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Sezaryen Sonrası Kaygı ve Depresyon: Non-Farmakolojik Kanıt Temelli Uygulamalar

Year 2022, Volume: 15 Issue: 3, 395 - 401, 15.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.46483/deuhfed.790640

Abstract

Bu derlemenin amacı, sezaryen sonrası kaygı ve depresyona yönelik yapılan non-farmakolojik kanıt temelli uygulamaların incelenmesidir. Doğum sonrası dönemde yaşanan kaygı ve depresyon, son on yılda artış göstermiş ve doğum sonrası depresyon oranları dünya çapında yaklaşık %13 olarak bildirilmiştir. Doğum sonrası dönemde kadınlarda; tanımadıkları bir ortamda bulunmaları, yeni teknolojik malzeme, ekipman ve ekip üyeleri ile karşılaşmaları, operasyon sonrası ağrı yaşamaları, üstlenmiş oldukları yeni rolleri gibi nedenlerden dolayı kaygı ve depresyon gelişebilmektedir. Doğum sonrası dönemde kaygı ve depresyonu artıran faktörlerden biri de doğum şeklidir. Ülkemizde de %52 gibi yüksek oranda sezaryen ile doğum gerçekleşmektedir. Sezaryen sonrası komplikasyonlar, bebeği emzirmede gecikme ihtimali, ağrı yaşama gibi durumlara bağlı olarak kaygı ve depresyon gelişebilmektedir. Kaygı ve depresyonun erken dönemde tespit edilmesi ve önlemlerin erken dönemde alınması annenin sezaryen sonrası yaşam kalitesini ve konforunu artırmada, kaygı ve endişesini azaltmada önemlidir. Sezaryen sonrası kaygı ve depresyonun azaltılmasına yönelik yapılan çalışmalarda, non-farmakolojik kanıt temelli uygulamalardan; reiki, akupresür, el ve ayak masajı, yoga, refleksoloji, aromaterapi, ten tene temas, hemşirelik bakım protokolü gibi uygulamaların etkili olduğu bulunmuştur. Sezaryen öncesi-sırası ve sonrası bakım uygulamalarında kritik rol ve sorumlulukları olan hemşirelerin bu kanıt temelli non-farmakolojik uygulamaları rutin bakım uygulamaları içerisine almaları önerilmektedir.

