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Role of lymphoscintigraphy and gamma probe guided intraoperative sentinel lymph node biopsy on minimally invasive surgical procedure in skin cancers

Year 2019, Volume: 44 Issue: 2, 378 - 387, 30.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.17826/cumj.411652

Abstract

Objective:Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy procedure is developed from the view that the tumor progresses in a row through the lymphatic system. Although the long-term therapeutic benefit of SLN biopsy has not yet been fully elucidated, this procedure allows us to differentiate patients without lymphatic metastasis who need to be protected from complications such as lymphatic dissection and its lymphedema from patients with lymphatic metastasis who may benefit from additional therapies such as complete lymphadenectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy. In this study, we aimed to determine the role of lymphoscintigraphy in patient management of SLN biopsy. Methods: 25 skin cancer patients (16 malignant melanoma, 9 epidermoid carcinoma) were included in the study. Tc-99m Nanocolloid intradermal injection was applied to all patients on the day of operation. The projections of the sentinel lymph nodes on the skin were marked during preoperative lymphoscintigraphy. Patients were taken into operation after the marking. The lymph nodes with projections on the skin were detected by intraoperative gamma probe and excised. After removing all the sentinel nodes for histopathological examination, care was taken to reduce the residual radioactivity count in the bed, where sentinel lymph nodes were removed, to less than 10% of the activity of the most active activity of the resected node. Results: A total of 86 SLNs and 54 non-SLNs were surgically removed and all nodes were sent to the Department of Pathology for histopathological examination. Four patients had metastases in sentinel lymph nodes. These patients were reoperated under elective conditions for extensive surgery. Conclusion: Lymphatic mapping method with lymphoscintigraphy and intraoperative gamma probe have a high specificity and sensitivity ratio and minimize the morbidity. This method was thought to be a routine procedure in malignant skin tumors because of its determination of micrometastases, eliminating possible metastasis pathways, staging and guiding adjuvant therapy.

References

  • 1.Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Miller D, Bishop K, Rosary CL et al. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2014, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2014/, based on November 2016 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2017.
  • 2.Rigel DS, Friedman RJ, Kopf AW. The incidence of malignant melanoma in the United States: issues as we approach the 21st century. J AmAcad Dermatol, 1996; 34(5): 839-847. 3.Scolyer RA, Thompson JF, Stretch JR, Sharma R, McCarthy SW. Pathology of melanocytic lesions: new, controversial, and clinically important issues. J Surg Oncol, 2004; 86: 200-11. 

