Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

SMOKING and OTHER TOBACCO USE CHARACTERISTICS and NICOTINE DEPENDENCE STATUS of THOSE WHO APPLIED to SMOKING CESSATION POLYCLINICS in IZMIR

Year 2020, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 84 - 95, 16.01.2020
https://doi.org/10.35232/estudamhsd.570985

Abstract



The aim of this study was to evaluate smoking and other
tobacco use characteristics and nicotine addiction among applicants in smoking
cessation polyclinics in Izmir. The universe of this cross-sectional study
consists of who applied to Karşıyaka and Konak Smoking Cessation Clinics in
Izmir between January and March 2018. The study group was created with 210
participants. In this study, "Smoking Assessment Questionnaire" and
"Non-Smoking Tobacco Product Evaluation Questionnaire" were used.
Nicotine dependence was assessed by the Fagerstrom Nicotine Dependence Test.
Statistical analyzes were performed using SPSS (Statistical Package for the
Social Sciences) version 22.0. Chi square test and student t test were used for
statistical analysis. The average age of starting smoke was18.62±5.47 year. The
frequency of those who attempted to quit smoking before applying to the smoking
cessation clinic was 55.7%. The frequency of using non-smoking products is
21.9% (n: 46) and the most frequently used product is electronic cigarette
(16.7%). 43.5% of the 46 people using non-smoking tobacco products started to
quit smoking and 21.7% thought it was less harmful than smoking. For electronic
cigarettes; 51.4% think they are less harmful than cigarettes (among 35 people
using electronic cigarettes), and 43.8% think they are higher harmful than
cigarettes for water pipe (16 people using hookah). With Fagerstrom test, 99
(47.1%) subjects were found to have severe degree of nicotine dependence. As
age increased, nicotine addiction level increased (p≤0.05). The level of
nicotine dependence was lower in collage and upper education level than
secondary and lower education level (p≤0.05). Participants' knowledge levels on
tobacco products are insufficient. Preventing the initiation of tobacco
products is a priority protection measure, while enabling the services of the
quit smoking outpatient clinics will be effective in fighting tobacco.