References

  • 1. Hada A, Kubota C, Imura M, Takauma F, Tada K, Kitamura T. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale: Model comparison of factor structure and its psychosocial correlates among mothers at one month after childbirth in Japan. Open Fam Stud J 2019; 11(1):1-17.
  • 2. World Health Organization, WHO statement on caesarean section rates, Available from: http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/maternal_perinatal_health/cs-statement/en/ (Erişim tarihi: 04.05.2020)
  • 3. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü. Türkiye Nüfus ve Sağlık Araştırması, 2018. Ankara, 2019.
  • 4. Hobbs AJ, Mannion CA, McDonald SW, Brockway M, Tough SC. The impact of caesarean section on breastfeeding initiation, duration and difficulties in the first four months postpartum. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2016;16(1):90.
  • 5. Erbaş N. Sezaryen sonrası fonksiyonel sağlık örüntüleri modeline göre verilen bakımda kadınların yaşadığı sorunlar ve hemşirelik tanılarının belirlenmesi Türkiye Klinikleri Hemşirelik Bilimleri Dergisi 2017;9(1):15-29.
  • 6. Terzioglu F, Simsek S, Karaca K, Sariince N, Altunsoy P, Salman MC. Multimodal interventions (chewing gum, early oral hydration and early mobilisation) on the intestinal motility following abdominal gynaecologic surgery. J Clin Nurs 2013;22(13-14):1917-25.
  • 7. Chan CLJ, Tan CW, Chan JJI, Sultana R, Chua TE, Chen HY, et al. Factors associated with the development of postnatal depression after cesarean delivery: A prospective study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020;16:715-27.
  • 8. Kuo SY, Chen SR, Tzeng YL. Depression and anxiety trajectories among women who undergo an elective cesarean section. PloS One 2014;9(1):e86653.
  • 9. Işık G, Çetişli NE, Başkaya VA. Doğum şekline göre annelerin postpartum ağrı, yorgunluk düzeyleri ve emzirme öz-yeterlilikleri. DEUHFED 2018;11(3):224-32.
  • 10. Barker ED, Jaffee SR, Uher R, Maughan B. The contribution of prenatal and postnatal maternal anxiety and depression to child maladjustment. Depress Anxiety 2011; 28(8): 696-702.
  • 11. Boz İ, Selvi N. Doğum sonu dönemde iyi bakım uygulamaları: Kanıtlarla tamamlayıcı terapiler. Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2016;19:25-32.
  • 12. Saatsaz S, Rezaei R, Alipour A, Beheshti Z. Massage as adjuvant therapy in the management of post- cesarean pain and anxiety: A randomized clinical trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2016;24:92-8.
  • 13. Midilli TS, Eser I. Effects of reiki on post-cesarean delivery pain, anxiety, and hemodynamic parameters: A randomized, controlled clinical trial. Pain Manag Nurs 2015;16(3):388-99.
  • 14. Joanna Briggs Institute. https://jbi.global/sites/default/files/2019-05/JBI-Levels-of-evidence_2014_0.pdf Erişim Tarihi:30.11.2021.
  • 15. Midilli ST, Gunduzoglu CN. Effects of reiki on pain and vital signs when applied to the incision area of the body after cesarean section surgery. Holist Nurs Pract 2016;30(6):368-78.
  • 16. Cassidy N, Collins K, Cyr D, Magni K. The effect of reiki on women’s preoperative anxiety in an ambulatory surgery center. J Perianesth Nurs 2010;25(3):196.
  • 17. Chang SC, Chen CH. Effects of music therapy on women's physiologic measures, anxiety, and satisfaction during cesarean delivery. Res Nurs Health 2005;28(6):453-61.
  • 18. Tseng YF, Chen CH, Lee CS. Effects of listening to music on postpartum stress and anxiety levels. J Clin Nurs 2010;19(7-8):1049-55.
  • 19. Reza N, Ali SM, Saeed K, Abul-Qasim A, Reza TH. The impact of music on postoperative pain and anxiety following cesarean section. Middle East J Anaesthesiol 2007;19(3):573-86.
  • 20. Gonenc IM, Terzioglu F. Effects of massage and acupressure on relieving labor pain, reducing labor time, and increasing delivery satisfaction. J Nurs Res 2020;28(1):e68.
  • 21. Chen HM, Chang FY, Hsu CT. Effect of acupressure on nausea, vomiting, anxiety and pain among post- cesarean section women in Taiwan. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2005;21(8):341-50.
  • 22. Kuo SY, Tsai SH, Chen SL, Tzeng YL. Auricular acupressure relieves anxiety and fatigue, and reduces cortisol levels in post-caesarean section women: A single-blind, randomised controlled study. International J Nurs Res 2016;53:17-26.
  • 23. Vallath, N. Perspectives on yoga inputs in the management of chronic pain. Indian J Palliat Care 2010;16(1):1-7.
  • 24. Ko YL, Lin PC, Yang CL, Chen CP, Shih HJ. Pilot study on an integrated pilates and yoga program for decreasing postpartum depression in women. Open J Nurs 2015;5(10):885-92.
  • 25. Ko YL, Yang CL, Fang CL, Lee MY, Lin PC. Community-based postpartum exercise program. J Clin Nurs 2013;22(15-16):2122-31.
  • 26. Buttner MM, Brock RL, O'Hara MW, Stuart S. Efficacy of yoga for depressed postpartum women: a randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2015;21(2):94-100.
  • 27. Wang MY, Tsai PS, Lee PH, Chang WY, Yang CM. The efficacy of reflexology: Systematic review. J Adv Nurs 2008;62(5):512-20.
  • 28. Navaee M, Khayat S, Abed ZG. Effect of pre-cesarean foot reflexology massage on anxiety of primiparous women. J Complement Integr Med 2020; 1: (ahead-of-print).
  • 29. Razmjoo N, Yousefi F, Esmaeeli H, Azizi H, Lotfalizadeh M. Effect of foot reflexology on pain and anxiety in women following elective cesarean section. The Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2012;15(1):8-16.
  • 30. Rezaie-Keikhaie K, Hastings-Tolsma M, Bouya S, Shad FS, Sari M, Shoorvazi M, et al. Effect of aromatherapy on post-partum complications: A systematic review. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2019;35:290-5.
  • 31. Conrad P, Adams C. The effects of clinical aromatherapy for anxiety and depression in the high risk postpartum woman–a pilot study. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2012;18(3):164-8.
  • 32. Chen SL, Chen CH. Effects of lavender tea on fatigue, depression, and maternal-infant attachment in sleep- disturbed postnatal women. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs 2015;12(6):370-9.
  • 33. Moore ER, Bergman N, Anderson GC, Medley N. Early skin to skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016;11:1-70.
  • 34. Herizchi S, Hosseini MB, Ghoreishizadeh M. The impact of kangaroo-mother care on postpartum depression in mothers of premature infants. International Journal of Womens Health Reproductive Sciences 2017; 5(4): 312-7.
  • 35. Norouzi F, Keshavarz M, Seyed Fatemi N, Montazeri A. The impact of kangaroo care and music on maternal state anxiety. Complement Ther Med 2013;21(5):468-72.
  • 36. Aksoy A, Vefikuluçay YD. Jinekolojik cerrahide kanıta dayalı uygulamalarda yeni bir yaklaşım: ERAS protokolü ve hemşirelik. Türkiye Klinikleri Hemşirelik Bilimleri Dergisi 2018;10(1):49-58.
  • 37. Sahin E, Terzioglu F. The effect of gum chewing, early oral hydration, and early mobilization on intestinal motility after cesarean birth. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs 2015;12(6):380-8.
  • 38. White RS, Matthews KC, Tangel V, Abramovitz S. Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Programs for cesarean delivery can potentially reduce healthcare and racial disparities. J Natl Med Assoc 2019;111(4):464-5.
  • 39. Akalpler O, Okumus H. Gum chewing and bowel function after caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2018;34(5):1242-7.
  • 40. Astepe BS. Sezeryan operasyonu yapılan hastalarda preoperatif anksiyete düzeyi ve postoperatif ağrı arasındaki ilişki. Kocaeli Medical Journal 2018;7(3):64-9.

