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Kendisi, ailesi ya da yakın çevresinde COVID-19 şüpheli veya doğrulanmış vaka olan yetişkinlerin sosyodemografik ve psikolojik özellikleri (COVID-19 pandemisinde 10.-16. Haftalar)

Year 2021, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 164 - 185, 22.02.2021
https://doi.org/10.47793/hp.855622

Abstract

Araştırmada COVID-19 pandemi döneminde kendisinde, ailesinde veya sık görüştüğü yakın çevresinde COVID-19 şüpheli ve doğrulanmış vaka olan yetişkinlerin sosyodemografik ve psikolojik özelliklerinin incelenmesi amaçlandı. Tanımlayıcı tipteki bu araştırma Mayıs- Haziran 2020 tarihlerinde 18 yaş ve üzeri 2549 yetişkin ile Türkiye Kırklareli’nde yürütüldü. Yetişkinlerin kendisi, ailesi ve yakın çevresinden birinin COVID-19 şüpheli vaka olma sıklığı sırasıyla %1,3, %1,7, %12,4 iken; COVID-19 doğrulanmış vaka olma sıklığı aynı sırayla %0,5, %0,5, %11,7 idi. COVID-19 pandemisinde yetişkinlerin %17,1’inin sigara içme durumunda, %7,9’ünün alkol tüketiminde, %40,0’ının aile içi iletişiminde değişim vardı ve %6,9’u bu dönemde işsiz kaldı. Kendisi, ailesi veya yakın çevresinde COVID-19 şüpheli ve doğrulanmış vaka olma olasılığı 40 yaşın altında, lise ve üzerinde, asgari ücretin üzerinde geliri olanlarda ve alkol kullananlarda yüksekti (p<0.05). Yetişkinlerin hafif, orta, şiddetli anksiyete sıklıkları sırasıyla %30,4, %14,9, %8,4; depresyon sıklıkları aynı sırayla %29,6, %24,6, %5,7 idi. Kendisi, ailesi veya yakın çevresinde COVID-19 doğrulanmış vaka olan yetişkinlerde anksiyete ve depresyon olasılığı yüksekti (p<0,05). COVID-19 ile mücadelede sosyodemografik ve psikolojik açıdan kırılgan grupların önceliklendirilmesi alınacak tedbirlerde önemlidir.