4.Swetter SM, Smoller BR, Bauer EA. Cutaneous cancer and malignant melanoma. In: Abeloff MD, Armitage JO, Lichter AS, Niederhuber JE, eds. Clinical Oncology. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 1995: 1027-1033.
  • 5.Scolyer RA, Murali R, McCarthy SW, Thompson JF. Pathologic examination of sentinel lymph nodes from melanoma patients. Semin Diagn Pathol, 2008; 25:100-11.
  • 6.Morton DL, Wanek L, Nizze JA, Elashoff RM, Wong JH. Improved long-term survival after lymphadenectomy of melanoma metastatic to regional nodes: analysis of prognostic factors in 1134 patients from the John Wayne Cancer Clinic. Ann Surg, 1991; 214(4): 491-499.
  • 7.Cochran AJ, Lana AM, Wen DR. Histomorphometry in the assessment of prognosis in stage II malignant melanoma. Am J Surg Pathol, 1989; 13(7): 600-604.
  • 8.Gershenwald JE, Thompson W, Mansfield PF, Lee JE, Colome MI, Tsung CH et al. Multi-institutional melanoma lymphatic mapping experience: the prognostic value of sentinel lymph node status in 612 stage I or II melanoma patients. J Clin Oncol, 1999; 17(3): 976-983.
  • 9.Cascinelli N, Belli F, Santinami M, Fait V, Testori A, Cavaliere R et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in cutaneous melanoma: the WHO Melanoma Program experience. Ann Surg Oncol, 2000; 7(6): 469-474.
  • 10.Chan AD, Essner R, Wanek LA, Morton DL, Reintgen D. Judging the therapeutic value of lymph node dissections for melanoma. J Am Coll Surg, 2000; 191(1): 16-23.
  • 11.Cherpelis BS, Haddad F, Messina J, Cantor AB, Fitzmorris K, Roentgen DS et al. Sentinel lymph node micrometastasis and other histologic factors that predict outcome in patients with thicker melanomas. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2001; 44(5): 762-766.
  • 12.Reintgen D, Cruse CW, Wells K, Berman C, Fenske N, Glass F et al. The orderly progression of melanoma nodal metastases. Ann Surg, 1994; 220(6): 759-767.
  • 13.Mariani G, Gipponi M, Moresco L, Villa G, Bartolomei M, Mazzarol G et al. Radioguided sentinel lymph node biopsy in malignant cutaneous melanoma. JNucl Med, 2002; 43(6): 811-827.
  • 14.Morton DL, Wen D-R, Wong JH, Economou JS, Cagle LA, Storm FK et al. Technical details of intraoperative lymphatic mapping for early stage melanoma. Arch Surg, 1992; 127(4): 392-399.
  • 15.Alex JC, Krag DN. Gamma probe guided localization of lymph nodes. Surg Oncol, 1993; 2(3): 137-143.
  • 16.Alex JC, Weaver DL, Fairbank JT, Rankin BS, Krag DN. Gamma-probe-guided lymph node localization in malignant melanoma. Surg Oncol, 1993; 2(5): 303-308.
  • 17.Krag DN, VVeaver DL, Alex JC, Fairbank JT. Surgical resection and radiolocalization of the sentinel lymph node in breast cancer using a gamma probe. Surg Oncol, 1993; 2(6): 335-340.
  • 18.Bennett LR, Lago G. Cutaneous lymphoscintigraphy in malignant melanoma. Semin Nucl Med, 1983; 13(1): 61-69.
  • 19.Carr I. Lymphatic metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev, 1983; 2(3): 307-317.
  • 20.DeVita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA. Molecular biology of cancer. In: Fidler U, Eds. Principles and Practice of Oncology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Raven Pres, 1997: 140-142.
  • 21.McMasters KM, Reintgen DS, Ross MI, Gershenwald JE, Edwards MJ, Sober A et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy for melanoma: controversy despite widespread agreement. J Clin Oncol, 2001; 19(1): 2851-2855.
  • 22.Kirkwood JM, Strawderman MH, Ernstoff MS, Smith TJ, Bordern EC, Blum RH. Interferon alfa-2b adjuvant therapy of high risk resected cutaneous melanoma: The Eastem Cooperative Oncology Group Trial EST 1684. J Clin Oncol, 1996; 14(1): 7-17.
  • 23.Dinehart SM, Pollack SV. Metastases from squamous celi carcinoma of the skin and lip: an analysis of twenty-seven cases. J AmAcad Dermatol, 1989; 21(2 Pt 1): 241-248.
  • 24.Tavin E, Persky M. Metastatic cutaneous squomous celi carcinoma of the head and neck region. Laryngoscope, 1996; 106(2 Ptl): 156-158.
  • 25.Dinehart SM, Nelson-Adesokan P, Cockerell C, Russell S, Brown R. Metastatic cutaneous squamous celi carcinoma derived from actinic keratosis. Cancer, 1997; 79(5): 920-923.
  • 26.Epstein E. Malignant sun-induced squamous celi carcinoma of the skin. J Dermatol Surg Oncol, 1983; 9(7): 505-506.
  • 27.Jackson GL, Ballantyne AJ. Role of parotidectomy for skin cancer of the head and neck. Am J Surg, 1981; 142(4): 464-469.
