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Year 2021, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 61 - 72, 20.06.2021

Ali Hassan Ramazan Cihad Yılmaz Ayşenur Tuncer

https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.874253

Abstract

References

  • REFERENCES
  • Ahmadi, A., Maroufi, N., Sarrafzadeh, J. (2016). Evaluation of Forward Head Posture in Sitting and Standing Positions. Eur Spine J, 25(11), 3577-3582.
  • Akbar, M., Brunner, M., Ewerbeck, V., Wiedenhöfer, B., Grieser, T., Bruckner, T., et al. (2015). Do Overhead Sports Increase Risk for Rotator Cuff Tears in Wheelchair Users? Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 96, 484–488.
  • Armutlu, K., Korkmaz, N. C., Keser, I., Sumbuloglu, V., Akbiyik, D.I., Guney, Z., & Karabudak, R. (2007). The Validity and Reliability of The Fatigue Severity Scale in Turkish Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Int J Rehabil Res, 30(1), 81-85.
  • Aslan, E., Karaduman, A., Yakut, Y., Aras, B., Simsek, I. E., & Yaglý, N. (2008). The Cultural Adaptation, Reliability and Validity of Neck Disability Index in Patients With Neck Pain: A Turkish Version Study. Spine, 33(11), E362-E365.
  • Bayramlar, K. (2009). Ortopedik Özürlülerde Rekreasyonel Aktiviteler ve Spor. Ankara Sağlık Hizmetleri Dergisi, 8(1), 23-27.
  • Buchholz, A.C., McGillivray, C.F., & Pencharz, P.B. (2003). Physical Activity Levels are Low in Free‐Living Adults with Chronic Paraplegia. Obesity research, 11(4), 563-570.
  • Craig, A.,Tran, Y., Wijesuriya, N., Middleton, J. (2012). Fatigue and Tiredness in People With Spinal Cord Injury. J Psychosom Res, 73(3), 205-210.
  • Curtis, K.A., Drysdale, G.A., Lanza, R.D., Kolber, M., Vitolo, R.S., et al. (1999). Shoulder Pain in Wheelchair Users with Tetraplegia and Paraplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 80(4), 453-457.
  • Curtis, K.A., Roach, K.E., Applegate, E.B., Amar, T., Benbow, C.S., Genecco, T.D., & Gualano, J. (1995). Development of the Wheelchair User's Shoulder Pain Index (WUSPI). Spinal Cord, 33(5), 290-293.
  • Curtis, K.A., Tyner T.M., Zachary, L., Lentell, G., Brink, D., et al. (1999). Effect of a Standard Exercise Protocol on Shoulder Pain in Long-Term Wheelchair Users. Spinal cord, 37(6), 421.
  • Eser, E., Fidaner, H., Fidaner, C., Eser, S.Y., Elbi, H., & Göker, E. (1999). WHOQOL-100 ve WHOQOL-BREF'in Psikometrik Özellikleri. Psikiyatri Psikoloji Psikofarmakoloji (3P) Dergisi, 7(Suppl 2), 23-40.
  • Finley, M.A., Rodgers, M. M. (2004). Prevalence and Identification of Shoulder Pathology in Athletic and Nonathletic Wheelchair Users with Shoulder Pain: A Pilot Study. Journal of rehabilitation research and development, 41, 395–402.
  • Fullerton, H.D., Borckardt, J.J., Alfano, A.P. (2003). Shoulder Pain: A Comparison of Wheelchair Athletes and Nonathletic Wheelchair Users. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 35, 1958–1961.
  • Gutierrez, D.D., Thompson, L., Kemp, B., Mulroy, S.J. (2007). The Relationship of Shoulder Pain Intensity to Quality of Life, Physical Activity, and Community Participation in Persons with Paraplegia. J Spinal Cord Med, 30(3), 251-255.
  • Günal, A., Uyanık, M., Başkurt, F., Başkurt, Z., & Parpucu, T. İ. (2013). Tekerlekli Sandalye Kullanıcılarında Egzersiz Farkındalığı ve Yaşam Stili: Pilot Çalışma. Ergoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi, 1(2), 141-142.
  • Hall, K., Hamilton, B., Gordon, W., Zasler, N. (1993). Characteristics and Comparisons of Functional Assessment Indices. J Head Trauma Rehabil, 8(2), 60-74. Heyward, O.W., Vegter, R., de Groot, S., & van der Woude, L. (2017). Shoulder Complaints in Wheelchair Athletes: A Systematic Review. PloS one, 12(11), e0188410.
  • Harvey L.A. (2016). Physiotherapy Rehabilitation for People with Spinal Cord Injuries. Journal of Physiotherapy. 62(1), 4-11.
  • Hicks, A.L., Ginis, K.M., Pelletier, C.A., Ditor, D.S., Foulon, B., et al. (2011). The Effects of Exercise Training on Physical Capacity, Strength, Body Composition and Functional Performance Among Adults with Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review. Spinal cord, 49(11), 1103.
  • Hicks, A., Martin, K., Ditor, D. et al. (2003). Long-Term Exercise Training in Persons with Spinal Cord Injury: Effects on Strength, Arm Ergometry Performance and Psychological Well-Being. Spinal Cord, 41, 34–43.
  • Http://www.therabandturkiye.com/thera-band-renkleri/2021