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References

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  • Association of Public Health Professionals (HASUDER). (2020a). New Coronavirus (COVID-19) News Post (22 March 2020). Accessed 01 Dec 2020, https://korona.hasuder.org.tr/hasuder-yeni-koronavirus-covid-19-haber-postasi-22-03-2020/
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  • Bäuerle, A., Teufel, M., Musche, V., Weismüller, B., Kohler, H., Hetkamp, M., Dörrie, N., Schweda, A., & Skoda, E.M. (2020). Increased generalized anxiety, depression and distress during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study in Germany. Journal of Public Health (Oxf), 42(4), 672-678. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdaa106.
  • Cerami, C., Santi, G.C., Galandra, C., Dodich, A., Cappa, S.F., Vecchi, T., & Crespi, C. (2020). Covid-19 Outbreak In Italy: Are We Ready for the Psychosocial and the Economic Crisis? Baseline Findings From the PsyCovid Study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 556. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00556.
  • Chodkiewicz, J., Talarowska, M., Miniszewska, J., Nawrocka, N., & Bilinski, P. (2020). Alcohol Consumption Reported during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Initial Stage. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(13), 4677. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134677.
  • Corburn, J., Vlahov, D., Mberu, B., et al. (2020). Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements. Journal of Urban Health, 97(3), 348-357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-020-00438-6.
  • COVID-19 National Incident Room Surveillance Team. (2020). COVID-19, Australia: Epidemiology Report 19 (Fortnightly reporting period ending 21 June 2020). Communicable Diseases Intelligence (2018), 44, 1-29. https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2020.44.54.
  • Da, B.L., Im, G.Y., & Schiano, T.D. (2020). Coronavirus Disease 2019 Hangover: A Rising Tide of Alcohol Use Disorder and Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease. Hepatology, 72(3), 1102-1108. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.31307.
  • de Souza, W.M., Buss, L.F., Candido, D.D.S., et al. (2020). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the COVID-19 epidemic in Brazil. Nature Human Behaviour, 4(8), 856-865. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0928-4.
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  • Flory, K., Hankin, B.L., Kloos, B., Cheely, C., & Turecki, G. (2009). Alcohol and cigarette use and misuse among Hurricane Katrina survivors: psychosocial risk and protective factors. Substance Use & Misuse, 44(12), 1711-24. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826080902962128.
  • Gebhard, C., Regitz-Zagrosek, V., Neuhauser, H.K., Morgan, R., & Klein, S.L. (2020). Impact of sex and gender on COVID-19 outcomes in Europe. Biology of Sex Differences, 11(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13293-020-00304-9.
  • Istanbul Chamber of Certified Public Accountants (ICCPA). (2020). Cost of the Minimum Wage for 2020. Accessed 17 Sep 2020, https://www.ismmmo.org.tr/dosya/1255/Mevzuat-Dosya/2020-YILI-ASGARI-UCRET-HESAPLAMALARI.pdf?page=asgari
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  • Kopel, J., Perisetti, A., Roghani, A., Aziz, M., Gajendran, M., & Goyal, H. (2020). Racial and Gender-Based Differences in COVID-19. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 418. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00418.
  • Liang, D., Shi, L., Zhao, J., Liu, P., Schwartz, J., Gao, S., Sarnat, J., Liu, Y., Ebelt, S., Scovronick, N., & Chang, H.H. (2020). Urban Air Pollution May Enhance COVID-19 Case-Fatality and Mortality Rates in the United States. The Innovation Journal, 1(3), 100047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2020.100047.
  • Liu, D., Baumeister, R.F., Veilleux, J.C., Chen, C., Liu, W., Yue, Y., & Zhang, S. (2020). Risk factors associated with mental illness in hospital discharged patients infected with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Psychiatry Research, 292, 113297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113297.
  • Mukhtar, S. (2020). Psychological health during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic outbreak. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 66(5):512-516. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020925835.
  • Ozdin, S., & Bayrak Ozdin, S. (2020). Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: The importance of gender. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(5), 504-511. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020927051.
  • Parlapani, E., Holeva, V., Voitsidis, P., et al. (2020). Psychological and Behavioral Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Greece. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 821. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00821.
  • Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health (RTMH). (2020). General Information, Epidemiology and Diagnosis. Accessed 07 Dec 2020, https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/39551/0/covid-19rehberigenelbilgilerepidemiyolojivetanipdf.pdf
  • Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health (RTMH). (2020a). COVID-19 Outbreak Management and Study Guide. Accessed 07 Dec 2020, https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/39265/0/covid-19salginyonetimivecalismarehberipdf.pdf
  • Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health (RTMH). (2020b). COVID-19 Weekly Report. Accessed 03 Nov 2020, https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/TR-68640/haftalik-rapor--weekly-report.html
  • Rezende, L.F.M., Thome, B., Schveitzer, M.C., Souza-Júnior, P.R.B., & Szwarcwald, C.L. (2020). Adults at high-risk of severe coronavirus disease-2019 (Covid-19) in Brazil. Revista de Saúde Pública, 54, 50. https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054002596.
  • Saltzman, L.Y., Hansel, T.C., & Bordnick, P.S. (2020). Loneliness, isolation, and social support factors in post-COVID-19 mental health. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(1), 55-57. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000703.
  • Sari, Y.E., Kokoglu, B., Balcioglu, H., Bilge, U., Colak, E., & Unluoglu, I. (2016). Turkish reliability of the patient health questionnaire-9. Biomedical Research, 460-462.
  • Shevlin, M., McBride, O., Murphy, J., et al. (2020). Anxiety, depression, traumatic stress and COVID-19-related anxiety in the UK general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. BJPsych Open, 6(6), 125. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2020.109.
  • Shi, L., Lu, Z.A., Que, J.Y., et al. (2020). Prevalence of and Risk Factors Associated With Mental Health Symptoms Among the General Population in China During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic. JAMA Network Open, 3(7), 2014053. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.14053.
  • Stein, B.D., Elliott, M.N., Jaycox, L.H., Collins, R.L., Berry, S.H., Klein, D.J., & Schuster, M.A. (2004). A national longitudinal study of the psychological consequences of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks: reactions, impairment, and help-seeking. Psychiatry, 67(2):105-17. https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.67.2.105.35964.
  • Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat). (2020). Address Based Population Registration System. Accessed 25 March 2020, https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=113&locale=tr.
  • Usher, K., Bhullar, N., & Jackson, D. Life in the pandemic: Social isolation and mental health. J Clin Nurs. 2020 Aug;29(15-16):2756-2757. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15290.
  • Vardavas, C.I., & Nikitara, K. (2020). COVID-19 and smoking: A systematic review of the evidence. Tobacco Induced Diseases, 18, 20. https://doi.org/10.18332/tid/119324.
  • Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., McIntyre, R.S., Choo, F.N., Tran, B., Ho, R., Sharma, V.K., & Ho, C. (2020). A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 40-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.028.
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  • Zhang, J., Lu, H., Zeng, H., Zhang, S., Du, Q., Jiang, T., & Du, B. (2020). The differential psychological distress of populations affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 49-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.031.