  • 28.Lazarus HM, Herzig RH, Bornstein R. Metastatic squamous celi carcinoma of the skin. J Natl Med Assoc, 1980; 72(12): 1196-1199.
  • 29.Marvel JB, Schvvartz MR, Donovan DT. Metastatic squamous celi carcinoma of the parotid: a case of an occult primary. Head Neck, 1990; 12(2): 174-7.
  • 30.O'Brien CJ, Malka VB, Mijailovic M. Evaluation of 242 consecutive parotidectomies performed for benign and malignant disease. ANZ Journal of Surgery, 1993; 63(11), 870-877.
  • 31.Rowe DE, Carroll RJ, Day CL Jr. Prognostic factors for local recurrence, metastasis, and survival rates in squamous celi carcinoma of the skin, ear, and lip: implications for treatment modality selection. J Am Acad Dermatol, 1992; 26(6): 976-990.
  • 32.Holman CD, Armstrong BK: Cutaneous malignant melanoma and indicators of total accumulated exposure to the sun: An analysis separating histogenetic types. J Natl Cancer Inst, 1984; 73(1): 75.
  • 33.Day CL, Lew RA. Malignant melanoma prognostic factors: elective lymph node dissection. J Dermatol Surg Oncol, 1985; 11(3): 233-239.
  • 34.Morton DL, Wen DR, Wong JH, Economou JS, Cagle LA, Storm FK et al. Technical details of intraoperative lympatic mapping for early stage melanoma. Arch Surg, 1992; 127(4): 392-399.
  • 35.Bergqvist L, Sundberg R, Ryden S, Strand SE. The "critical colloid dose" in studies of reticuloendothelial function. J Null Med, 1987; 28(9): 1424-1429.
  • 36.Kapteijn BA, Nieweg OE, Liem I, Mooi WJ, Balm AJ, Muller SH et al. Localizing the sentinel node in cutaneous melanoma: gamma probe detection versus blue dye. Ann Surg Oncol, 1997; 4(2): 156-160.
  • 37.Thompson JF, McCarthy WH, Bosch CM, O’Brein CJ, Quinn MJ, Paramaesvaran S et al. Sentinel lymph node status as an indicator of the presence of metastatic melanoma in regional lymph nodes. Melanoma Res, 1995; 5(4): 255-260.
  • 38.Krag D, Harlow S, Weaver D, Ashikaga T. Technique of sentinel node resection in melanoma and breast cancer: probe-guided surgery and lymphatic mapping. Eur J Surg Oncol, 1998; 24(2): 89-93.
  • 39.Pijpers R, Collet GJ, Meijer S, Hoekstra OS. The impact of dynamic lymphoscintigraphy and gamma probe guidance on sentinel node biopsy in melanoma. Eur J Nucl Med, 1995; 22(11): 1238-1241.
  • 40.Albertini JJ, Cruse CW, Rapaport D, Wells K, Ross M, Deconti R et al. Intraoperative radio-lympho-scintigraphy improves sentinel lymph node identifıcation for patients with melanoma. Ann Surg, 1996; 223(2): 217-224.
  • 41.Dijkstra B, Hill A, Kelly L, Prendegast M, Mcdermott E, O’Donnell M et al. The value of sentinel node mapping for staging melanoma. Ir Med J, 2001; 94(7): 210.
  • 42.Aygen M, Mudun A, Kurul S, Çamlıca H, Büyükbabam N, Cantez S. Malign melanomda sentinel lnf nodunun saptanmasında gelişen yöntemler. Türk Onkoloji Dergisi, 2000; 15(2): 51-56.
  • 43.Berman C, Norman J, Cruse CW, Reintgan DS, Clark RA. Lymphoscintigraphy in malignant melanoma. Ann Plast Surg Oncol, 1992; 28(1): 29-32.
  • 44.Jacobs IA, Chevinsky AH, Magidson JG, Britto EJ, Smith TJ. Gamma-probe-directed lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphoadenectomy in primary melanoma: reliability of the procedure and analysis of failures after long-term follow-up. J Surg Oncol, 2001; 77(3): 157-164.
  • 45.Cochran AJ. The pathologist’s role in sentinel lymph node evaluation. Semin Null Med, 2000; 30(1): 11-17.
  • 46.Weisberg NK, Bertagnolli MM, Becker DS. Combined sentinel lymphadenectomy and Mohs micrographic surgery for high-risk cutaneos squamous celi carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2000; 43(3): 483-488.
  • 47.Breuninger H, Schaumburg-Lever G, Holzschuh J, Horny HP. Desmoplastic squamous celi carcinoma of the skin and vermillion surface: a highly malignant subtype of skin cancer. Cancer, 1997; 79(5): 915-919.
  • 48.Haydon RC 3rd. Cutaneous squamous carcinoma and related lesions. Otolaryngol Clin North Am, 1993; 26(1): 57-71.
  • 49.Brown RO, Osguthorpe JD. Management of the neck in nonmelanocytic cutaneous carcinomas. Otolaryngol Clin North Am, 1998; 31(5): 841-856.
  • 50.Chuang TY, Popescu NA, Su WD, Chute CG. Squamous celi carcinoma : a population-based incidence study in Rochester, Minn. Arch Dermatol, 1990; 126(2): 185-188.
  • 51. Edge SB., Compton CC. The American Joint Committee on Cancer: the 7th edition of the AJCC cancer staging manual and the future of TNM. Annals of surgical oncology, 2010; 17(6):1471-1474.

