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EXAMINING FACTORS INFLUENCING COPING WITH THE OUTBREAK DURING THE COVID-19 EPIDEMIC IN ELDERLY INDIVIDUALS

Year 2023, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 1318 - 1329, 17.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.33715/inonusaglik.1231582

Abstract

In this study, we aimed to examine the factors affecting coping with the epidemic during the COVID-19 epidemic in elderly individuals. Participants were asked to complete the Coping with the Outbreak Scale (CwOS), the Spirituality Scale (SS), and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). A total of 76 people (61.8% females) with a mean age of 73.1±8.2 were included in the study. Multivariate linear regression analysis using the backward method was used to examine the factors affecting coping with the epidemic. Multidimensional perceived social support, spirituality, and perceived economic status were significant predictors, and an increase of 1 unit in these variables resulted in an increase of 0.305, 0.410, and 4.426 units in the CwOS variable, respectively. It was observed that the variable dwelling place was also a significant predictor, and an increase of 1 unit in this variable caused a decrease of -4.362 units in the CwOS variable. The independent variables in the model explained 65.1% of the change in the CwOS score. Social support, spirituality, perceived income status and dwelling place are the factors that affect coping with the COVID-19 outbreak in elderly individuals. These factors are recommended to be considered by healthcare professionals dealing with elderly individuals.