Anxiety and Depression After Cesarean: Non-pharmacological Evidence Based Practices

Year 2022, Volume: 15 Issue: 3, 395 - 401, 15.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.46483/deuhfed.790640

Abstract

The purpose of this review is to examine the non-pharmacological evidence-based practices of anxiety and depression after a cesarean section delivery. Postpartum anxiety and depression have increased in the last decade, the rates of postpartum depression are around 13% worldwide. In the postpartum period, women may experience anxiety and depression due to the operation they have undergone; such as being in an unfamiliar environment, facing new technological equipment and encounters with the medical teams, the post-operative pain, the new roles women undertake as mothers. One of the factors that increase anxiety and depression in the postpartum period is the type of delivery. In Turkey, the rate of cesarean delivery is comparatively high, which is approximately 52%. Anxiety and depression after cesarean section develop due to fear and concern such as the complications that may occur during and after the mother's anesthesia, the possibility delaying breastfeeding her baby, and experiencing pain. Non-pharmacological evidence-based applications such as reiki, acupressure, hand and foot massage, yoga, reflexology, aromatherapy, skin to skin care, nursing care protocols were found to be effective in studies conducted to reduce anxiety and depression after cesarean-section. Nurses who have critical roles and responsibilities in pre- and post-cesarean care practices are recommended to include these evidence-based non-pharmacological practices in routine care practices.