  • Kemp, B.J., Bateham, A.L., Mulroy, S.J., Thompson, L., Adkins, R.H., & Kahan, J.S. (2011). Effects of Reduction in Shoulder Pain on Quality of Life and Community Activities Among People Living Long-Term with SCI Paraplegia: A Randomized Control Trial. The journal of spinal cord medicine, 34(3), 278–284.
  • Kirby, R.L., de Groot, S., Cowan, R.E. (2020). Relationship Between Wheelchair Skills Scores and Peak Aerobic Exercise Capacity of Manual Wheelchair Users with Spinal Cord Injury: A Cross-Sectional Study. Disability and rehabilitation, 42(1), 114-121.
  • Knapen, J., Vancampfort, D., Moriën, Y., & Marchal, Y. (2015). Exercise Therapy Improves Both Mental and Physical Health in Patients with Major Depression. Disability and rehabilitation, 37(16), 1490-1495.
  • Kressler, J., Cowan, R.E., Bigford, G.E., & Nash, M.S. (2014). Reducing Cardiometabolic Disease in Spinal Cord Injury. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics, 25(3), 573-604.
  • Küçükdeveci, A.A., Yavuzer, G., Elhan, A.H., Sonel, B., & Tennant, A. (2001). Adaptation of the Functional Independence Measure for Use in Turkey. Clinical Rehabilitation, 15(3), 311-319.
  • Mayer, F., Horstmann, T., Röcker, K., Niess, A., Bäurle, W., et al. (2000). Concentric and Eccentric Shoulder Muscle Fatique in Dependence on Exertion in Sportsand Daily Living. Medicine {&} Science in Sports {&} Exercise, (32), 5.
  • Middaugh, S., Thomas, K.J., Smith, A.R., McFall, T.L., & Klingmueller, J. (2013). EMG Biofeedback and Exercise for Treatment of Cervical and Shoulder Pain in Individuals with a Spinal Cord Injury: A Pilot Study. Topics in spinal cord injury rehabilitation, 19(4), 311–323.
  • Mottram, S. (1997). Dynamic Stability of the Scapula. Manual Therapy, 2, 123–31.
  • Mulroy, S J., Thompson, L., Kemp, B., Hatchett, P.P., Newsam, C.J., Lupold, D.G., et al. (2011). Strengthening and Optimal Movements for Painful Shoulders (STOMPS) in Chronic Spinal Cord İnjury: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Physical therapy, 91(3), 305-324.
  • Nichols, P.J., Norman, P.A., & Ennis, J.R. (1979). Wheelchair User's Shoulder? Shoulder Pain in Patients with Spinal Cord Lesions. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 11(1), 29-32.
  • Rose, M., Robinson, J.E., Ells, P., & Cole, J.D. (1988). Pain Following Spinal Cord Injury: Result From a Postal Survey. Pain, 34(1), 101-102.
  • Ruivo, R.M., Pezarat-Correia, P., Carita, A.I. (2017). Effects of a Resistance and Stretching Training Program on Forward Head and Protracted Shoulder Posture in Adolescents. J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 40(1), 1-10.
  • Sakai, M., Mutsuzaki, T., Shimizu, Y., Okamoto, Y., Yatabe, K., Muraki, I., & Nakajima, K. (2020). Characteristic MRI Findings of Shoulder, Elbow, and Wrist Joints in Wheelchair User. Skeletal Radiology, 1-8.
  • Subbarao, J. V., Klopfstein, J., Turpin, R. (1995). Prevalence and Impact of Wrist and Shoulder Pain in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 18(1), 9-13.
  • Tatlı, M., Güzel, A., Ökten, A.İ., Çaylı, S. (2005). Omurilik Yaralanmalarının Medikal Tedavisi. C. Ü. Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 27 (4), 165 – 172.
  • Tolerico, M.L., Ding, D., Cooper, R.A., Spaeth, D.M., Fitzgerald, S.G., Cooper, R., et al. (2007). Assessing Mobility Characteristics and Activity Levels of Manual Wheelchair Users. J Rehabil Res Dev, 44, 561.
  • Van Drongelen, S., Van der Woude, L.H., Janssen, T.W., Angenot, E.L., Chadwick, E.K., et al. (2005). Mechanical Load on the Upper Extremity During Wheelchair Activities. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 86(6), 1214-1220.
  • Vernon, H., Mior, S. (1991). The Neck Disability Index: A Study of Reliability and Validity. J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 14, 409-415.
  • Yildirim, N.U., Comert, E., Ozengin, N. (2010). Shoulder Pain: A Comparison of Wheelchair Basketball Players with Trunk Control and Without Trunk Control. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, 23, 55–61.
  • Yilmaz Ş. (2017). Wheelchair User’s Shoulder Pain İndex’in Türkçeye Uyarılması: Geçerlik ve Güvenilirlik Çalışması. Yüksek lisans tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • WHO-QoL Group. (1998). Development of the World Health Organization Whoqol-BREF Quality of Life Assessment. Psychol Med, 28(3), 551-558.

