Review
Year 2019,
Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 460 - 472, 24.07.2019
Abstract
The security of energy supply is one of
the most important factors in the development of the European Union’s (EU)
energy policies. The security of energy supply has become the most
important agenda in the energy
field of EU because EU countries in natural gas import significantly depend on
Russia and the energy crises between Russia and Ukraine affect EU countries
negatively and the flow of energy that reaches from Russia to EU countries is
often interrupted. The EU has focused more on the policies that will ensure the
security of energy supply and reduce its dependence on the supplier countries
in 2000's. From the
combat of global warming and environmental pollution to increase of energy
saving the regulations in many field supporting the security of energy supply
have been implemented. This study elaborates generally the impact of energy
crises on the development of the EU’s energy policy and mentions its efforts to
create energy policy from the establishment of the EU.
References
- Akdemir, E., (2012). “Avrupa Bütünleşmesinin Tarihçesi”, Akçay, B. Göçmen, İ. (Ed.), Avrupa Birliği Tarihçe, Teoriler, Kurumlar ve Politikalar, Seçkin Yayınları, Ankara, s. 37-63.
- Bloomberg Business (2015), Russia, Ukraine Reach Deal on Gas Supplies in EU-Brokered Talks, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-25/russia-ukraine-reach-deal-on-gas-supplies-in-eu-brokered-talks, (10.10.2018). British Petroleum (2018), BP Statistical Review Of World Energy June 2018, 67th Edition, https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/en/corporate/pdf/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2018-full-report.pdf, (16.10.2018).
- Christie, E. H., Baev, P. K. ve Golovko, V. ( 2011), Vulnerability and Bargaining Power in EU-Russia Gas Relations, Research Centre International Economics, Research Reports 2010/11 N 03, Vienna, s. 1-61.
- Dickel, R. vd., (2014), “Reducing European Dependence on Russian Gas”, The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, s. 1-81.
- Energy Information Administration (2017), 16 % of Natural Gas Consumed in Europe Flows Through Ukraine, http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=15411, (20.10.2018).
- Erbach, G. (2015), Energy Union New Impetus For Coordination And Integration of Energy Policies in the EU, European Parliamentary Research Service Brifing No:1, s. 1-8.
- Erbil, Y. (2010), Rusya-Ukrayna Doğalgaz Krizi ve Enerji Güvenliği, Kadir Has Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul.
- Eriş, Ö.Ü., (2012). “Enerji Politikası”, Akçay, B. Göçmen, İ. (Ed.), Avrupa Birliği Tarihçe, Teoriler, Kurumlar ve Politikalar, Seçkin Yayınları, Ankara, s.529-546.
- European Commission (1995), The White Paper on An Energy Policy for the European Union, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-95-1418_en.htm,(13.10.2018).European Commission (2000), Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, https://iet.jrc.ec.europa.eu/remea/sites/remea/files/green_paper_energy_supply_en.pdf, (13.10.2018).
- European Commission (2006), Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, http://europa.eu/documents/comm/green_papers/pdf/com2006_105_en.pdf, (13.10.2018).
- European Commission (2007), An Energy Policy for Europe, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=LEGISSUM%3Al27067, (13.10.2018). European Commission (2008), Second Strategic Energy Review – An EU Energy Security and Solidarity Action Plan, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2008:0781:FIN:EN:PDF, (13.10.2018). European Commission (2011), Energy Roadmap 2050, https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2012_energy_roadmap_2050_en_0.pdf, (13.10.2018). European Commission (2014a), A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in The Period from 2020 to 2030, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A52014DC0015, (13.10.2018).
- European Commission (2014b), European Energy Security Strategy, https://www.eesc.europa.eu/resources/docs/european-energy-security-strategy.pdf, (14.10.2018).
- European Commission (2015), A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:1bd46c90-bdd4-11e4-bbe1-01aa75ed71a1.0001.03/DOC_1&format=PDF, (14.10.2018).