References

  • 1. World Health Organization. Global Atlas on Cardiovascular disease prevention and control [Internet]. Global atlas on cardiovascular disease prevention and control, 2011. http://www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/publications/atlas_cvd/en/ (Available at: 21.06.2018)
  • 2. World Health Organization. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic 2008. http://www.who.int/tobacco/mpower/2008/en/ (Available at: 21.06.2018)
  • 3. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. Türkiye Sağlık Araştırması, 2014. http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=18854 (Erişim tarihi: 21.06.2018)
  • 4. Benowitz N. Nicotine Addiction. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(24):2295–303.
  • 5. Håkonsen L, Ernst A, Ramlau-Hansen C. Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and reproductive health in children: a review of epidemiological studies. Asian J Androl. 2014;16(1):39.
  • 6. Bilir N, Çakır B, Dağlı E, Ergüder T, Önder Z. Policies of tobacco control in Turkey. WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2010, s. 1-98.
  • 7. Carter BD, Abnet CC, Feskanich D, Freedman ND, Hartge P, Lewis CE, et al. Smoking and Mortality — Beyond Established Causes. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(7):631–40.
  • 8. Bilir N. Türkiye Tütün Kontrolünde Dünyanın Neresinde? Level of Tobacco Control in Turkey. Turkish Thorac J. 2009;(10):31–4.
  • 9. Tuncer M. Türkiye Kanser Kontrol Planı (2013 - 2018). T. C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Kanserle Savas Dairesi Baskanlığı, 2015. http://www.iccp-portal.org/system/files/plans/Ulusal_Kanser_Kontrol_Plani_2013_2018.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 21.06.2018).
  • 10. Velioğlu U, Sönmez CI. Sigara bırakma polikliniğine başvuran hastaların nikotin bağımlılığının sosyo demografik özellikler ve depresyon ile ilişkisi Dicle Tıp Derg. 2018;45(1):35–41.
  • 11. Kalkhoran S, Glantz SA. E-cigarettes and smoking cessation in real-world and clinical settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Respir Med. 2016;4(2):116–28.
  • 12. Demir T, Tutluoğlu B, Koç N, Bilgin L. Sigara bırakma polikliniğimizin bir yıllık izlem sonuçları. Tüberküloz ve Toraks Derg. 2004;52(1):63–8.
  • 13. Callahan-Lyon P. Electronic cigarettes: Human health effects. Tob Control. 2014;23(SUPPL. 2):36–40.
  • 14. Küresel Yetişkin Tütün Araştırması, Türkiye, 2012. http://www.halksagligiens.hacettepe.edu.tr/KYTA_TR.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 21.06.2018).
  • 15. Bilir N. Successes and Challenges in Tobacco Control–Turkish Experience of 20 Years. Eurasian J Pulmonol. 2017;19(3):119–23.
  • 16. Flouris AD, Chorti MS, Poulianiti KP, Jamurtas AZ, Kostikas K, Tzatzarakis MN, vd. Acute impact of active and passive electronic cigarette smoking on serum cotinine and lung function. Inhal Toxicol. 2013;25(2):91–101.
  • 17. Heatherton TF, Kozlowski LT, Frecker RC, Fagerström KO. The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire. Br J Addict 1991;86:1119-1127.
  • 18. Uysal MA, Kadakal F, Karşidaǧ C, Bayram NG, Uysal O, Yilmaz V. Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence: reliability in a Turkish sample and factor analysis. Tuberk Toraks. 2004;52(2):115–21.
  • 19. Wu PC, Hsueh KC, Mar GY, Hsueh SC, Tu MS, McRobbie H, et al. Gender Differences in Outcome of an Attempt to Stop Smoking Among Smokers Attending a Smoking Cessation Clinic in Taiwan: 3-Year Follow-Up Study. Eval Heal Prof. 2016;39(3):317–25.
  • 20. Argüder E, Karalezli A, Hezer H, Kılıç H, Er M, Hasanoğlu HC, ve ark. Sigara bırakma başarısını etkileyen faktörler. Türk Toraks Derg. 2013;14(14):81–7.