The Effect of Exercise Training for Refugee Wheelchair Users

Year 2021, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 61 - 72, 20.06.2021

Ali Hassan Ramazan Cihad Yılmaz Ayşenur Tuncer

https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.874253

Abstract

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect on head and shoulder posture, pain, neck disability, functional capacity, fatigue, and quality of life of exercise training applied to the upper extremity, scapular, and trunk muscles of refugees using a wheelchair because of spinal cord injury sustained in the Syrian War. Methods: The study included 24 refugees aged 20-35 years who were using a wheelchair. The subjects were randomly separated into 2 groups as the control group (n:12) who received upper extremity strengthening exercises only, and the study group (n:12) who received additional scapular and trunk strengthening exercises. The exercise program was implemented 3 times a week for 4 weeks. Head and shoulder posture angular values were measured with a goniometer. Evaluations were made using the Wheelchair User’s Shoulder Pain Index (WUSPI), Neck Disability Index (NDI), Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Functional Independence Measure (FIM), and the World Health Organization Quality of Life short form (WHO-QoL-Bref). Results: Before treatment, the measurements of the groups were homogenous (p>0.05). In the post-treatment evaluations, the shoulder pain, neck disability, and fatigue severity values were significantly lower in the study group (p<0.05). The functional independence and quality of life scores showed a significant improvement in the study group after the training (p<0.05). Conclusion: The study results demonstrated that the addition of scapular and trunk strengthening exercises to upper extremity exercises in the rehabilitation of wheelchair users is more effective in improving head and shoulder posture, neck disability, fatigue severity, functional independence, and quality of life. Variations in the exercise programs given to wheelchair users in refugee camps will contribute to better health outcomes.