- European Parliament and Council of The European Union (2009), Regulation (EC) No 715/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:211:0036:0054:en:PDF, (13.10.2018).
- Eurostat (2018), EU Imports of Energy Products-Recent Developments, http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/EU_imports_of_energy_products_-_recent_developments#Main_suppliers_of_natural_gas_and_petroleum_oils_to_the_EU, (16.10.2018).
- Galagan, D. (2014), “Arbitration: Who Is The Winner in The Gas War?”, Natural Gas World, https://www.naturalgasworld.com/ukraine-russia-gas-arbitration, (10.10.2018).
- International Energy Agency (2018), History, https://www.iea.org/about/history/, (16.10.2018).
- Karagöl, E. T. ve Kaya, S. (2014), Energy Supply Security and The Southern Gas Corridor (SGC), Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research N. 108, Ankara.
- Karluk, R. (2002), Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye, Beta, İstanbul.
- Keskin, H. (2006), Stratejik Açıdan Avrupa Birliği Enerji Politikası ve Uluslararası Güvenlik Sistemine Etkisi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, İzmir.
- Kılıçaslan, E. (2015), “Petrol Savaşları”, Çomak, H., Sancaktar, C., Yıldırım, Z., (Ed.), Enerji Diplomasisi, Beta Yayınları, İstanbul, ss. 87-124.
- Kovacevic, A. (2009), “The Impact of The Russia-Ukraine Gas Crisis in South Eastern Europe”, Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, NG:29, s. 1-19.
- McGowan, F., (2011), “Putting Energy Insecurity into Historical Context: European Responses to the Energy Crises of the 1970s and 2000s”, Geopolitics, 16:3, s. 486-511.
- Natural Gas World (2015), Why Ukraine Can Live Without Russian Gas For Now, https://www.naturalgasworld.com/ukraine-russian-gas-price-dispute-effects-24548, (11.10.2018).
- Pamir, N. (2015), Enerjinin İktidarı, Hayykitap, İstanbul.
- Parfitt, T. (2006), Russia Turns Off Supplies to Ukraine in Payment Row, and EU Feels the Chill, Guardian, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jan/02/russia.ukraine, (15.10.2018).
- RT (2014), Russia Sues EU Over Third Energy Packege, https://www.rt.com/business/156028-russia-sues-eu-energy/, (17.10.2018).
- Sevim, T. V. (2014), Ukrayna’nın Yönetemediği Enerji Politikası ve Bugünkü Sonuçları, 21.Yüzyıl Türkiye Enstitüsü Özel Raporu No:19, Ankara. Siddi, M. (2015), The EU-Russia Gas Relationship – New Projects, New Disputes?, The Finnish Institute Of International Affairs Briefing Paper 183, s. 1-9. Stern, J. (2018), Natural Gas in Europe − The Importance of Russia, Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, http://www.centrex.at/en/files/study_stern_e.pdf, (13.09.2018).
- Tass-Russian News Agency (2014), President Vladimir Putin's Letter to Leaders of European Countries, http://tass.ru/en/russia/727287, (10.10.2018).
- T.C. Avrupa Birliği Bakanlığı (2014), Avrupa Birliği Sürecinde Enerji Faslı, Ankara.
- The Guardian (2006), Russia Turns off Supplies to Ukraine in Payment Row and EU Feels The Chill, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jan/02/russia.ukraine, (13.09.2018).
- Yorkan, A. (2009), “Avrupa Birliği’nin Enerji Politikası ve Türkiye’ye Etkileri”, Bilge Strateji, (1)1, s. 24-39.