Cilt kanserlerinde lenfosintigrafi ve cerrahi gama prob ile sentinel lenf nodu biyopsisinin minimal invaziv cerrahi yaklaşımındaki rolü

Year 2019, Volume: 44 Issue: 2, 378 - 387, 30.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.17826/cumj.411652

Abstract

Amaç: Sentinel lenf nodu(SLN) biyopsisi prosedürü tümörün lenfatik sistem boyunca bir sıra içerisinde ilerlediği görüşünden gelişmiştir. SLN biyopsisinin uzun dönem terapötik kazancı henüz tam olarak aydınlanmamış olsa da bu prosedür lenfatik disseksiyon ve onun lenfödem gibi komplikasyonlarından korunulması gereken lenfatik metastazı olmayan hastaları, komple lenfadenektomi ve adjuvan kemoterapi gibi ek tedavilerden fayda görecek lenfatik metastazı olan hastalardan ayırmamızı sağlar. Bu çalışmada, lenfosintigrafi ile SLN biyopsisinin hasta yönetimindeki rolünü saptamayı amaçladık.Yöntemler: Çalışmamıza 25 cilt kanserli hasta (16 malign melanom, 9 epidermoid karsinom) dahil edildi. Operasyon günü tüm hastalara Tc-99m Nanokolloid intradermal enjeksiyon ile uygulandı. Preoperatif lenfosintigrafi sırasında sentinel lenf nodlarının derideki izdüşümleri işaretlendi. İşaretleme sonrası hastalar operasyona alındı. Cilt üzerinde izdüşümleri işaretlenmiş lenf nodları intraoperatif gama prob ile tespit edilip eksize edildi. Tüm sentinel nodlar histopatolojik inceleme için çıkartıldıktan sonra sentinel lenf nodlarının çıkartıldığı yataktaki rezidüel radyoaktivite sayımının rezeke edilen en yüksek aktiviteli nodun aktivitesinin %10’unun altına düşmesine dikkat edildi.Bulgular: Toplam 86 adet SLN, 54 adet non-SLN cerrahi olarak çıkartılıp, tüm nodlar histopatolojik inceleme için Patoloji Bölümüne gönderildi. Dört hastada sentinel lenf nodlarında metastaz tespit edildi. Bu hastalar geniş cerrahi için elektif şartlarda tekrar operasyona alındı.Sonuç:Lenfosintigrafi ve intraoperatif gamma prob ile lenfatik haritalama yöntemi yüksek bir spesifisite ve sensitivite oranına sahip olup morbiditeyi minimalize etmektedir. Bu yöntemin, mikrometastazları saptaması, olası metastaz yollarını ortadan kaldırması, evreleme ve adjuvan tedaviye yol göstermesi nedeniyle malign deri tümörlerinde rutin olarak uygulanması gereken bir yöntem olduğu düşünüldü.