Sociodemographic and psychological characteristics of adults who have COVID-19 suspected and confirmed cases in themselves, their families or their immediate surroundings (10th-16th Weeks in COVID-19 Pandemia)

Year 2021, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 164 - 185, 22.02.2021
https://doi.org/10.47793/hp.855622

Abstract

The purpose of the study was to examine the sociodemographic and psychological characteristics of adults who have COVID-19 suspected and COVID-19 confirmed cases in themselves, their families or their immediate surroundings in the COVID-19 pandemia. The present study was conducted in Kırklareli, Turkey with 2549 people who were aged 18 and over in May-June 2020 period, and had a descriptive design. The COVID-19 suspected frequency of adults themselves, their families and one of their immediate surroundings was 1.3%, 1.7%, 12.4%, respectively; and COVID-19 confirmed frequency was 0.5%, 0.5%, 11.7%, respectively. In COVID-19 pandemia, 17.1% of the adults had changes in smoking, 7.9% changes in alcohol use, 40.0% changes in domestic communication, and 6.9% were unemployed during this period. The probability of being COVID-19 suspected and COVID-19 confirmed in oneself, family or immediate surroundings was higher in those who were under 40 years of age, who were graduated from high school and above, those with income above the minimum wage, and those who used alcohol(p<0.05). The mild, moderate, and severe anxiety levels of the adults were 30.4%, 14.9%, 8.4%, respectively; and depression levels were 29.6%, 24.6%, 5.7%, respectively. The probability of having anxiety, and depression was higher in adults who had confirmed COVID-19 in themselves, families or immediate surroundings(p<0.05). Prioritizing the vulnerable groups in sociodemographic and psychological terms in the fight against COVID-19 is important in the measures to be taken.

