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Çatışma halinde sağlık hizmetlerine saldırı: İşgal altındaki Filistin toprakları ve Gazze'de 7 Ekim sonrası tıbbi tesislere ve personele yönelik saldırıların uluslararası hukuk merceğinden eleştirel bir incelemesi

Year 2024, Volume: 29 Issue: 1, 1 - 6, 27.01.2024
https://doi.org/10.21673/anadoluklin.1412404

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmada, 7 Ekim 2023 ile 30 Aralık 2023 tarihleri arasında Gazze dâhil İşgal Altındaki Filistin Toprakları›ndaki sağlık sistemlerine yönelik saldırıların tıbbi sonuçlarını uluslararası insancıl hukuk ihlalleri çerçevesinde analiz etmek amaçlanmıştır.

Yöntem: Bu çalışma, kesitsel bir epidemiyolojik araştırmadır. Araştırmanın evrenini, Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ) tarafından sağlanan Sağlık Hizmetlerine Yönelik Saldırı Gözetim Sistemi (SSA) veritabanından elde edilen 7 Ekim 2023 ile 30 Aralık 2023 tarihleri arasındaki İşgal Altındaki Filistin Toprakları’ndaki saldırılar oluşturmuştur. İşgal altındaki Filistin bölgesindeki sağlık hizmetlerine yönelik saldırıların yıla, saldırı türüne, etki türüne ve tıbbi sonuçlara göre dağılımına odaklanan bir frekans analizi yapılmıştır.

Bulgular: Çalışma, 7 Ekim 2023 ile 30 Aralık 2023 tarihleri arasında İşgal Altındaki Filistin Toprakları'nda 570 sağlık hizmetlerine yönelik saldırının 1,419 bireyin tıbbi etkilenmesine neden olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bu olaylardan en çok etkilenen gruplar sağlık personeli (456), hastalar (387) ve tesisler (295) olmuştur. Bu olayların analizi, ekim ayının başlarında daha yüksek bir frekans ve etki gösterdiğini, sağlık personelinin en çok hedef alınan grup olduğunu göstermektedir. Farklı türde saldırılar tespit edilmiş olup, sağlık hizmetlerinin engellenmesinin en yaygın olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bulgular, bu saldırıların bölgedeki sağlık altyapısı ve personeli üzerindeki önemli olumsuz etkilerini vurgulamaktadır.

Sonuçlar: Bu çalışma, sağlık hizmetlerinin özellikle İşgal Altındaki Filistin Toprakları’ndaki çatışma bölgelerinde korunmasında önemli zorlukları ortaya koymaktadır. Bu, uluslararası hukuk ihlalleriyle ilgili kapsamlı bir yaklaşımın, hukuki ve etik çerçeveleri anlama, uygulama ve uygulama konusuna odaklanmasının gerekliliğini vurgulamaktadır. 7 Ekim 2023’ten itibaren sağlık hizmetlerine yönelik sistematik hedefleme, sağlık hizmetleri ve personelini korumaya yönelik küresel bir taahhüdün aciliyetini ortaya koymaktadır. Uluslararası insancıl hukuk ve tıbbi etikle uyumlu işbirliği çabaları, çatışma etkilenen bölgelerdeki sağlık sistemlerinin dayanıklılığını, güvenliğini ve sürdürülebilirliğini sağlamak için kritik öneme sahiptir.

References

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  • International Committee of the Red Cross. Health Care in Danger. [cited 2023 Dec 28]. Available from: https://www.icrc.org/en/what-we-do/health-care-danger
  • World Health Organization. Surveillance System for Attacks on Health Care. [cited 2023 Dec 30]. Available from: https://extranet.who.int/ssa/Index.aspx
  • International Committee of the Red Cross. (1949). Geneva Convention IV: Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, Article 18. [cited 2023 Dec 25]. Available from: https://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/publications/icrc-002-0173.pdf
  • International Committee of the Red Cross. Customary IHL Database. [cited 2023 Dec 30]. Available from: https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/home
  • Beauchamp TL Childress JF Oxford University Press. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. 7th ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2013.
  • United Nations. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. [cited 2023 Dec 30]. Available from: https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/
  • International Committee of the Red Cross. Geneva Convention IV: Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, Article 19. [cited 2023 Dec 30]. Available from: https://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/publications/icrc-002-0173.pdf
  • Fisher, D. The Legal Protection of Health Care in Armed Conflicts. Cambridge University Press; 2015
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  • Anadolu Agency. 53 additional aid trucks cross into Gaza: Palestinian Red Crescent. 2023, November 12. [cited 2023 Dec 30]. Available from: https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/53-additional-aid-trucks-cross-into-gaza-palestinian-red-crescent/3051287
  • International Committee of the Red Cross. Geneva Convention IV: Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, Articles 55, 56, and 59. [cited 2023 Dec 30]. Available from: https://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/publications/icrc-002-0173.pdf
  • United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). Gaza Situation Report. 2023, December 15. [cited 2023 Dec 30]. Available from: https://unric.org/it/gaza-aggiornamento-ocha-15-dicembre-2023/
  • International Committee of the Red Cross. Customary IHL Database: Rule 54. Protection of Objects Indispensable to the Survival of the Civilian Population. [cited 2023 Dec 30]. Available from: https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule54

Assault on healthcare in conflict: A critical examination of attacks on medical facilities and personnel in occupied Palestinian territories and Gaza post-October 7 under the lens of international law

Year 2024, Volume: 29 Issue: 1, 1 - 6, 27.01.2024
https://doi.org/10.21673/anadoluklin.1412404

Abstract

Aim: This study aims to analyze the medical outcomes of attacks on healthcare systems in the Occupied Palestinian Territories, including Gaza, between October 7th, 2023, and December 30th, 2023, within the framework of violations of international humanitarian law.

