Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the severity of dysmenorrhea and the affecting factors according to the life periods of women. The universe of this descriptive, cross-sectional and retrospective study consisted of women who experienced childbirth and were members of relevant social media groups, and the sample consisted of women who agreed to participate in the study (n=305). Data were collected with an electronic form created by the researchers. In the form, the lives of the women were divided into 3 as the period before marriage/first sexual intercourse, the period before pregnancy and the period after the postpartum 12th month, and dysmenorrhea stories specific to each period were questioned. More than half (60.7%) of women with a mean age of 38.00±6.32 stated that dysmenorrhea was affected by their life stages (p>0.05). When the severity of dysmenorrhea was analyzed according to the life periods of the women, it was determined that the severity of dysmenorrhea was 6.32±2.36 in the premarital period, 5.59±2.40 in the pre-pregnancy period and 4.53±2.30 in the postpartum period (p=0.000). Giving birth, bleeding severity, and experiencing menstrual stress were the factors affecting the severity of dysmenorrhea in all life periods of the woman, while smoking, experiencing curettage and problems in the reproductive organs were associated only with dysmenorrhea in the postpartum period (p<0.05). It was concluded that the severity of dysmenorrhea of the women participating in the study differed according to their life periods, and the factors affecting the severity of dysmenorrhea were sensitive to the life period. Therefore, these predictors should be considered in the management of dysmenorrhea and further, in-depth and longitudinal studies should be conducted on the psychological and sociological foundations of dysmenorrhea.
Supporting Institution
The authors did not receive any financial support in conducting this study.
References
- Akiyama, S., Tanaka, E., Cristeau, O., Onishi, Y., & Osuga, Y. (2017). Evaluation of the treatment patterns and economic burden of dysmenorrhea in Japanese women, using a claims database. ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research, 9, 295–306. https://doi.org/10.2147/CEOR.S127760
- Balık, G., Ustüner, I., Kağıtcı, M., & Sahin, F.K. (2014). Is there a relationship between mood disorders and dysmenorrhea?. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 27(6), 371-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2014.01.108
- Bernardi, M., Lazzeri, L., Perelli, F., Reis, F.M., & Petraglia, F. (2017). Dysmenorrhea and related disorders. F1000Research, 6, 1645. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.11682.1
- Chen, C.X., Shieh, C., Draucker, C.B., & Carpenter, J.S. (2018). Reasons women do not seek health care for dysmenorrhea. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 27(1–2),301–8. https://doi.org/:10.1111/jocn.13946
- Cozzolino, M., Coccia, M.E., Lazzeri, G., Basile, F., & Troiano, G. (2019). Variables associated with endometriosis-related pain: a pilot study using a visual analogue scale. Fed Bras Das Soc Ginecologia Obstetricia, 41(3), 170–5. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1679879
- Durain, D. (2004). Primary dysmenorrhea: assessment and management update. Journal of Midwifery and Women’s Health, 49(6), 520-528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmwh.2004.08.013
- Faramarzi, M., & Salmalian, H. (2014). Association of psychologic and nonpsychologic factors with primary dysmenorrhea. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 16(8), e16307. https://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.16307
- Fernandez, H., Barea, A., & Chanavaz-Lacheray, I. (2020). Journal of Gynecology Obstetrics and Human Reproduction, 49, 101889, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jogoh.2020.101889
- Firouzi, M., Zahedifard, T., Salari, P., & Mazlom, S.R. (2019). Comparing the pattern of primary dysmenorrhea before and after childbirth. Journal of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, 7(1), 1521-1528. https://doi.org/10.22038/jmrh.2018.8966.1081 Gagnon, M.M., Moussaoui, D., Gordon, J.L., Alberts, N.M., &
- Grover, S.R. (2022). Dysmenorrhea across the lifespan: a biopsychosocial perspective to understanding the dysmenorrhea trajectory and association with comorbid pain experiences. Pain, 163(11), 2069-2075. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002649