Project Number

Yok

References

  • Association of Public Health Professionals (HASUDER). (2020). Corona Post. Accessed 01 Dec 2020, https://korona.hasuder.org.tr/korona-postasi/
  • Association of Public Health Professionals (HASUDER). (2020a). New Coronavirus (COVID-19) News Post (22 March 2020). Accessed 01 Dec 2020, https://korona.hasuder.org.tr/hasuder-yeni-koronavirus-covid-19-haber-postasi-22-03-2020/
  • Batty, G. D., Deary, I. J., Luciano, M., Altschul, D. M., Kivimäki, M., & Gale, C.R. (2020). Psychosocial factors and hospitalisations for COVID-19: Prospective cohort study based on a community sample. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 89, 569-578. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.06.021
  • Bäuerle, A., Teufel, M., Musche, V., Weismüller, B., Kohler, H., Hetkamp, M., Dörrie, N., Schweda, A., & Skoda, E.M. (2020). Increased generalized anxiety, depression and distress during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study in Germany. Journal of Public Health (Oxf), 42(4), 672-678. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdaa106.
  • Cerami, C., Santi, G.C., Galandra, C., Dodich, A., Cappa, S.F., Vecchi, T., & Crespi, C. (2020). Covid-19 Outbreak In Italy: Are We Ready for the Psychosocial and the Economic Crisis? Baseline Findings From the PsyCovid Study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 556. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00556.
  • Chodkiewicz, J., Talarowska, M., Miniszewska, J., Nawrocka, N., & Bilinski, P. (2020). Alcohol Consumption Reported during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Initial Stage. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(13), 4677. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134677.
  • Corburn, J., Vlahov, D., Mberu, B., et al. (2020). Slum Health: Arresting COVID-19 and Improving Well-Being in Urban Informal Settlements. Journal of Urban Health, 97(3), 348-357. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-020-00438-6.
  • COVID-19 National Incident Room Surveillance Team. (2020). COVID-19, Australia: Epidemiology Report 19 (Fortnightly reporting period ending 21 June 2020). Communicable Diseases Intelligence (2018), 44, 1-29. https://doi.org/10.33321/cdi.2020.44.54.
  • Da, B.L., Im, G.Y., & Schiano, T.D. (2020). Coronavirus Disease 2019 Hangover: A Rising Tide of Alcohol Use Disorder and Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease. Hepatology, 72(3), 1102-1108. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.31307.
  • de Souza, W.M., Buss, L.F., Candido, D.D.S., et al. (2020). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of the COVID-19 epidemic in Brazil. Nature Human Behaviour, 4(8), 856-865. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0928-4.
  • Finlay, I., & Gilmore, I. (2020). Covid-19 and alcohol-a dangerous cocktail. BMJ, 369, 1987. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1987.
  • Flory, K., Hankin, B.L., Kloos, B., Cheely, C., & Turecki, G. (2009). Alcohol and cigarette use and misuse among Hurricane Katrina survivors: psychosocial risk and protective factors. Substance Use & Misuse, 44(12), 1711-24. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826080902962128.
  • Gebhard, C., Regitz-Zagrosek, V., Neuhauser, H.K., Morgan, R., & Klein, S.L. (2020). Impact of sex and gender on COVID-19 outcomes in Europe. Biology of Sex Differences, 11(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13293-020-00304-9.
  • Istanbul Chamber of Certified Public Accountants (ICCPA). (2020). Cost of the Minimum Wage for 2020. Accessed 17 Sep 2020, https://www.ismmmo.org.tr/dosya/1255/Mevzuat-Dosya/2020-YILI-ASGARI-UCRET-HESAPLAMALARI.pdf?page=asgari
  • Konkan, R., Senormanci, O., Guclu, O., Aydin, E., & Sungur, M.Z. (2013). Validity and Reliability Study for the Turkish Adaptation of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) Scale. Archives of Neuropsychiatry, 50, 53-58. HTTPS://DOİ.ORG/ 10.4274/npa.y6308
  • Kopel, J., Perisetti, A., Roghani, A., Aziz, M., Gajendran, M., & Goyal, H. (2020). Racial and Gender-Based Differences in COVID-19. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 418. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00418.
  • Liang, D., Shi, L., Zhao, J., Liu, P., Schwartz, J., Gao, S., Sarnat, J., Liu, Y., Ebelt, S., Scovronick, N., & Chang, H.H. (2020). Urban Air Pollution May Enhance COVID-19 Case-Fatality and Mortality Rates in the United States. The Innovation Journal, 1(3), 100047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xinn.2020.100047.
  • Liu, D., Baumeister, R.F., Veilleux, J.C., Chen, C., Liu, W., Yue, Y., & Zhang, S. (2020). Risk factors associated with mental illness in hospital discharged patients infected with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Psychiatry Research, 292, 113297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113297.
  • Mukhtar, S. (2020). Psychological health during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic outbreak. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 66(5):512-516. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020925835.
  • Ozdin, S., & Bayrak Ozdin, S. (2020). Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: The importance of gender. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(5), 504-511. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764020927051.