Keywords

Refugee Wheelchair Exercise Quality of life

References

  • REFERENCES
  • Ahmadi, A., Maroufi, N., Sarrafzadeh, J. (2016). Evaluation of Forward Head Posture in Sitting and Standing Positions. Eur Spine J, 25(11), 3577-3582.
  • Akbar, M., Brunner, M., Ewerbeck, V., Wiedenhöfer, B., Grieser, T., Bruckner, T., et al. (2015). Do Overhead Sports Increase Risk for Rotator Cuff Tears in Wheelchair Users? Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 96, 484–488.
  • Armutlu, K., Korkmaz, N. C., Keser, I., Sumbuloglu, V., Akbiyik, D.I., Guney, Z., & Karabudak, R. (2007). The Validity and Reliability of The Fatigue Severity Scale in Turkish Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Int J Rehabil Res, 30(1), 81-85.
  • Aslan, E., Karaduman, A., Yakut, Y., Aras, B., Simsek, I. E., & Yaglý, N. (2008). The Cultural Adaptation, Reliability and Validity of Neck Disability Index in Patients With Neck Pain: A Turkish Version Study. Spine, 33(11), E362-E365.
  • Bayramlar, K. (2009). Ortopedik Özürlülerde Rekreasyonel Aktiviteler ve Spor. Ankara Sağlık Hizmetleri Dergisi, 8(1), 23-27.
  • Buchholz, A.C., McGillivray, C.F., & Pencharz, P.B. (2003). Physical Activity Levels are Low in Free‐Living Adults with Chronic Paraplegia. Obesity research, 11(4), 563-570.
  • Craig, A.,Tran, Y., Wijesuriya, N., Middleton, J. (2012). Fatigue and Tiredness in People With Spinal Cord Injury. J Psychosom Res, 73(3), 205-210.
  • Curtis, K.A., Drysdale, G.A., Lanza, R.D., Kolber, M., Vitolo, R.S., et al. (1999). Shoulder Pain in Wheelchair Users with Tetraplegia and Paraplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 80(4), 453-457.
  • Curtis, K.A., Roach, K.E., Applegate, E.B., Amar, T., Benbow, C.S., Genecco, T.D., & Gualano, J. (1995). Development of the Wheelchair User's Shoulder Pain Index (WUSPI). Spinal Cord, 33(5), 290-293.
  • Curtis, K.A., Tyner T.M., Zachary, L., Lentell, G., Brink, D., et al. (1999). Effect of a Standard Exercise Protocol on Shoulder Pain in Long-Term Wheelchair Users. Spinal cord, 37(6), 421.
  • Eser, E., Fidaner, H., Fidaner, C., Eser, S.Y., Elbi, H., & Göker, E. (1999). WHOQOL-100 ve WHOQOL-BREF'in Psikometrik Özellikleri. Psikiyatri Psikoloji Psikofarmakoloji (3P) Dergisi, 7(Suppl 2), 23-40.
  • Finley, M.A., Rodgers, M. M. (2004). Prevalence and Identification of Shoulder Pathology in Athletic and Nonathletic Wheelchair Users with Shoulder Pain: A Pilot Study. Journal of rehabilitation research and development, 41, 395–402.
  • Fullerton, H.D., Borckardt, J.J., Alfano, A.P. (2003). Shoulder Pain: A Comparison of Wheelchair Athletes and Nonathletic Wheelchair Users. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 35, 1958–1961.
  • Gutierrez, D.D., Thompson, L., Kemp, B., Mulroy, S.J. (2007). The Relationship of Shoulder Pain Intensity to Quality of Life, Physical Activity, and Community Participation in Persons with Paraplegia. J Spinal Cord Med, 30(3), 251-255.
  • Günal, A., Uyanık, M., Başkurt, F., Başkurt, Z., & Parpucu, T. İ. (2013). Tekerlekli Sandalye Kullanıcılarında Egzersiz Farkındalığı ve Yaşam Stili: Pilot Çalışma. Ergoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi, 1(2), 141-142.
  • Hall, K., Hamilton, B., Gordon, W., Zasler, N. (1993). Characteristics and Comparisons of Functional Assessment Indices. J Head Trauma Rehabil, 8(2), 60-74. Heyward, O.W., Vegter, R., de Groot, S., & van der Woude, L. (2017). Shoulder Complaints in Wheelchair Athletes: A Systematic Review. PloS one, 12(11), e0188410.
  • Harvey L.A. (2016). Physiotherapy Rehabilitation for People with Spinal Cord Injuries. Journal of Physiotherapy. 62(1), 4-11.
  • Hicks, A.L., Ginis, K.M., Pelletier, C.A., Ditor, D.S., Foulon, B., et al. (2011). The Effects of Exercise Training on Physical Capacity, Strength, Body Composition and Functional Performance Among Adults with Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review. Spinal cord, 49(11), 1103.
  • Hicks, A., Martin, K., Ditor, D. et al. (2003). Long-Term Exercise Training in Persons with Spinal Cord Injury: Effects on Strength, Arm Ergometry Performance and Psychological Well-Being. Spinal Cord, 41, 34–43.
  • Http://www.therabandturkiye.com/thera-band-renkleri/2021
  • Kemp, B.J., Bateham, A.L., Mulroy, S.J., Thompson, L., Adkins, R.H., & Kahan, J.S. (2011). Effects of Reduction in Shoulder Pain on Quality of Life and Community Activities Among People Living Long-Term with SCI Paraplegia: A Randomized Control Trial. The journal of spinal cord medicine, 34(3), 278–284.