  • 21. Walker NJ, Van Woerden HC, Kiparoglou V, Yang Y, Robinson H, Croghan E. Gender difference and effect of pharmacotherapy: findings from a smoking cessation service. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):1–8.
  • 22. Smith PH, Kasza KA, Hyland A, Fong GT, Borland R, Brady K, et al. Gender differences in medication use and cigarette smoking cessation: Results from the International Tobacco Control Four Country Survey. Nicotine Tob Res. 2014;17(4):463–72.
  • 23. Vatan İ, Ocakoğlu H İE. Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Öğrencilerinde Sigara İçme Durumunun Değerlendirilmesi. TAF Prev Med Bull. 2009;8(1):43–8.
  • 24. Filippidis FT, Agaku IT, Vardavas CI. The association between peer, parental influence and tobacco product features and earlier age of onset of regular smoking among adults in 27 European countries. Eur J Public Health. 2015;25(5):814–8.
  • 25. Thrasher JF, Swayampakala K, Cummings KM, Hammond D, Anshari D, Krugman DM, vd. Cigarette package inserts can promote efficacy beliefs and sustained smoking cessation attempts: A longitudinal assessment of an innovative policy in Canada. Prev Med (Baltim). 2016;88:59–65.
  • 26. Bauermeister JA, Youatt EJ, Pingel ES, Soler JH, Johns MM. Psychosocial Obstacles to Smoking Cessation Attempts Among Young Adult Sexual Minority Women Who Smoke. Behav Med. 2018;44(2):123–30.
  • 27. Sağlam L. Investigation of the results of a smoking cessation clinic and the factors associated with success. Turk J Med Sci. 2012;42(3):515–22.
  • 28. Farsalinos KE, Poulas K, Voudris V, Houezec J Le. Electronic cigarette use in the European Union : analysis of a representative sample of 27460 Europeans from 28 countries. Addiction. 2016;111(11):2032–2040.
  • 29. Vickerman KA, Carpenter KM, Altman T, Nash CM, Zbikowski SM. Use of electronic cigarettes among state tobacco cessation quitline callers. Nicotine Tob Res. 2013;15(10):1787–91.
  • 30. Pepper JK, Ribisl KM, Emery SL, Brewer NT. Reasons for starting and stopping electronic cigarette use. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014;11(10):10345–61.
  • 31. Subaşı N, Bilir N, İlhan E, Avluk A, Bavlı G, Biteker M, ve ark. Nargile İçenlerin Nargile İçme Konusundaki Bilgi, Tutum ve Davranışları. Türk Toraks Derg. 2005;6(2):137–43.
  • 32. Braun RE, Glassman T, Wohlwend J, Whewell A, Reindl DM. Hookah use among college students from a Midwest University. J Community Health. 2012;37(2):294–8.
  • 33. Çelepkolu T, Atlı A, Palancı Y, Yılmaz A, Demir S, İbiloğlu AO, ve ark. Sigara kullanıcılarda nikotin bağımlılık düzeyinin yaş ve cinsiyetle ilişkisi: Diyarbakır örneklemi. Dicle Med J. 2014;41(4):712–6.
  • 34. Azagba S, Asbridge M. Nicotine dependence matters: Examining longitudinal association between smoking and physical activity among Canadian adults. Prev Med (Baltim). 2013;57(5):652–7.
  • 35. Örsel O, Örsel S, Alpar S, Uçar N, Firat Güven S, Şipit T, vd. Sigara bırakmada nikotin bağımlılık düzeyleri. Solunum Hast. 2005;16:112–8.
  • 36. Okutan O, Taş D, Kaya H. Sigara içen sağlık personelinde nikotin bağımlılık düzeyini etkileyen faktörler. Tuberk Toraks. 2007;55(4):356–63.
  • 37. Brathwaite R, Smeeth L, Addo J, Kunst AE, Peters RJG, Snijder MB, vd. Ethnic differences in current smoking and former smoking in the Netherlands and the contribution of socioeconomic factors: A cross-sectional analysis of the HELIUS study. BMJ Open. 2017;7(7):1–12.
  • 38. Courtney-Long EA, Romano SD, Carroll DD, Fox MH. Socioeconomic factors at the intersection of race and ethnicity influencing health risks for people with disabilities. J Racial Ethn Heal Disparities. 2017;4(2):213–22.
  • 39. Marshall WR, Epstein LH, Green SB. Coffee drinking and cigarette smoking: I. coffee, caffeine and cigarette smoking behavior. Addict Behav. 1980;5(4):389–94