Year 2019,
Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 460 - 472, 24.07.2019
Abstract
Avrupa Birliği’nin (AB) enerji
politikalarının gelişiminde etkili olan en önemli faktörlerden biri enerji arz
güvenliğidir. AB ülkelerinin doğal gaz ithalatında Rusya’ya önemli ölçüde
bağımlı olması, Rusya ile Ukrayna arasındaki enerji krizlerinin AB ülkelerini olumsuz
etkilemesi ve Rusya’dan AB ülkelerine ulaşan doğal gaz akışının sık sık kesintiye
uğraması nedeniyle, enerji arz güvenliği, AB’nin enerji alanındaki en önemli
gündemi haline gelmiştir. AB, 2000’li yıllarla birlikte enerji arz güvenliğini sağlayacak
ve tedarikçi ülkelere bağımlılığını azaltacak politikalara daha çok odaklanmıştır.
Çevre kirliliği ve küresel ısınmayla mücadeleden, enerji tasarrufunu arttırılmasına
kadar enerji arz güvenliğini destekleyecek birçok alanda düzenleme hayata
geçirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada genel olarak, enerji krizlerinin AB’nin enerji
politikalarının gelişimine olan etkisine değinilecek ve AB’nin kuruluşundan
itibaren enerji politikası oluşturma çabasına yer verilecektir.
References
- Akdemir, E., (2012). “Avrupa Bütünleşmesinin Tarihçesi”, Akçay, B. Göçmen, İ. (Ed.), Avrupa Birliği Tarihçe, Teoriler, Kurumlar ve Politikalar, Seçkin Yayınları, Ankara, s. 37-63.
- Bloomberg Business (2015), Russia, Ukraine Reach Deal on Gas Supplies in EU-Brokered Talks, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-25/russia-ukraine-reach-deal-on-gas-supplies-in-eu-brokered-talks, (10.10.2018). British Petroleum (2018), BP Statistical Review Of World Energy June 2018, 67th Edition, https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/en/corporate/pdf/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2018-full-report.pdf, (16.10.2018).
- Christie, E. H., Baev, P. K. ve Golovko, V. ( 2011), Vulnerability and Bargaining Power in EU-Russia Gas Relations, Research Centre International Economics, Research Reports 2010/11 N 03, Vienna, s. 1-61.
- Dickel, R. vd., (2014), “Reducing European Dependence on Russian Gas”, The Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, s. 1-81.
- Energy Information Administration (2017), 16 % of Natural Gas Consumed in Europe Flows Through Ukraine, http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=15411, (20.10.2018).
- Erbach, G. (2015), Energy Union New Impetus For Coordination And Integration of Energy Policies in the EU, European Parliamentary Research Service Brifing No:1, s. 1-8.
- Erbil, Y. (2010), Rusya-Ukrayna Doğalgaz Krizi ve Enerji Güvenliği, Kadir Has Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul.
- Eriş, Ö.Ü., (2012). “Enerji Politikası”, Akçay, B. Göçmen, İ. (Ed.), Avrupa Birliği Tarihçe, Teoriler, Kurumlar ve Politikalar, Seçkin Yayınları, Ankara, s.529-546.
- European Commission (1995), The White Paper on An Energy Policy for the European Union, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-95-1418_en.htm,(13.10.2018).European Commission (2000), Towards a European Strategy for the Security of Energy Supply, https://iet.jrc.ec.europa.eu/remea/sites/remea/files/green_paper_energy_supply_en.pdf, (13.10.2018).
- European Commission (2006), Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy, http://europa.eu/documents/comm/green_papers/pdf/com2006_105_en.pdf, (13.10.2018).
- European Commission (2007), An Energy Policy for Europe, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=LEGISSUM%3Al27067, (13.10.2018). European Commission (2008), Second Strategic Energy Review – An EU Energy Security and Solidarity Action Plan, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2008:0781:FIN:EN:PDF, (13.10.2018). European Commission (2011), Energy Roadmap 2050, https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/2012_energy_roadmap_2050_en_0.pdf, (13.10.2018). European Commission (2014a), A Policy Framework for Climate and Energy in The Period from 2020 to 2030, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A52014DC0015, (13.10.2018).
- European Commission (2014b), European Energy Security Strategy, https://www.eesc.europa.eu/resources/docs/european-energy-security-strategy.pdf, (14.10.2018).