References

  • 1.Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Miller D, Bishop K, Rosary CL et al. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2014, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2014/, based on November 2016 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2017.
  • 2.Rigel DS, Friedman RJ, Kopf AW. The incidence of malignant melanoma in the United States: issues as we approach the 21st century. J AmAcad Dermatol, 1996; 34(5): 839-847. 3.Scolyer RA, Thompson JF, Stretch JR, Sharma R, McCarthy SW. Pathology of melanocytic lesions: new, controversial, and clinically important issues. J Surg Oncol, 2004; 86: 200-11. 

4.Swetter SM, Smoller BR, Bauer EA. Cutaneous cancer and malignant melanoma. In: Abeloff MD, Armitage JO, Lichter AS, Niederhuber JE, eds. Clinical Oncology. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 1995: 1027-1033.
  • 5.Scolyer RA, Murali R, McCarthy SW, Thompson JF. Pathologic examination of sentinel lymph nodes from melanoma patients. Semin Diagn Pathol, 2008; 25:100-11.
  • 6.Morton DL, Wanek L, Nizze JA, Elashoff RM, Wong JH. Improved long-term survival after lymphadenectomy of melanoma metastatic to regional nodes: analysis of prognostic factors in 1134 patients from the John Wayne Cancer Clinic. Ann Surg, 1991; 214(4): 491-499.
  • 7.Cochran AJ, Lana AM, Wen DR. Histomorphometry in the assessment of prognosis in stage II malignant melanoma. Am J Surg Pathol, 1989; 13(7): 600-604.
  • 8.Gershenwald JE, Thompson W, Mansfield PF, Lee JE, Colome MI, Tsung CH et al. Multi-institutional melanoma lymphatic mapping experience: the prognostic value of sentinel lymph node status in 612 stage I or II melanoma patients. J Clin Oncol, 1999; 17(3): 976-983.
  • 9.Cascinelli N, Belli F, Santinami M, Fait V, Testori A, Cavaliere R et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in cutaneous melanoma: the WHO Melanoma Program experience. Ann Surg Oncol, 2000; 7(6): 469-474.
  • 10.Chan AD, Essner R, Wanek LA, Morton DL, Reintgen D. Judging the therapeutic value of lymph node dissections for melanoma. J Am Coll Surg, 2000; 191(1): 16-23.
  • 11.Cherpelis BS, Haddad F, Messina J, Cantor AB, Fitzmorris K, Roentgen DS et al. Sentinel lymph node micrometastasis and other histologic factors that predict outcome in patients with thicker melanomas. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2001; 44(5): 762-766.
  • 12.Reintgen D, Cruse CW, Wells K, Berman C, Fenske N, Glass F et al. The orderly progression of melanoma nodal metastases. Ann Surg, 1994; 220(6): 759-767.
  • 13.Mariani G, Gipponi M, Moresco L, Villa G, Bartolomei M, Mazzarol G et al. Radioguided sentinel lymph node biopsy in malignant cutaneous melanoma. JNucl Med, 2002; 43(6): 811-827.
  • 14.Morton DL, Wen D-R, Wong JH, Economou JS, Cagle LA, Storm FK et al. Technical details of intraoperative lymphatic mapping for early stage melanoma. Arch Surg, 1992; 127(4): 392-399.
  • 15.Alex JC, Krag DN. Gamma probe guided localization of lymph nodes. Surg Oncol, 1993; 2(3): 137-143.
  • 16.Alex JC, Weaver DL, Fairbank JT, Rankin BS, Krag DN. Gamma-probe-guided lymph node localization in malignant melanoma. Surg Oncol, 1993; 2(5): 303-308.
  • 17.Krag DN, VVeaver DL, Alex JC, Fairbank JT. Surgical resection and radiolocalization of the sentinel lymph node in breast cancer using a gamma probe. Surg Oncol, 1993; 2(6): 335-340.