İZMİR’DE SİGARAYI BIRAKMA POLİKLİNİKLERİNE BAŞVURANLARIN SİGARA VE DİĞER TÜTÜN ÜRÜNLERİ KULLANIM ÖZELLİKLERİ VE NİKOTİN BAĞIMLILIK DURUMLARI / SMOKING AND OTHER TOBACCO USE CHARACTERISTICS AND NICOTINE DEPENDENCE STATUS OF THOSE WHO APPLIED TO SMOKING CESSATION POLYCLINICS IN IZMIR

Year 2020, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 84 - 95, 16.01.2020
https://doi.org/10.35232/estudamhsd.570985

Abstract



Bu çalışmanın amacı sigara ve diğer tütün ürünleri kullanım
özellikleri ve nikotin bağımlılık durumlarının değerlendirilmesidir. Bu
kesitsel çalışmanın evrenini İzmir İli Karşıyaka ve Konak Sigara Bırakma
polikliniklerinden Ocak – Mart 2018 tarihleri arasında hizmet alan hastalar
oluşturmaktadır. Çalışma grubu 210 katılımcı ile oluşturuldu. Bu çalışmada,
“Sigara Kullanma Alışkanlığı Değerlendirme Anketi” ve “Sigara Dışı Tütün
Ürünleri Kullanma Alışkanlığı Değerlendirme Anketi’’ kullanıldı. Nikotin
bağımlılığı, Fagerström Nikotin Bağımlılık Testi ile değerlendirildi.
İstatistiksel analizlerde SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences)
versiyon 22.0 kullanıldı. İstatistiksel analizler için ki kare testi ve student
t testi kullanıldı. Ortalama sigaraya başlama yaşı 18.62±5.47 yıl, sigara
bırakma polikliniğine başvurmadan önce sigarayı bırakmayı deneyenlerin sıklığı
%55.7 idi. Sigara dışı tütün ürünü kullanım sıklığı %21.9 (n: 46) olup en sık
kullanılan ürün elektronik sigaradır (%16.7). Sigara dışı tütün ürünü kullanan
46 kişinin %43.5’i sigarayı bırakmak için, %21.7’si sigaradan daha az zararlı
olduğunu düşündüğü için başlamıştır. Elektronik sigara için; sigaradan daha az
zararlı olduğunu düşünenler %51.4 (Elektronik sigara kullanan 35 kişide),
nargile için sigaradan daha çok zararlı olduğunu düşünenlerin sıklığı %43.8’di
(nargile içen 16 kişide). Fagerström testi ile 99 (%47.1) kişi ileri derece
nikotin bağımlılığına sahip bulundu. Yaş arttıkça nikotin bağımlılığı düzeyi
artmaktaydı (p≤0.05). Lise ve üzeri öğrenim düzeyinde ortaokul ve altı öğrenim
düzeyine göre nikotin bağımlılık düzeyi daha düşüktü (p≤0.05). Katılımcıların
tütün ürünleri konusundaki bilgi düzeyleri yetersizdir. Tütün ürünlerine
başlanmasının engellenmesi öncelikli koruma önlemi olmakla birlikte, sigarayı
bırakma polikliniklerinin hizmetlerinin etkinleştirilmesi de tütün ile
mücadelede etkili olacaktır.