- European Commission (2015), A Framework Strategy for a Resilient Energy Union with a Forward-Looking Climate Change Policy, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:1bd46c90-bdd4-11e4-bbe1-01aa75ed71a1.0001.03/DOC_1&format=PDF, (14.10.2018).
- European Parliament and Council of The European Union (2009), Regulation (EC) No 715/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:211:0036:0054:en:PDF, (13.10.2018).
- Eurostat (2018), EU Imports of Energy Products-Recent Developments, http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/EU_imports_of_energy_products_-_recent_developments#Main_suppliers_of_natural_gas_and_petroleum_oils_to_the_EU, (16.10.2018).
- Galagan, D. (2014), “Arbitration: Who Is The Winner in The Gas War?”, Natural Gas World, https://www.naturalgasworld.com/ukraine-russia-gas-arbitration, (10.10.2018).
- International Energy Agency (2018), History, https://www.iea.org/about/history/, (16.10.2018).
- Karagöl, E. T. ve Kaya, S. (2014), Energy Supply Security and The Southern Gas Corridor (SGC), Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research N. 108, Ankara.
- Karluk, R. (2002), Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye, Beta, İstanbul.
- Keskin, H. (2006), Stratejik Açıdan Avrupa Birliği Enerji Politikası ve Uluslararası Güvenlik Sistemine Etkisi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, İzmir.
- Kılıçaslan, E. (2015), “Petrol Savaşları”, Çomak, H., Sancaktar, C., Yıldırım, Z., (Ed.), Enerji Diplomasisi, Beta Yayınları, İstanbul, ss. 87-124.
- Kovacevic, A. (2009), “The Impact of The Russia-Ukraine Gas Crisis in South Eastern Europe”, Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, NG:29, s. 1-19.
- McGowan, F., (2011), “Putting Energy Insecurity into Historical Context: European Responses to the Energy Crises of the 1970s and 2000s”, Geopolitics, 16:3, s. 486-511.
- Natural Gas World (2015), Why Ukraine Can Live Without Russian Gas For Now, https://www.naturalgasworld.com/ukraine-russian-gas-price-dispute-effects-24548, (11.10.2018).
- Pamir, N. (2015), Enerjinin İktidarı, Hayykitap, İstanbul.
- Parfitt, T. (2006), Russia Turns Off Supplies to Ukraine in Payment Row, and EU Feels the Chill, Guardian, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jan/02/russia.ukraine, (15.10.2018).
- RT (2014), Russia Sues EU Over Third Energy Packege, https://www.rt.com/business/156028-russia-sues-eu-energy/, (17.10.2018).
- Sevim, T. V. (2014), Ukrayna’nın Yönetemediği Enerji Politikası ve Bugünkü Sonuçları, 21.Yüzyıl Türkiye Enstitüsü Özel Raporu No:19, Ankara. Siddi, M. (2015), The EU-Russia Gas Relationship – New Projects, New Disputes?, The Finnish Institute Of International Affairs Briefing Paper 183, s. 1-9. Stern, J. (2018), Natural Gas in Europe − The Importance of Russia, Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, http://www.centrex.at/en/files/study_stern_e.pdf, (13.09.2018).
- Tass-Russian News Agency (2014), President Vladimir Putin's Letter to Leaders of European Countries, http://tass.ru/en/russia/727287, (10.10.2018).
- T.C. Avrupa Birliği Bakanlığı (2014), Avrupa Birliği Sürecinde Enerji Faslı, Ankara.
- The Guardian (2006), Russia Turns off Supplies to Ukraine in Payment Row and EU Feels The Chill, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/jan/02/russia.ukraine, (13.09.2018).
- Yorkan, A. (2009), “Avrupa Birliği’nin Enerji Politikası ve Türkiye’ye Etkileri”, Bilge Strateji, (1)1, s. 24-39.
There are 32 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | July 24, 2019 |
| Submission Date | December 11, 2018 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2019 Volume: 10 Issue: 2 |