References

  • 1. Hada A, Kubota C, Imura M, Takauma F, Tada K, Kitamura T. The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale: Model comparison of factor structure and its psychosocial correlates among mothers at one month after childbirth in Japan. Open Fam Stud J 2019; 11(1):1-17.
  • 2. World Health Organization, WHO statement on caesarean section rates, Available from: http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/maternal_perinatal_health/cs-statement/en/ (Erişim tarihi: 04.05.2020)
  • 3. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü. Türkiye Nüfus ve Sağlık Araştırması, 2018. Ankara, 2019.
  • 4. Hobbs AJ, Mannion CA, McDonald SW, Brockway M, Tough SC. The impact of caesarean section on breastfeeding initiation, duration and difficulties in the first four months postpartum. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2016;16(1):90.
  • 5. Erbaş N. Sezaryen sonrası fonksiyonel sağlık örüntüleri modeline göre verilen bakımda kadınların yaşadığı sorunlar ve hemşirelik tanılarının belirlenmesi Türkiye Klinikleri Hemşirelik Bilimleri Dergisi 2017;9(1):15-29.
  • 6. Terzioglu F, Simsek S, Karaca K, Sariince N, Altunsoy P, Salman MC. Multimodal interventions (chewing gum, early oral hydration and early mobilisation) on the intestinal motility following abdominal gynaecologic surgery. J Clin Nurs 2013;22(13-14):1917-25.
  • 7. Chan CLJ, Tan CW, Chan JJI, Sultana R, Chua TE, Chen HY, et al. Factors associated with the development of postnatal depression after cesarean delivery: A prospective study. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2020;16:715-27.
  • 8. Kuo SY, Chen SR, Tzeng YL. Depression and anxiety trajectories among women who undergo an elective cesarean section. PloS One 2014;9(1):e86653.
  • 9. Işık G, Çetişli NE, Başkaya VA. Doğum şekline göre annelerin postpartum ağrı, yorgunluk düzeyleri ve emzirme öz-yeterlilikleri. DEUHFED 2018;11(3):224-32.
  • 10. Barker ED, Jaffee SR, Uher R, Maughan B. The contribution of prenatal and postnatal maternal anxiety and depression to child maladjustment. Depress Anxiety 2011; 28(8): 696-702.
  • 11. Boz İ, Selvi N. Doğum sonu dönemde iyi bakım uygulamaları: Kanıtlarla tamamlayıcı terapiler. Anadolu Hemşirelik ve Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi. 2016;19:25-32.
  • 12. Saatsaz S, Rezaei R, Alipour A, Beheshti Z. Massage as adjuvant therapy in the management of post- cesarean pain and anxiety: A randomized clinical trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2016;24:92-8.
  • 13. Midilli TS, Eser I. Effects of reiki on post-cesarean delivery pain, anxiety, and hemodynamic parameters: A randomized, controlled clinical trial. Pain Manag Nurs 2015;16(3):388-99.
  • 14. Joanna Briggs Institute. https://jbi.global/sites/default/files/2019-05/JBI-Levels-of-evidence_2014_0.pdf Erişim Tarihi:30.11.2021.
  • 15. Midilli ST, Gunduzoglu CN. Effects of reiki on pain and vital signs when applied to the incision area of the body after cesarean section surgery. Holist Nurs Pract 2016;30(6):368-78.
  • 16. Cassidy N, Collins K, Cyr D, Magni K. The effect of reiki on women’s preoperative anxiety in an ambulatory surgery center. J Perianesth Nurs 2010;25(3):196.
  • 17. Chang SC, Chen CH. Effects of music therapy on women's physiologic measures, anxiety, and satisfaction during cesarean delivery. Res Nurs Health 2005;28(6):453-61.
  • 18. Tseng YF, Chen CH, Lee CS. Effects of listening to music on postpartum stress and anxiety levels. J Clin Nurs 2010;19(7-8):1049-55.
  • 19. Reza N, Ali SM, Saeed K, Abul-Qasim A, Reza TH. The impact of music on postoperative pain and anxiety following cesarean section. Middle East J Anaesthesiol 2007;19(3):573-86.
  • 20. Gonenc IM, Terzioglu F. Effects of massage and acupressure on relieving labor pain, reducing labor time, and increasing delivery satisfaction. J Nurs Res 2020;28(1):e68.
  • 21. Chen HM, Chang FY, Hsu CT. Effect of acupressure on nausea, vomiting, anxiety and pain among post- cesarean section women in Taiwan. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2005;21(8):341-50.
  • 22. Kuo SY, Tsai SH, Chen SL, Tzeng YL. Auricular acupressure relieves anxiety and fatigue, and reduces cortisol levels in post-caesarean section women: A single-blind, randomised controlled study. International J Nurs Res 2016;53:17-26.