References

  • 1. World Health Organization. Global Atlas on Cardiovascular disease prevention and control [Internet]. Global atlas on cardiovascular disease prevention and control, 2011. http://www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/publications/atlas_cvd/en/ (Available at: 21.06.2018)
  • 2. World Health Organization. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic 2008. http://www.who.int/tobacco/mpower/2008/en/ (Available at: 21.06.2018)
  • 3. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. Türkiye Sağlık Araştırması, 2014. http://www.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=18854 (Erişim tarihi: 21.06.2018)
  • 4. Benowitz N. Nicotine Addiction. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(24):2295–303.
  • 5. Håkonsen L, Ernst A, Ramlau-Hansen C. Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and reproductive health in children: a review of epidemiological studies. Asian J Androl. 2014;16(1):39.
  • 6. Bilir N, Çakır B, Dağlı E, Ergüder T, Önder Z. Policies of tobacco control in Turkey. WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2010, s. 1-98.
  • 7. Carter BD, Abnet CC, Feskanich D, Freedman ND, Hartge P, Lewis CE, et al. Smoking and Mortality — Beyond Established Causes. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(7):631–40.
  • 8. Bilir N. Türkiye Tütün Kontrolünde Dünyanın Neresinde? Level of Tobacco Control in Turkey. Turkish Thorac J. 2009;(10):31–4.
  • 9. Tuncer M. Türkiye Kanser Kontrol Planı (2013 - 2018). T. C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Kanserle Savas Dairesi Baskanlığı, 2015. http://www.iccp-portal.org/system/files/plans/Ulusal_Kanser_Kontrol_Plani_2013_2018.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 21.06.2018).
  • 10. Velioğlu U, Sönmez CI. Sigara bırakma polikliniğine başvuran hastaların nikotin bağımlılığının sosyo demografik özellikler ve depresyon ile ilişkisi Dicle Tıp Derg. 2018;45(1):35–41.
  • 11. Kalkhoran S, Glantz SA. E-cigarettes and smoking cessation in real-world and clinical settings: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Respir Med. 2016;4(2):116–28.
  • 12. Demir T, Tutluoğlu B, Koç N, Bilgin L. Sigara bırakma polikliniğimizin bir yıllık izlem sonuçları. Tüberküloz ve Toraks Derg. 2004;52(1):63–8.
  • 13. Callahan-Lyon P. Electronic cigarettes: Human health effects. Tob Control. 2014;23(SUPPL. 2):36–40.
  • 14. Küresel Yetişkin Tütün Araştırması, Türkiye, 2012. http://www.halksagligiens.hacettepe.edu.tr/KYTA_TR.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 21.06.2018).
  • 15. Bilir N. Successes and Challenges in Tobacco Control–Turkish Experience of 20 Years. Eurasian J Pulmonol. 2017;19(3):119–23.
  • 16. Flouris AD, Chorti MS, Poulianiti KP, Jamurtas AZ, Kostikas K, Tzatzarakis MN, vd. Acute impact of active and passive electronic cigarette smoking on serum cotinine and lung function. Inhal Toxicol. 2013;25(2):91–101.
  • 17. Heatherton TF, Kozlowski LT, Frecker RC, Fagerström KO. The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire. Br J Addict 1991;86:1119-1127.
  • 18. Uysal MA, Kadakal F, Karşidaǧ C, Bayram NG, Uysal O, Yilmaz V. Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence: reliability in a Turkish sample and factor analysis. Tuberk Toraks. 2004;52(2):115–21.
  • 19. Wu PC, Hsueh KC, Mar GY, Hsueh SC, Tu MS, McRobbie H, et al. Gender Differences in Outcome of an Attempt to Stop Smoking Among Smokers Attending a Smoking Cessation Clinic in Taiwan: 3-Year Follow-Up Study. Eval Heal Prof. 2016;39(3):317–25.
  • 20. Argüder E, Karalezli A, Hezer H, Kılıç H, Er M, Hasanoğlu HC, ve ark. Sigara bırakma başarısını etkileyen faktörler. Türk Toraks Derg. 2013;14(14):81–7.
  • 21. Walker NJ, Van Woerden HC, Kiparoglou V, Yang Y, Robinson H, Croghan E. Gender difference and effect of pharmacotherapy: findings from a smoking cessation service. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):1–8.
  • 22. Smith PH, Kasza KA, Hyland A, Fong GT, Borland R, Brady K, et al. Gender differences in medication use and cigarette smoking cessation: Results from the International Tobacco Control Four Country Survey. Nicotine Tob Res. 2014;17(4):463–72.