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References

  • Alpar R. (2011). Applied multivariate statistical methods, 3. Ed, Detay Publishing.
  • Arslan, G. & Yıldırım, M. (2021). Meaning-based coping and spirituality during the COVID-19 pandemic: mediating effects on subjective well-being. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 646572.
  • Bergman, Y. S., Cohen-Fridel, S., Shrira, A., Bodner, E. & Palgi, Y. (2020). COVID-19 health worries and anxiety symptoms among older adults: the moderating role of ageism. International Psychogeriatrics, 32(11), 1371-1375.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Severe Outcomes Among Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19)—United States, February 12–March 16, 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6912e2.htm. Accessed April 11, 2020.
  • Chou, M. J., Tsai, S. S., Hsu, H. M. & Wu, H. T. (2016). Research on correlation between the life attitude and well-being with spiritual health as the mediator. European Journal of Research in Social Sciences, 4(3).
  • Courtin, E. & Knapp, M. (2017). Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review. Health & Social Care in the Community, 25(3), 799-812.
  • Czeisler, M. É., Lane, R. I., Petrosky, E., Wiley, J. F., Christensen, A., Njai, R., ...Rajaratnam, S. M. (2020). Mental health, substance use, and suicidal ideation during the COVID-19 pandemic—United States, June 24–30, 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(32), 1049. Dağ, İ., (1991). Reliability and validity of the Symptom Checklist (SCL-90-R) for university students. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 2,5-12.
  • Davis, E. B., McElroy-Heltzel, S. E., Lemke, A. W., Cowden, R. G., VanderWeele, T. J., Worthington Jr, E. L., ...Aten, J. D. (2021). Psychological and spiritual outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic: A prospective longitudinal study of adults with chronic disease. Health Psychology, 40(6), 347.
  • Dour, H. J., Wiley, J. F., Roy‐Byrne, P., Stein, M. B., Sullivan, G., Sherbourne, C. D., ...Craske, M. G. (2014). Perceived social support mediates anxiety and depressive symptom changes following primary care intervention. Depression and Anxiety, 31(5), 436-442.
  • Durmuş, M. & Durar, E., 2022. The relationship between spiritual well-being and fear of COVID-19 among Turkish elders. Journal of Religion, Spirituality & Aging, 34, 3–16.. doi:10.1080/15528030.2021.1894627.
  • Durmus, M. & Z. Ozturk. (2022). The effect of COVID-19 outbreak on older adults' hopelessness, loneliness and spiritual well-being in Turkey. Journal of Religion Health, 61(1), 851-865.
  • Eker, D., Arkar, H. & Yaldız, H. (2001). Factor structure, validity and reliability of the revised form of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 12(1), 17-25.
  • Finlay, J. M., Kler, J. S., O'Shea, B. Q., Eastman, M. R., Vinson, Y. R. & Kobayashi, L. C. (2021). Coping during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study of older adults across the United States. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 643807.
  • Fox, J. & Weisberg, S. (2019). An R companion to applied regression, Third edition. Sage, Thousand Oaks CA.
  • Fuller, H. R. & A. Huseth-Zosel. (2021). Lessons in resilience: Initial coping among older adults during the Covid-19 pandemic. Gerontologist, 61(1), 114-125.
  • González-Sanguino, C., Ausín, B., Castellanos, M. Á., Saiz, J., López-Gómez, A., Ugidos, C. & Muñoz, M. (2020). Mental health consequences during the initial stage of the 2020 Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) in Spain. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 172-176.
  • Hatun, O., Dicle, A. N. & Demirci, İ. (2020). Psychological reflections of the coronavirus epidemic and coping with it. Turkish Studies, 15(4), 531-554.
  • Huang, C.; Wang, Y.; Li, Z.; Ren, L.; Zhao, J.; Hu, Y.; Zhang, L.; Fan, G.; Xu, J.; …Gu, X. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet, 395, 497–506.
  • Ibarra-Rovillard, M. S. & Kuiper, N. A. (2011). Social support and social negativity findings in depression: Perceived responsiveness to basic psychological needs. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(3), 342-352.
  • Kim, L., Garg, S., O’Halloran, A., Whitaker, M., Pham, H., Anderson, E. J., ...Langley, G. E. (2021). Risk factors for intensive care unit admission and in-hospital mortality among hospitalized adults identified through the US coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated hospitalization surveillance network (COVID-NET). Clinical Infectious Diseases, 72(9), 206-214.
  • Klavuz, M. & Klavuz, E. (2016). The importance of spiritual counseling services in coping with losses in the aging period. Spiritual Counseling and Guidance, Dem publications, 17–38.
  • Koenig, H. G. (2020). Ways of protecting religious older adults from the consequences of COVID-19. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 28(7), 776-779.
  • Onal, O., Evcil, F. Y., Dogan, E., Develi, M., Uskun, E., & Kisioglu, A. N. (2022). The effect of loneliness and perceived social support among older adults on their life satisfaction and quality of life during the COVID-19 pandemic. Educational Gerontology, 1-13.
  • Pargament, K., Feuille, M. & Burdzy, D. (2011). The Brief RCOPE: Current psychometric status of a short measure of religious coping. Religions, 2(1), 51-76.
  • Procidano, M. E. & Heller, K. (1983). Measures of perceived social support from friends and from family: Three validation studies. American Journal of Community Psychology, 11(1), 1-24.
  • Rababa, M., A. A. Hayajneh, W. & Bani-Iss. (2021). Association of death anxiety with spiritual well-being and religious coping in older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Religion Health, 60(1), 50-63.
  • Sepúlveda-Loyola, W., Rodríguez-Sánchez, I., Pérez-Rodríguez, P., Ganz, F., Torralba, R., Oliveira, D. V. & Rodríguez-Mañas, L. (2020). Impact of social isolation due to COVID-19 on health in older people: mental and physical effects and recommendations. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, 24(9), 938-947.
  • Shahid, Z., Kalayanamitra, R., McClafferty, B., Kepko, D., Ramgobin, D., Patel, R., ...Jain, R. (2020). COVID‐19 and older adults: what we know. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 68(5), 926-929.
  • Su, Y., Rao, W., Li, M., Caron, G., D’Arcy, C. & Meng, X. (2022). Prevalence of loneliness and social isolation among older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Psychogeriatrics, 1-13.
  • Şirin, T. (2018). Maneviyat ölçeği'nin geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Spirituality scale: Development, validity and reliability]. Electronic Turkish Studies, 13(18).
  • World Health Organization Director-General’s Opening Remarks at the Media Briefing on COVID-19–11 March 2020. Available online: https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020 (accessed on 22 June 2022).
  • Winship, J., Sargent, L., Waters, L., Zanjani, F. & Parsons, P. (2021). The lived experience of low-income older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 109.
  • Winship, J. M., Gendron, T., Waters, L., Chung, J., Battle, K., Cisewski, M., ...VCU iCubed Health and Wellness in Aging Transdisciplinary Core8. (2022). COVID in context: The lived experience of richmond’s low-ıncome older adults. Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, 8, 23337214221079208.
  • Van den Besselaar, J. H., Vroomen, J. L. M., Buurman, B. M., Hertogh, C. M., Huisman, M., Kok, A. A. & Hoogendijk, E. O. (2021). Symptoms of depression, anxiety, and perceived mastery in older adults before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: Results from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 151, 110656.
  • Velasco-Gonzalez, L. & Rioux, L. (2014). The spiritual well-being of elderly people: A study of a French sample. Journal of Religion and Health, 53(4), 1123-1137.
  • Zhang, H., Hook, J. N., Hodge, A. S., Coomes, S. P., Davis, C. W., Van Tongeren, D. R., ...Aten, J. D. (2021). Religious and spiritual struggles and coping amidst the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 8(4), 245-261.