- Gagua, T., Besarion, T., & Gagua D. (2012). Primary dysmenorrhea: prevalence in adolescent population of Tbilisi, Georgia and risk factors. Journal of the Turkish German Gynecological Association, 13(3), 162-168. https://doi.org/ 10.5152/jtgga.2012.21
- Goldstein-Ferber, S., & Granot, M. (2006). The association between somatization and perceived ability: roles in dysmenorrhea among Israeli arab adolescents. Psychosomatic Medicine, 68, 136–42. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000197644.95292.00
- Hu, Z., Tang, L., Chen, L., Kaminga, A.C., & Xu, H. (2020). Prevalence and risk factors associated with primary dysmenorrhea among Chinese female university students: a cross-sectional study. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 33(1), 15-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2019.09.004
- Jang, I.A., Kim, M.Y., Lee, S.R., Jeong, K.A., & Chung, H.W. (2013). Factors related to dysmenorrhea among Vietnamese and Vietnamese marriage immigrant women in South Korea. Obstetrics & Gynecology Science, 56, 242. https://doi.org/10.5468/ogs.2013.56.4.242
- Jenabi, E., Khazaei, S., & Veisani, Y. (2019). The relationship between smoking and dysmenorrhea: A meta-analysis. Women & Health, 59(5), 524-533. https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2018.1508541
- Ju, H., Jones, M., & Mishra, G. (2014). The prevalence and risk factors of dysmenorrhea. Epidemiologic Reviews, 36(1), 104–13. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxt009
- Kapadi, R., & Elander, J. (2020). Pain coping, pain acceptance and analgesic use as predictors of health-related quality of life among women with primary dysmenorrhea. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 246, 40–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2019.12.032
- Karout, S., Soubra, L., Rahme, D., Karout, L., Khojah, H.M., & Itani, R. (2021). Prevalence, risk factors, and management practices of primary dysmenorrhea among young females. BMC Women's Health, 21, 1-14. https://doi.org/:10.1186/s12905-021-01532-w
- Kural, M., Noor N.N., Pandit, D., Joshi, T., & Patil, A. (2015). Menstrual characteristics and prevalence of dysmenorrhea in college going girls. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 4(3), 426-31. https://doi.org/10.4103/2249-4863.161345
- Mendiratta, V. (2017). Primary and secondary dysmenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. In: Lobo RA, Gershenson DM, Lentz GM, editors. Comprehensive Gynecology, 7th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier, p. 815–28.
- Pitts, M.K., Ferris, J.A., Smith, A.M.A., Shelley, J.M., & Richters, J. (2008). Prevalence and correlates of three types of pelvic pain in a nationally representative sample of Australian women. The Medical Journal of Australia, 189, 138–43. https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2008.tb01945.x
- Polit, D.F., & Beck, C.T. (2012). Nursing Research: Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing practice. 9th ed. philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
- Ramos-Pichardo, J.D., Ortega-Galán, Á.M., Iglesias-López, M.T., Abreu-Sánchez, A., & Fernández-Martínez, E. (2020). Why do some Spanish nursing students with menstrual pain fail to consult healthcare professionals?. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 8173. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218173
- Rogers, S.K., Rand, K.L., & Chen, C.X. (2021). Comparing dysmenorrhea beliefs and self‐management techniques across symptom‐based phenotypes. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 30, 2015–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15754
- Sahin, N., Kasap, B., Kirli, U., Yeniceri, N., & Topal, Y. (2018) Assessment of anxietydepression levels and perceptions of quality of life in adolescents with dysmenorrhea. Reproductive Health,15, 13-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-018-0453-3
- Sundell, G., Milsom, I., & Andersch, B.(1990). Factors influencing the prevalence and severity of dysmenorrhoea in young women. BJOG International Journal of Obstetetrics Gynaecology, 97, 588–94.
- Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Ullman, J. B. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. (Vol. 6, pp. 497-516). Boston, MA: pearson.