Methods: This study is a cross-sectional epidemiological research. The universe of the research consists of attacks on the Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT) between 7 October 2023 and 30 December 2023, which were obtained from the Surveillance System for Attacks on Health Care (SSA) database provided by the World Health Organization (WHO). A frequency analysis of the attacks on healthcare services in the occupied Palestinian region was conducted, focusing on the distribution of attacks by year, type of attack, type of impact, and medical outcomes.

Results: The study reveals that, between October 7th, 2023, and December 30th, 2023, in the Occupied Palestinian Territories, 570 attacks on healthcare services led to 1,419 individuals being medically affected. Healthcare personnel (456), patients (387), and facilities (295) were the most impacted by these incidents. Analysis of these incidents indicates a higher frequency and impact in early October, with healthcare personnel being the most targeted group. Various types of attacks were identified, with obstruction to healthcare delivery being the most common. The findings highlight the significant adverse effects of these attacks on healthcare infrastructure and personnel in the region.

Conclusions: This study reveals significant challenges in safeguarding healthcare in conflict zones, particularly in the Occupied Palestinian Territories. It underscores the necessity of a comprehensive approach to address international law violations, focusing on understanding, implementing, and enforcing legal and ethical frameworks. The systematic targeting of healthcare since October 7th, 2023, highlights the urgency for a global commitment to protect healthcare services and personnel. Collaborative efforts aligned with international humanitarian law and medical ethics are crucial for ensuring the resilience, security, and sustainability of healthcare systems in conflict-affected areas.

References

  • International Committee of the Red Cross. Customary IHL Database.[cited 2023 Dec 30]. Available from: https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/home
  • International Committee of the Red Cross. Health Care in Danger. [cited 2023 Dec 28]. Available from: https://www.icrc.org/en/what-we-do/health-care-danger
  • World Health Organization. Surveillance System for Attacks on Health Care. [cited 2023 Dec 30]. Available from: https://extranet.who.int/ssa/Index.aspx
  • International Committee of the Red Cross. (1949). Geneva Convention IV: Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, Article 18. [cited 2023 Dec 25]. Available from: https://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/publications/icrc-002-0173.pdf
  • International Committee of the Red Cross. Customary IHL Database. [cited 2023 Dec 30]. Available from: https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/home
  • Beauchamp TL Childress JF Oxford University Press. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. 7th ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2013.
  • United Nations. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. [cited 2023 Dec 30]. Available from: https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/
  • International Committee of the Red Cross. Geneva Convention IV: Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, Article 19. [cited 2023 Dec 30]. Available from: https://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/publications/icrc-002-0173.pdf
  • Fisher, D. The Legal Protection of Health Care in Armed Conflicts. Cambridge University Press; 2015
  • United Nations. Universal Declaration of Human Rights.[cited 2023 Dec 29]. Available from: https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/
  • Anadolu Agency. 53 additional aid trucks cross into Gaza: Palestinian Red Crescent. 2023, November 12. [cited 2023 Dec 30]. Available from: https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/53-additional-aid-trucks-cross-into-gaza-palestinian-red-crescent/3051287
  • International Committee of the Red Cross. Geneva Convention IV: Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, Articles 55, 56, and 59. [cited 2023 Dec 30]. Available from: https://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/publications/icrc-002-0173.pdf
  • United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). Gaza Situation Report. 2023, December 15. [cited 2023 Dec 30]. Available from: https://unric.org/it/gaza-aggiornamento-ocha-15-dicembre-2023/
  • International Committee of the Red Cross. Customary IHL Database: Rule 54. Protection of Objects Indispensable to the Survival of the Civilian Population. [cited 2023 Dec 30]. Available from: https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v1_rul_rule54
There are 14 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Public Health Nursing, Health Services and Systems (Other)
Journal Section ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Authors

Kerem Kınık 0000-0002-6913-5312

Nihal Dağ 0000-0001-6043-1855

Cüneyt Çalışkan 0000-0003-0232-1118

Mustafa Doğan 0000-0002-5718-9612

Publication Date January 27, 2024
Submission Date December 30, 2023
Acceptance Date January 15, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 29 Issue: 1

Cite

Vancouver Kınık K, Dağ N, Çalışkan C, Doğan M. Assault on healthcare in conflict: A critical examination of attacks on medical facilities and personnel in occupied Palestinian territories and Gaza post-October 7 under the lens of international law. Anatolian Clin. 2024;29(1):1-6.

13151 This Journal licensed under a CC BY-NC (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0) International License.