  • 18.Bennett LR, Lago G. Cutaneous lymphoscintigraphy in malignant melanoma. Semin Nucl Med, 1983; 13(1): 61-69.
  • 19.Carr I. Lymphatic metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev, 1983; 2(3): 307-317.
  • 20.DeVita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA. Molecular biology of cancer. In: Fidler U, Eds. Principles and Practice of Oncology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Raven Pres, 1997: 140-142.
  • 21.McMasters KM, Reintgen DS, Ross MI, Gershenwald JE, Edwards MJ, Sober A et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy for melanoma: controversy despite widespread agreement. J Clin Oncol, 2001; 19(1): 2851-2855.
  • 22.Kirkwood JM, Strawderman MH, Ernstoff MS, Smith TJ, Bordern EC, Blum RH. Interferon alfa-2b adjuvant therapy of high risk resected cutaneous melanoma: The Eastem Cooperative Oncology Group Trial EST 1684. J Clin Oncol, 1996; 14(1): 7-17.
  • 23.Dinehart SM, Pollack SV. Metastases from squamous celi carcinoma of the skin and lip: an analysis of twenty-seven cases. J AmAcad Dermatol, 1989; 21(2 Pt 1): 241-248.
  • 24.Tavin E, Persky M. Metastatic cutaneous squomous celi carcinoma of the head and neck region. Laryngoscope, 1996; 106(2 Ptl): 156-158.
  • 25.Dinehart SM, Nelson-Adesokan P, Cockerell C, Russell S, Brown R. Metastatic cutaneous squamous celi carcinoma derived from actinic keratosis. Cancer, 1997; 79(5): 920-923.
  • 26.Epstein E. Malignant sun-induced squamous celi carcinoma of the skin. J Dermatol Surg Oncol, 1983; 9(7): 505-506.
  • 27.Jackson GL, Ballantyne AJ. Role of parotidectomy for skin cancer of the head and neck. Am J Surg, 1981; 142(4): 464-469.
  • 28.Lazarus HM, Herzig RH, Bornstein R. Metastatic squamous celi carcinoma of the skin. J Natl Med Assoc, 1980; 72(12): 1196-1199.
  • 29.Marvel JB, Schvvartz MR, Donovan DT. Metastatic squamous celi carcinoma of the parotid: a case of an occult primary. Head Neck, 1990; 12(2): 174-7.
  • 30.O'Brien CJ, Malka VB, Mijailovic M. Evaluation of 242 consecutive parotidectomies performed for benign and malignant disease. ANZ Journal of Surgery, 1993; 63(11), 870-877.
  • 31.Rowe DE, Carroll RJ, Day CL Jr. Prognostic factors for local recurrence, metastasis, and survival rates in squamous celi carcinoma of the skin, ear, and lip: implications for treatment modality selection. J Am Acad Dermatol, 1992; 26(6): 976-990.
  • 32.Holman CD, Armstrong BK: Cutaneous malignant melanoma and indicators of total accumulated exposure to the sun: An analysis separating histogenetic types. J Natl Cancer Inst, 1984; 73(1): 75.
  • 33.Day CL, Lew RA. Malignant melanoma prognostic factors: elective lymph node dissection. J Dermatol Surg Oncol, 1985; 11(3): 233-239.
  • 34.Morton DL, Wen DR, Wong JH, Economou JS, Cagle LA, Storm FK et al. Technical details of intraoperative lympatic mapping for early stage melanoma. Arch Surg, 1992; 127(4): 392-399.
  • 35.Bergqvist L, Sundberg R, Ryden S, Strand SE. The "critical colloid dose" in studies of reticuloendothelial function. J Null Med, 1987; 28(9): 1424-1429.
  • 36.Kapteijn BA, Nieweg OE, Liem I, Mooi WJ, Balm AJ, Muller SH et al. Localizing the sentinel node in cutaneous melanoma: gamma probe detection versus blue dye. Ann Surg Oncol, 1997; 4(2): 156-160.