- Wang, J. H., Wu, R. J., Xu, K. H., & Lin, J. (2007). Single large cystic adenomyoma of the uterus after cornual pregnancy and curettage. Fertility and sterility, 88(4), 965-967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.12.085 Weissman, A.M., Hartz, A.J., Hansen, M.D., & Johnson, S.R. (2004). The natural history of primary dysmenorrhea: a longitudinal study. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 111, 345– 52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2004.00090.x
Abstract
Bu çalışma kadınların yaşam dönemlerine göre dismenore şiddeti ve etkileyen faktörlerin incelenmesi amacıyla yapıldı. Tanımlayıcı ve kesitsel tasarımdaki bu araştırmanın evrenini doğum deneyimleyen kadınlar, örneklemini ise çalışmaya katılmayı kabul eden kadınlar (n=305) oluşturdu. Veriler, araştırmacılar tarafından oluşturulan elektronik bir form ile toplandı. Formda kadınların yaşamları, evlenmeden/ilk cinsel ilişkiden önceki dönem, gebelik öncesi dönem ve doğum sonu 12. aydan sonraki dönem olarak 3’e ayrıldı ve her döneme özgü dismenore öyküleri sorgulandı. Dismenore şiddeti veri toplama formu içerisinde yer alan VAS ile değerlendirildi. Yaş ortalaması 38.00±6,32 olan kadınların yarıdan fazlası (%60,7) dismenorenin yaşam dönemlerini etkilediğini ifade etti (p>0,05). Kadınların yaşam dönemlerine göre dismenore şiddetleri incelendiğinde; dismenore şiddetinin evlilik öncesi dönemde 6,32±2,36, gebelik öncesi dönemde 5,59±2,40 ve doğum sonu dönemde 4,53±2,30 olduğu belirlendi (p=0.000). Doğum yapmış olma, kanama şiddeti, adetle ilgili stres yaşama kadının tüm yaşam dönemlerinde dismenore şiddetini etkileyen faktör iken, sigara kullanımı, küretaj deneyimleme ve üreme organlarındaki sorun ise sadece doğum sonu dönemdeki dismenore ile ilişkili bulundu (p<0.05). Araştırmaya katılan kadınların dismenore şiddetinin yaşam dönemlerine göre farklılık gösterdiği, dismenore şiddetini etkileyen faktörlerin yaşam dönemine duyarlı olduğu sonucuna varıldı. Bu nedenle dismenore yönetiminde bu faktörler göz önünde bulundurulmalı, dismenorenin psikolojik ve sosyolojik temellerine ilişkin daha ileri, derinlemesine çalışmalar yapılmalıdır.
References
- Akiyama, S., Tanaka, E., Cristeau, O., Onishi, Y., & Osuga, Y. (2017). Evaluation of the treatment patterns and economic burden of dysmenorrhea in Japanese women, using a claims database. ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research, 9, 295–306. https://doi.org/10.2147/CEOR.S127760
- Balık, G., Ustüner, I., Kağıtcı, M., & Sahin, F.K. (2014). Is there a relationship between mood disorders and dysmenorrhea?. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 27(6), 371-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2014.01.108
- Bernardi, M., Lazzeri, L., Perelli, F., Reis, F.M., & Petraglia, F. (2017). Dysmenorrhea and related disorders. F1000Research, 6, 1645. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.11682.1
- Chen, C.X., Shieh, C., Draucker, C.B., & Carpenter, J.S. (2018). Reasons women do not seek health care for dysmenorrhea. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 27(1–2),301–8. https://doi.org/:10.1111/jocn.13946
- Cozzolino, M., Coccia, M.E., Lazzeri, G., Basile, F., & Troiano, G. (2019). Variables associated with endometriosis-related pain: a pilot study using a visual analogue scale. Fed Bras Das Soc Ginecologia Obstetricia, 41(3), 170–5. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1679879
- Durain, D. (2004). Primary dysmenorrhea: assessment and management update. Journal of Midwifery and Women’s Health, 49(6), 520-528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmwh.2004.08.013
- Faramarzi, M., & Salmalian, H. (2014). Association of psychologic and nonpsychologic factors with primary dysmenorrhea. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 16(8), e16307. https://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.16307
- Fernandez, H., Barea, A., & Chanavaz-Lacheray, I. (2020). Journal of Gynecology Obstetrics and Human Reproduction, 49, 101889, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jogoh.2020.101889
- Firouzi, M., Zahedifard, T., Salari, P., & Mazlom, S.R. (2019). Comparing the pattern of primary dysmenorrhea before and after childbirth. Journal of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, 7(1), 1521-1528. https://doi.org/10.22038/jmrh.2018.8966.1081 Gagnon, M.M., Moussaoui, D., Gordon, J.L., Alberts, N.M., &
- Grover, S.R. (2022). Dysmenorrhea across the lifespan: a biopsychosocial perspective to understanding the dysmenorrhea trajectory and association with comorbid pain experiences. Pain, 163(11), 2069-2075. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002649
- Gagua, T., Besarion, T., & Gagua D. (2012). Primary dysmenorrhea: prevalence in adolescent population of Tbilisi, Georgia and risk factors. Journal of the Turkish German Gynecological Association, 13(3), 162-168. https://doi.org/ 10.5152/jtgga.2012.21