  • Kirby, R.L., de Groot, S., Cowan, R.E. (2020). Relationship Between Wheelchair Skills Scores and Peak Aerobic Exercise Capacity of Manual Wheelchair Users with Spinal Cord Injury: A Cross-Sectional Study. Disability and rehabilitation, 42(1), 114-121.
  • Knapen, J., Vancampfort, D., Moriën, Y., & Marchal, Y. (2015). Exercise Therapy Improves Both Mental and Physical Health in Patients with Major Depression. Disability and rehabilitation, 37(16), 1490-1495.
  • Kressler, J., Cowan, R.E., Bigford, G.E., & Nash, M.S. (2014). Reducing Cardiometabolic Disease in Spinal Cord Injury. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics, 25(3), 573-604.
  • Küçükdeveci, A.A., Yavuzer, G., Elhan, A.H., Sonel, B., & Tennant, A. (2001). Adaptation of the Functional Independence Measure for Use in Turkey. Clinical Rehabilitation, 15(3), 311-319.
  • Mayer, F., Horstmann, T., Röcker, K., Niess, A., Bäurle, W., et al. (2000). Concentric and Eccentric Shoulder Muscle Fatique in Dependence on Exertion in Sportsand Daily Living. Medicine {&} Science in Sports {&} Exercise, (32), 5.
  • Middaugh, S., Thomas, K.J., Smith, A.R., McFall, T.L., & Klingmueller, J. (2013). EMG Biofeedback and Exercise for Treatment of Cervical and Shoulder Pain in Individuals with a Spinal Cord Injury: A Pilot Study. Topics in spinal cord injury rehabilitation, 19(4), 311–323.
  • Mottram, S. (1997). Dynamic Stability of the Scapula. Manual Therapy, 2, 123–31.
  • Mulroy, S J., Thompson, L., Kemp, B., Hatchett, P.P., Newsam, C.J., Lupold, D.G., et al. (2011). Strengthening and Optimal Movements for Painful Shoulders (STOMPS) in Chronic Spinal Cord İnjury: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Physical therapy, 91(3), 305-324.
  • Nichols, P.J., Norman, P.A., & Ennis, J.R. (1979). Wheelchair User's Shoulder? Shoulder Pain in Patients with Spinal Cord Lesions. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 11(1), 29-32.
  • Rose, M., Robinson, J.E., Ells, P., & Cole, J.D. (1988). Pain Following Spinal Cord Injury: Result From a Postal Survey. Pain, 34(1), 101-102.
  • Ruivo, R.M., Pezarat-Correia, P., Carita, A.I. (2017). Effects of a Resistance and Stretching Training Program on Forward Head and Protracted Shoulder Posture in Adolescents. J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 40(1), 1-10.
  • Sakai, M., Mutsuzaki, T., Shimizu, Y., Okamoto, Y., Yatabe, K., Muraki, I., & Nakajima, K. (2020). Characteristic MRI Findings of Shoulder, Elbow, and Wrist Joints in Wheelchair User. Skeletal Radiology, 1-8.
  • Subbarao, J. V., Klopfstein, J., Turpin, R. (1995). Prevalence and Impact of Wrist and Shoulder Pain in Patients with Spinal Cord Injury. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 18(1), 9-13.
  • Tatlı, M., Güzel, A., Ökten, A.İ., Çaylı, S. (2005). Omurilik Yaralanmalarının Medikal Tedavisi. C. Ü. Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 27 (4), 165 – 172.
  • Tolerico, M.L., Ding, D., Cooper, R.A., Spaeth, D.M., Fitzgerald, S.G., Cooper, R., et al. (2007). Assessing Mobility Characteristics and Activity Levels of Manual Wheelchair Users. J Rehabil Res Dev, 44, 561.
  • Van Drongelen, S., Van der Woude, L.H., Janssen, T.W., Angenot, E.L., Chadwick, E.K., et al. (2005). Mechanical Load on the Upper Extremity During Wheelchair Activities. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 86(6), 1214-1220.
  • Vernon, H., Mior, S. (1991). The Neck Disability Index: A Study of Reliability and Validity. J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 14, 409-415.
  • Yildirim, N.U., Comert, E., Ozengin, N. (2010). Shoulder Pain: A Comparison of Wheelchair Basketball Players with Trunk Control and Without Trunk Control. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, 23, 55–61.
  • Yilmaz Ş. (2017). Wheelchair User’s Shoulder Pain İndex’in Türkçeye Uyarılması: Geçerlik ve Güvenilirlik Çalışması. Yüksek lisans tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • WHO-QoL Group. (1998). Development of the World Health Organization Whoqol-BREF Quality of Life Assessment. Psychol Med, 28(3), 551-558.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Sports Medicine
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ali Hassan This is me 0000-0002-5058-170X