  • 37.Thompson JF, McCarthy WH, Bosch CM, O’Brein CJ, Quinn MJ, Paramaesvaran S et al. Sentinel lymph node status as an indicator of the presence of metastatic melanoma in regional lymph nodes. Melanoma Res, 1995; 5(4): 255-260.
  • 38.Krag D, Harlow S, Weaver D, Ashikaga T. Technique of sentinel node resection in melanoma and breast cancer: probe-guided surgery and lymphatic mapping. Eur J Surg Oncol, 1998; 24(2): 89-93.
  • 39.Pijpers R, Collet GJ, Meijer S, Hoekstra OS. The impact of dynamic lymphoscintigraphy and gamma probe guidance on sentinel node biopsy in melanoma. Eur J Nucl Med, 1995; 22(11): 1238-1241.
  • 40.Albertini JJ, Cruse CW, Rapaport D, Wells K, Ross M, Deconti R et al. Intraoperative radio-lympho-scintigraphy improves sentinel lymph node identifıcation for patients with melanoma. Ann Surg, 1996; 223(2): 217-224.
  • 41.Dijkstra B, Hill A, Kelly L, Prendegast M, Mcdermott E, O’Donnell M et al. The value of sentinel node mapping for staging melanoma. Ir Med J, 2001; 94(7): 210.
  • 42.Aygen M, Mudun A, Kurul S, Çamlıca H, Büyükbabam N, Cantez S. Malign melanomda sentinel lnf nodunun saptanmasında gelişen yöntemler. Türk Onkoloji Dergisi, 2000; 15(2): 51-56.
  • 43.Berman C, Norman J, Cruse CW, Reintgan DS, Clark RA. Lymphoscintigraphy in malignant melanoma. Ann Plast Surg Oncol, 1992; 28(1): 29-32.
  • 44.Jacobs IA, Chevinsky AH, Magidson JG, Britto EJ, Smith TJ. Gamma-probe-directed lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymphoadenectomy in primary melanoma: reliability of the procedure and analysis of failures after long-term follow-up. J Surg Oncol, 2001; 77(3): 157-164.
  • 45.Cochran AJ. The pathologist’s role in sentinel lymph node evaluation. Semin Null Med, 2000; 30(1): 11-17.
  • 46.Weisberg NK, Bertagnolli MM, Becker DS. Combined sentinel lymphadenectomy and Mohs micrographic surgery for high-risk cutaneos squamous celi carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol, 2000; 43(3): 483-488.
  • 47.Breuninger H, Schaumburg-Lever G, Holzschuh J, Horny HP. Desmoplastic squamous celi carcinoma of the skin and vermillion surface: a highly malignant subtype of skin cancer. Cancer, 1997; 79(5): 915-919.
  • 48.Haydon RC 3rd. Cutaneous squamous carcinoma and related lesions. Otolaryngol Clin North Am, 1993; 26(1): 57-71.
  • 49.Brown RO, Osguthorpe JD. Management of the neck in nonmelanocytic cutaneous carcinomas. Otolaryngol Clin North Am, 1998; 31(5): 841-856.
  • 50.Chuang TY, Popescu NA, Su WD, Chute CG. Squamous celi carcinoma : a population-based incidence study in Rochester, Minn. Arch Dermatol, 1990; 126(2): 185-188.
  • 51. Edge SB., Compton CC. The American Joint Committee on Cancer: the 7th edition of the AJCC cancer staging manual and the future of TNM. Annals of surgical oncology, 2010; 17(6):1471-1474.
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Research
Authors

İsa Burak Güney 0000-0002-7642-9546

Kadir Alper Küçüker 0000-0003-2535-7498

Publication Date June 30, 2019
Acceptance Date October 6, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 44 Issue: 2

Cite

MLA Güney, İsa Burak and Kadir Alper Küçüker. “Cilt Kanserlerinde Lenfosintigrafi Ve Cerrahi Gama Prob Ile Sentinel Lenf Nodu Biyopsisinin Minimal Invaziv Cerrahi yaklaşımındaki Rolü”. Cukurova Medical Journal, vol. 44, no. 2, 2019, pp. 378-87, doi:10.17826/cumj.411652.