis, P. & Kumar, N. Guidance PPE for patients with emergency oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal conditions whose COVID Status is unknown (25 March 2020). Erişim: https://www.entuk.org/sites/default/files/files/BAOMS%20ENT%20COVID%20Advice%20Update%2025%20March%202019%20Final.pdf (updated: 4 May 2020) (erişildi: 10 Mayıs 2020)
  • 41. OMFS and ENT surgeons issue new COVID-19 PPE guidance. Brit Dent J. 2020;228(8):571–571. Erişim: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41415-020-1552-4.pdf (erişildi: 9 Mayıs 2020)
  • 42. Ida B, Raffaella C, Elvis K, Francesco F, Giulia CM. Management in oral and maxillofacial surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic: Our experience. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. (article in press) DOI/ Erişim: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjoms.2020.04.025 (erişildi:15 Mayıs 2020)
  • 43. Guo Y, Cong B, Lu J, et al. Clinical analysis of 25 oral and maxillofacialemergency patients during the period of COVID-19 epidemic. Chin J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2020;2:105–10. (Article in Chinese)
  • 44. Hsieh TY, Dedhia RD, Chiao W, Dresner H, Barta RJ, Lyford-Pike S,Hamlar D, Stephan SJ, Schubert W, Hilger PA. A Guide to Facial Trauma Triage and Precautions in the COVID-19 Pandemic. Facial Plast Surg Aesthet. 2020;22(3):164-169.
  • 45. Jessop ZM, Dobbs TD, Ali SR, Combellack E, Clancy R, Ibrahim N, et al. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for Surgeons during COVID‐19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review of Availability, Usage, and Rationing. Br J Surg. (article in press) DOI/Erişim: https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.11750 (erişildi: 17 Mayıs 2020)
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section REVİEW
Authors

Zeynep Afra Akbıyık Az 0000-0003-3606-0710

Gülsüm Ak 0000-0002-3339-1568

Publication Date March 20, 2020
Acceptance Date May 30, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Issue: Special Issue on COVID 19

Cite

Vancouver Akbıyık Az ZA, Ak G. COVID-19 Salgını Sırasında Ağız ve Diş Sağlığı Uygulamaları. Anatolian Clin. 2020;25(Special Issue on COVID 19):312-2.

13151 This Journal licensed under a CC BY-NC (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0) International License.