COVID-19 Salgını Sırasında Yaşlı Bireylerde Salgınla Başa Çıkmayı Etkileyen Faktörlerin İncelenmesi

Year 2023, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 1318 - 1329, 17.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.33715/inonusaglik.1231582

Abstract

Bu çalışmada; yaşlı bireylerde COVID-19 salgını sürecinde salgınla başa çıkmayı etkileyen faktörlerin incelenmesi amaçlandı. Katılımcılardan Salgınla Başa Çıkma Ölçeği (CwOS), Maneviyat Ölçeği (SS) ve Çok Boyutlu Algılanan Sosyal Destek Ölçeği'ni (MSPSS) doldurmaları istendi. Çalışmaya yaş ortalaması 73.1±8.2 olan, 76 kişi (%61.8 kadın) dahil edildi. Salgınla başa çıkmayı etkileyen faktörlerin incelenmesinde Backward yöntemini kullanan çok değişkenli doğrusal regresyon analizi kullanıldı. Çok boyutlu algılanan sosyal destek, maneviyat ve algılanan ekonomik durum anlamlı yordayıcılar olarak bulunmuş ve bu değişkenlerdeki 1 birimlik artış CwOS değişkeninde sırasıyla 0.305, 0.410 ve 4.426 birimlik artışa neden olmuştur. Yaşadığınız yer değişkeninin de anlamlı bir yordayıcı olduğu ve bu değişkendeki 1 birimlik artışın CwOS değişkeninde -4.362 birimlik azalmaya neden olduğu görülmüştür. Modeldeki bağımsız değişkenler, CwOS Puanındaki değişimin %65.1'ini açıklamaktadır. Sosyal destek, maneviyat, algılanan gelir durumu ve yaşanılan yer yaşlılarda COVID-19 salgını ile baş etmeyi etkileyen faktörlerdir. Bu faktörlerin yaşlı bireylerle ilgilenen sağlık profesyonelleri tarafından dikkate alınması önerilmektedir.