- Goldstein-Ferber, S., & Granot, M. (2006). The association between somatization and perceived ability: roles in dysmenorrhea among Israeli arab adolescents. Psychosomatic Medicine, 68, 136–42. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.psy.0000197644.95292.00
- Hu, Z., Tang, L., Chen, L., Kaminga, A.C., & Xu, H. (2020). Prevalence and risk factors associated with primary dysmenorrhea among Chinese female university students: a cross-sectional study. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 33(1), 15-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2019.09.004
- Jang, I.A., Kim, M.Y., Lee, S.R., Jeong, K.A., & Chung, H.W. (2013). Factors related to dysmenorrhea among Vietnamese and Vietnamese marriage immigrant women in South Korea. Obstetrics & Gynecology Science, 56, 242. https://doi.org/10.5468/ogs.2013.56.4.242
- Jenabi, E., Khazaei, S., & Veisani, Y. (2019). The relationship between smoking and dysmenorrhea: A meta-analysis. Women & Health, 59(5), 524-533. https://doi.org/10.1080/03630242.2018.1508541
- Ju, H., Jones, M., & Mishra, G. (2014). The prevalence and risk factors of dysmenorrhea. Epidemiologic Reviews, 36(1), 104–13. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxt009
- Kapadi, R., & Elander, J. (2020). Pain coping, pain acceptance and analgesic use as predictors of health-related quality of life among women with primary dysmenorrhea. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 246, 40–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2019.12.032
- Karout, S., Soubra, L., Rahme, D., Karout, L., Khojah, H.M., & Itani, R. (2021). Prevalence, risk factors, and management practices of primary dysmenorrhea among young females. BMC Women's Health, 21, 1-14. https://doi.org/:10.1186/s12905-021-01532-w
- Kural, M., Noor N.N., Pandit, D., Joshi, T., & Patil, A. (2015). Menstrual characteristics and prevalence of dysmenorrhea in college going girls. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 4(3), 426-31. https://doi.org/10.4103/2249-4863.161345
- Mendiratta, V. (2017). Primary and secondary dysmenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome, and premenstrual dysphoric disorder. In: Lobo RA, Gershenson DM, Lentz GM, editors. Comprehensive Gynecology, 7th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier, p. 815–28.
- Pitts, M.K., Ferris, J.A., Smith, A.M.A., Shelley, J.M., & Richters, J. (2008). Prevalence and correlates of three types of pelvic pain in a nationally representative sample of Australian women. The Medical Journal of Australia, 189, 138–43. https://doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2008.tb01945.x
- Polit, D.F., & Beck, C.T. (2012). Nursing Research: Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing practice. 9th ed. philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
- Ramos-Pichardo, J.D., Ortega-Galán, Á.M., Iglesias-López, M.T., Abreu-Sánchez, A., & Fernández-Martínez, E. (2020). Why do some Spanish nursing students with menstrual pain fail to consult healthcare professionals?. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 8173. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17218173
- Rogers, S.K., Rand, K.L., & Chen, C.X. (2021). Comparing dysmenorrhea beliefs and self‐management techniques across symptom‐based phenotypes. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 30, 2015–22. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15754
- Sahin, N., Kasap, B., Kirli, U., Yeniceri, N., & Topal, Y. (2018) Assessment of anxietydepression levels and perceptions of quality of life in adolescents with dysmenorrhea. Reproductive Health,15, 13-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-018-0453-3
- Sundell, G., Milsom, I., & Andersch, B.(1990). Factors influencing the prevalence and severity of dysmenorrhoea in young women. BJOG International Journal of Obstetetrics Gynaecology, 97, 588–94.
- Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Ullman, J. B. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. (Vol. 6, pp. 497-516). Boston, MA: pearson.
- Wang, J. H., Wu, R. J., Xu, K. H., & Lin, J. (2007). Single large cystic adenomyoma of the uterus after cornual pregnancy and curettage. Fertility and sterility, 88(4), 965-967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.12.085 Weissman, A.M., Hartz, A.J., Hansen, M.D., & Johnson, S.R. (2004). The natural history of primary dysmenorrhea: a longitudinal study. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 111, 345– 52. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2004.00090.x
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Nursing |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | May 3, 2024 |
| Publication Date | May 3, 2024 |
| Submission Date | February 27, 2023 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2024 Volume: 4 Issue: 1 |