  • 23. Vatan İ, Ocakoğlu H İE. Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Öğrencilerinde Sigara İçme Durumunun Değerlendirilmesi. TAF Prev Med Bull. 2009;8(1):43–8.
  • 24. Filippidis FT, Agaku IT, Vardavas CI. The association between peer, parental influence and tobacco product features and earlier age of onset of regular smoking among adults in 27 European countries. Eur J Public Health. 2015;25(5):814–8.
  • 25. Thrasher JF, Swayampakala K, Cummings KM, Hammond D, Anshari D, Krugman DM, vd. Cigarette package inserts can promote efficacy beliefs and sustained smoking cessation attempts: A longitudinal assessment of an innovative policy in Canada. Prev Med (Baltim). 2016;88:59–65.
  • 26. Bauermeister JA, Youatt EJ, Pingel ES, Soler JH, Johns MM. Psychosocial Obstacles to Smoking Cessation Attempts Among Young Adult Sexual Minority Women Who Smoke. Behav Med. 2018;44(2):123–30.
  • 27. Sağlam L. Investigation of the results of a smoking cessation clinic and the factors associated with success. Turk J Med Sci. 2012;42(3):515–22.
  • 28. Farsalinos KE, Poulas K, Voudris V, Houezec J Le. Electronic cigarette use in the European Union : analysis of a representative sample of 27460 Europeans from 28 countries. Addiction. 2016;111(11):2032–2040.
  • 29. Vickerman KA, Carpenter KM, Altman T, Nash CM, Zbikowski SM. Use of electronic cigarettes among state tobacco cessation quitline callers. Nicotine Tob Res. 2013;15(10):1787–91.
  • 30. Pepper JK, Ribisl KM, Emery SL, Brewer NT. Reasons for starting and stopping electronic cigarette use. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014;11(10):10345–61.
  • 31. Subaşı N, Bilir N, İlhan E, Avluk A, Bavlı G, Biteker M, ve ark. Nargile İçenlerin Nargile İçme Konusundaki Bilgi, Tutum ve Davranışları. Türk Toraks Derg. 2005;6(2):137–43.
  • 32. Braun RE, Glassman T, Wohlwend J, Whewell A, Reindl DM. Hookah use among college students from a Midwest University. J Community Health. 2012;37(2):294–8.
  • 33. Çelepkolu T, Atlı A, Palancı Y, Yılmaz A, Demir S, İbiloğlu AO, ve ark. Sigara kullanıcılarda nikotin bağımlılık düzeyinin yaş ve cinsiyetle ilişkisi: Diyarbakır örneklemi. Dicle Med J. 2014;41(4):712–6.
  • 34. Azagba S, Asbridge M. Nicotine dependence matters: Examining longitudinal association between smoking and physical activity among Canadian adults. Prev Med (Baltim). 2013;57(5):652–7.
  • 35. Örsel O, Örsel S, Alpar S, Uçar N, Firat Güven S, Şipit T, vd. Sigara bırakmada nikotin bağımlılık düzeyleri. Solunum Hast. 2005;16:112–8.
  • 36. Okutan O, Taş D, Kaya H. Sigara içen sağlık personelinde nikotin bağımlılık düzeyini etkileyen faktörler. Tuberk Toraks. 2007;55(4):356–63.
  • 37. Brathwaite R, Smeeth L, Addo J, Kunst AE, Peters RJG, Snijder MB, vd. Ethnic differences in current smoking and former smoking in the Netherlands and the contribution of socioeconomic factors: A cross-sectional analysis of the HELIUS study. BMJ Open. 2017;7(7):1–12.
  • 38. Courtney-Long EA, Romano SD, Carroll DD, Fox MH. Socioeconomic factors at the intersection of race and ethnicity influencing health risks for people with disabilities. J Racial Ethn Heal Disparities. 2017;4(2):213–22.
  • 39. Marshall WR, Epstein LH, Green SB. Coffee drinking and cigarette smoking: I. coffee, caffeine and cigarette smoking behavior. Addict Behav. 1980;5(4):389–94
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Public Health, Environmental Health
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Mustafa Kerem Kanık This is me 0000-0002-5515-9743

Mustafa Tözün 0000-0002-7557-432X

Publication Date January 16, 2020
Submission Date May 28, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 5 Issue: 1

Cite

Vancouver Kanık MK, Tözün M. İZMİR’DE SİGARAYI BIRAKMA POLİKLİNİKLERİNE BAŞVURANLARIN SİGARA VE DİĞER TÜTÜN ÜRÜNLERİ KULLANIM ÖZELLİKLERİ VE NİKOTİN BAĞIMLILIK DURUMLARI / SMOKING AND OTHER TOBACCO USE CHARACTERISTICS AND NICOTINE DEPENDENCE STATUS OF THOSE WHO APPLIED TO SMOKING CESSATION POLYCLINICS IN IZMIR. ESTUDAM Public Health Journal. 2020;5(1):84-95.

International Peer Reviewed Journal

Crossref Content Registration logo


The journal adopts Open Access Policy and does not request article proccessing charge (APC), article publishing charge or any other charges.

by-nc.eu.png
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License