  • 23. Vallath, N. Perspectives on yoga inputs in the management of chronic pain. Indian J Palliat Care 2010;16(1):1-7.
  • 24. Ko YL, Lin PC, Yang CL, Chen CP, Shih HJ. Pilot study on an integrated pilates and yoga program for decreasing postpartum depression in women. Open J Nurs 2015;5(10):885-92.
  • 25. Ko YL, Yang CL, Fang CL, Lee MY, Lin PC. Community-based postpartum exercise program. J Clin Nurs 2013;22(15-16):2122-31.
  • 26. Buttner MM, Brock RL, O'Hara MW, Stuart S. Efficacy of yoga for depressed postpartum women: a randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2015;21(2):94-100.
  • 27. Wang MY, Tsai PS, Lee PH, Chang WY, Yang CM. The efficacy of reflexology: Systematic review. J Adv Nurs 2008;62(5):512-20.
  • 28. Navaee M, Khayat S, Abed ZG. Effect of pre-cesarean foot reflexology massage on anxiety of primiparous women. J Complement Integr Med 2020; 1: (ahead-of-print).
  • 29. Razmjoo N, Yousefi F, Esmaeeli H, Azizi H, Lotfalizadeh M. Effect of foot reflexology on pain and anxiety in women following elective cesarean section. The Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility 2012;15(1):8-16.
  • 30. Rezaie-Keikhaie K, Hastings-Tolsma M, Bouya S, Shad FS, Sari M, Shoorvazi M, et al. Effect of aromatherapy on post-partum complications: A systematic review. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2019;35:290-5.
  • 31. Conrad P, Adams C. The effects of clinical aromatherapy for anxiety and depression in the high risk postpartum woman–a pilot study. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2012;18(3):164-8.
  • 32. Chen SL, Chen CH. Effects of lavender tea on fatigue, depression, and maternal-infant attachment in sleep- disturbed postnatal women. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs 2015;12(6):370-9.
  • 33. Moore ER, Bergman N, Anderson GC, Medley N. Early skin to skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016;11:1-70.
  • 34. Herizchi S, Hosseini MB, Ghoreishizadeh M. The impact of kangaroo-mother care on postpartum depression in mothers of premature infants. International Journal of Womens Health Reproductive Sciences 2017; 5(4): 312-7.
  • 35. Norouzi F, Keshavarz M, Seyed Fatemi N, Montazeri A. The impact of kangaroo care and music on maternal state anxiety. Complement Ther Med 2013;21(5):468-72.
  • 36. Aksoy A, Vefikuluçay YD. Jinekolojik cerrahide kanıta dayalı uygulamalarda yeni bir yaklaşım: ERAS protokolü ve hemşirelik. Türkiye Klinikleri Hemşirelik Bilimleri Dergisi 2018;10(1):49-58.
  • 37. Sahin E, Terzioglu F. The effect of gum chewing, early oral hydration, and early mobilization on intestinal motility after cesarean birth. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs 2015;12(6):380-8.
  • 38. White RS, Matthews KC, Tangel V, Abramovitz S. Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Programs for cesarean delivery can potentially reduce healthcare and racial disparities. J Natl Med Assoc 2019;111(4):464-5.
  • 39. Akalpler O, Okumus H. Gum chewing and bowel function after caesarean section under spinal anesthesia. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2018;34(5):1242-7.
  • 40. Astepe BS. Sezeryan operasyonu yapılan hastalarda preoperatif anksiyete düzeyi ve postoperatif ağrı arasındaki ilişki. Kocaeli Medical Journal 2018;7(3):64-9.
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Nursing
Journal Section Review
Authors

Füsun Terzioğlu 0000-0002-4082-7059

Dercan Gençbaş 0000-0002-8053-754X

Handan Boztepe 0000-0001-6980-1568

Nilgün Doğu 0000-0002-9676-2047

Canberk Akdeniz 0000-0003-2950-1733

Buğse Yüceer 0000-0002-9167-6609

Publication Date July 15, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 15 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Terzioğlu, F., Gençbaş, D., Boztepe, H., Doğu, N., et al. (2022). Sezaryen Sonrası Kaygı ve Depresyon: Non-Farmakolojik Kanıt Temelli Uygulamalar. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 15(3), 395-401. https://doi.org/10.46483/deuhfed.790640

E-Journal of Dokuz Eylul University Nursing Faculty was indexed by ULAKBİM Turkish Medical Index, Turk Medline, Turkiye Atıf Dizini, (since february 2021) EBSCO HOST, (since 26th of october 2021) DOAJ and (since 18th of January) Index Copernicus. 

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