  • Parlapani, E., Holeva, V., Voitsidis, P., et al. (2020). Psychological and Behavioral Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Greece. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 821. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00821.
  • Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health (RTMH). (2020). General Information, Epidemiology and Diagnosis. Accessed 07 Dec 2020, https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/39551/0/covid-19rehberigenelbilgilerepidemiyolojivetanipdf.pdf
  • Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health (RTMH). (2020a). COVID-19 Outbreak Management and Study Guide. Accessed 07 Dec 2020, https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/39265/0/covid-19salginyonetimivecalismarehberipdf.pdf
  • Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health (RTMH). (2020b). COVID-19 Weekly Report. Accessed 03 Nov 2020, https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/TR-68640/haftalik-rapor--weekly-report.html
  • Rezende, L.F.M., Thome, B., Schveitzer, M.C., Souza-Júnior, P.R.B., & Szwarcwald, C.L. (2020). Adults at high-risk of severe coronavirus disease-2019 (Covid-19) in Brazil. Revista de Saúde Pública, 54, 50. https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054002596.
  • Saltzman, L.Y., Hansel, T.C., & Bordnick, P.S. (2020). Loneliness, isolation, and social support factors in post-COVID-19 mental health. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(1), 55-57. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000703.
  • Sari, Y.E., Kokoglu, B., Balcioglu, H., Bilge, U., Colak, E., & Unluoglu, I. (2016). Turkish reliability of the patient health questionnaire-9. Biomedical Research, 460-462.
  • Shevlin, M., McBride, O., Murphy, J., et al. (2020). Anxiety, depression, traumatic stress and COVID-19-related anxiety in the UK general population during the COVID-19 pandemic. BJPsych Open, 6(6), 125. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2020.109.
  • Shi, L., Lu, Z.A., Que, J.Y., et al. (2020). Prevalence of and Risk Factors Associated With Mental Health Symptoms Among the General Population in China During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic. JAMA Network Open, 3(7), 2014053. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.14053.
  • Stein, B.D., Elliott, M.N., Jaycox, L.H., Collins, R.L., Berry, S.H., Klein, D.J., & Schuster, M.A. (2004). A national longitudinal study of the psychological consequences of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks: reactions, impairment, and help-seeking. Psychiatry, 67(2):105-17. https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.67.2.105.35964.
  • Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat). (2020). Address Based Population Registration System. Accessed 25 March 2020, https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=113&locale=tr.
  • Usher, K., Bhullar, N., & Jackson, D. Life in the pandemic: Social isolation and mental health. J Clin Nurs. 2020 Aug;29(15-16):2756-2757. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.15290.
  • Vardavas, C.I., & Nikitara, K. (2020). COVID-19 and smoking: A systematic review of the evidence. Tobacco Induced Diseases, 18, 20. https://doi.org/10.18332/tid/119324.
  • Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., McIntyre, R.S., Choo, F.N., Tran, B., Ho, R., Sharma, V.K., & Ho, C. (2020). A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 40-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.028.
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). WHO Timeline - COVID-19. Accessed 13 Dec 2020, https://www.who.int/news/item/27-04-2020-who-timeline---covid-19
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2020a). WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. Data last updated: 2020/12/12, 6:46pm CET. Accessed 13 Dec 2020, https://covid19.who.int/
  • Xiong, J., Lipsitz, O., Nasri, F., Lui, L.M.W., Gill, H., Phan, L., Chen-Li, D., Iacobucci, M., Ho, R., Majeed, A., & McIntyre, R.S. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 55-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.001.
  • Zhang, J., Lu, H., Zeng, H., Zhang, S., Du, Q., Jiang, T., & Du, B. (2020). The differential psychological distress of populations affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 49-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.031.
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Social Psychology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Yeliz Mercan 0000-0002-7099-4536

Vedat Açar 0000-0002-3486-6895

Pelin Dikmen Yıldız This is me 0000-0002-0496-3897

Project Number Yok
Publication Date February 22, 2021
Submission Date January 7, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 3 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Mercan, Y., Açar, V., & Dikmen Yıldız, P. (2021). Sociodemographic and psychological characteristics of adults who have COVID-19 suspected and confirmed cases in themselves, their families or their immediate surroundings (10th-16th Weeks in COVID-19 Pandemia). Humanistic Perspective, 3(1), 164-185. https://doi.org/10.47793/hp.855622

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Humanistic Perspective - 2019

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