Ramazan Cihad Yılmaz 0000-0002-2247-8123

Ayşenur Tuncer 0000-0002-5660-1134

Publication Date June 20, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 4 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Hassan, A., Yılmaz, R. C., & Tuncer, A. (2021). The Effect of Exercise Training for Refugee Wheelchair Users. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences, 4(1), 61-72. https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.874253
AMA Hassan A, Yılmaz RC, Tuncer A. The Effect of Exercise Training for Refugee Wheelchair Users. International Journal of Disabilities Sports &Health Sciences. June 2021;4(1):61-72. doi:10.33438/ijdshs.874253
Chicago Hassan, Ali, Ramazan Cihad Yılmaz, and Ayşenur Tuncer. “The Effect of Exercise Training for Refugee Wheelchair Users”. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences 4, no. 1 (June 2021): 61-72. https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.874253.
EndNote Hassan A, Yılmaz RC, Tuncer A (June 1, 2021) The Effect of Exercise Training for Refugee Wheelchair Users. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences 4 1 61–72.
IEEE A. Hassan, R. C. Yılmaz, and A. Tuncer, “The Effect of Exercise Training for Refugee Wheelchair Users”, International Journal of Disabilities Sports &Health Sciences, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 61–72, 2021, doi: 10.33438/ijdshs.874253.
ISNAD Hassan, Ali et al. “The Effect of Exercise Training for Refugee Wheelchair Users”. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences 4/1 (June 2021), 61-72. https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.874253.
JAMA Hassan A, Yılmaz RC, Tuncer A. The Effect of Exercise Training for Refugee Wheelchair Users. International Journal of Disabilities Sports &Health Sciences. 2021;4:61–72.
MLA Hassan, Ali et al. “The Effect of Exercise Training for Refugee Wheelchair Users”. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences, vol. 4, no. 1, 2021, pp. 61-72, doi:10.33438/ijdshs.874253.
Vancouver Hassan A, Yılmaz RC, Tuncer A. The Effect of Exercise Training for Refugee Wheelchair Users. International Journal of Disabilities Sports &Health Sciences. 2021;4(1):61-72.
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