Project Number

yok

References

  • Alpar R. (2011). Applied multivariate statistical methods, 3. Ed, Detay Publishing.
  • Arslan, G. & Yıldırım, M. (2021). Meaning-based coping and spirituality during the COVID-19 pandemic: mediating effects on subjective well-being. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 646572.
  • Bergman, Y. S., Cohen-Fridel, S., Shrira, A., Bodner, E. & Palgi, Y. (2020). COVID-19 health worries and anxiety symptoms among older adults: the moderating role of ageism. International Psychogeriatrics, 32(11), 1371-1375.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Severe Outcomes Among Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19)—United States, February 12–March 16, 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6912e2.htm. Accessed April 11, 2020.
  • Chou, M. J., Tsai, S. S., Hsu, H. M. & Wu, H. T. (2016). Research on correlation between the life attitude and well-being with spiritual health as the mediator. European Journal of Research in Social Sciences, 4(3).
  • Courtin, E. & Knapp, M. (2017). Social isolation, loneliness and health in old age: a scoping review. Health & Social Care in the Community, 25(3), 799-812.
  • Czeisler, M. É., Lane, R. I., Petrosky, E., Wiley, J. F., Christensen, A., Njai, R., ...Rajaratnam, S. M. (2020). Mental health, substance use, and suicidal ideation during the COVID-19 pandemic—United States, June 24–30, 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(32), 1049. Dağ, İ., (1991). Reliability and validity of the Symptom Checklist (SCL-90-R) for university students. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 2,5-12.
  • Davis, E. B., McElroy-Heltzel, S. E., Lemke, A. W., Cowden, R. G., VanderWeele, T. J., Worthington Jr, E. L., ...Aten, J. D. (2021). Psychological and spiritual outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic: A prospective longitudinal study of adults with chronic disease. Health Psychology, 40(6), 347.
  • Dour, H. J., Wiley, J. F., Roy‐Byrne, P., Stein, M. B., Sullivan, G., Sherbourne, C. D., ...Craske, M. G. (2014). Perceived social support mediates anxiety and depressive symptom changes following primary care intervention. Depression and Anxiety, 31(5), 436-442.
  • Durmuş, M. & Durar, E., 2022. The relationship between spiritual well-being and fear of COVID-19 among Turkish elders. Journal of Religion, Spirituality & Aging, 34, 3–16.. doi:10.1080/15528030.2021.1894627.
  • Durmus, M. & Z. Ozturk. (2022). The effect of COVID-19 outbreak on older adults' hopelessness, loneliness and spiritual well-being in Turkey. Journal of Religion Health, 61(1), 851-865.
  • Eker, D., Arkar, H. & Yaldız, H. (2001). Factor structure, validity and reliability of the revised form of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 12(1), 17-25.
  • Finlay, J. M., Kler, J. S., O'Shea, B. Q., Eastman, M. R., Vinson, Y. R. & Kobayashi, L. C. (2021). Coping during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study of older adults across the United States. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 643807.
  • Fox, J. & Weisberg, S. (2019). An R companion to applied regression, Third edition. Sage, Thousand Oaks CA.
  • Fuller, H. R. & A. Huseth-Zosel. (2021). Lessons in resilience: Initial coping among older adults during the Covid-19 pandemic. Gerontologist, 61(1), 114-125.
  • González-Sanguino, C., Ausín, B., Castellanos, M. Á., Saiz, J., López-Gómez, A., Ugidos, C. & Muñoz, M. (2020). Mental health consequences during the initial stage of the 2020 Coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) in Spain. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 172-176.
  • Hatun, O., Dicle, A. N. & Demirci, İ. (2020). Psychological reflections of the coronavirus epidemic and coping with it. Turkish Studies, 15(4), 531-554.
  • Huang, C.; Wang, Y.; Li, Z.; Ren, L.; Zhao, J.; Hu, Y.; Zhang, L.; Fan, G.; Xu, J.; …Gu, X. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet, 395, 497–506.
  • Ibarra-Rovillard, M. S. & Kuiper, N. A. (2011). Social support and social negativity findings in depression: Perceived responsiveness to basic psychological needs. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(3), 342-352.
  • Kim, L., Garg, S., O’Halloran, A., Whitaker, M., Pham, H., Anderson, E. J., ...Langley, G. E. (2021). Risk factors for intensive care unit admission and in-hospital mortality among hospitalized adults identified through the US coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated hospitalization surveillance network (COVID-NET). Clinical Infectious Diseases, 72(9), 206-214.
  • Klavuz, M. & Klavuz, E. (2016). The importance of spiritual counseling services in coping with losses in the aging period. Spiritual Counseling and Guidance, Dem publications, 17–38.
  • Koenig, H. G. (2020). Ways of protecting religious older adults from the consequences of COVID-19. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 28(7), 776-779.
  • Onal, O., Evcil, F. Y., Dogan, E., Develi, M., Uskun, E., & Kisioglu, A. N. (2022). The effect of loneliness and perceived social support among older adults on their life satisfaction and quality of life during the COVID-19 pandemic. Educational Gerontology, 1-13.
  • Pargament, K., Feuille, M. & Burdzy, D. (2011). The Brief RCOPE: Current psychometric status of a short measure of religious coping. Religions, 2(1), 51-76.
  • Procidano, M. E. & Heller, K. (1983). Measures of perceived social support from friends and from family: Three validation studies. American Journal of Community Psychology, 11(1), 1-24.
  • Rababa, M., A. A. Hayajneh, W. & Bani-Iss. (2021). Association of death anxiety with spiritual well-being and religious coping in older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Religion Health, 60(1), 50-63.
  • Sepúlveda-Loyola, W., Rodríguez-Sánchez, I., Pérez-Rodríguez, P., Ganz, F., Torralba, R., Oliveira, D. V. & Rodríguez-Mañas, L. (2020). Impact of social isolation due to COVID-19 on health in older people: mental and physical effects and recommendations. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, 24(9), 938-947.
  • Shahid, Z., Kalayanamitra, R., McClafferty, B., Kepko, D., Ramgobin, D., Patel, R., ...Jain, R. (2020). COVID‐19 and older adults: what we know. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 68(5), 926-929.
  • Su, Y., Rao, W., Li, M., Caron, G., D’Arcy, C. & Meng, X. (2022). Prevalence of loneliness and social isolation among older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Psychogeriatrics, 1-13.
  • Şirin, T. (2018). Maneviyat ölçeği'nin geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Spirituality scale: Development, validity and reliability]. Electronic Turkish Studies, 13(18).
  • World Health Organization Director-General’s Opening Remarks at the Media Briefing on COVID-19–11 March 2020. Available online: https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020 (accessed on 22 June 2022).
  • Winship, J., Sargent, L., Waters, L., Zanjani, F. & Parsons, P. (2021). The lived experience of low-income older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 109.
  • Winship, J. M., Gendron, T., Waters, L., Chung, J., Battle, K., Cisewski, M., ...VCU iCubed Health and Wellness in Aging Transdisciplinary Core8. (2022). COVID in context: The lived experience of richmond’s low-ıncome older adults. Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, 8, 23337214221079208.
  • Van den Besselaar, J. H., Vroomen, J. L. M., Buurman, B. M., Hertogh, C. M., Huisman, M., Kok, A. A. & Hoogendijk, E. O. (2021). Symptoms of depression, anxiety, and perceived mastery in older adults before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: Results from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 151, 110656.
  • Velasco-Gonzalez, L. & Rioux, L. (2014). The spiritual well-being of elderly people: A study of a French sample. Journal of Religion and Health, 53(4), 1123-1137.
  • Zhang, H., Hook, J. N., Hodge, A. S., Coomes, S. P., Davis, C. W., Van Tongeren, D. R., ...Aten, J. D. (2021). Religious and spiritual struggles and coping amidst the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, 8(4), 245-261.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Clinical Sciences
Journal Section Araştırma Makalesi
Authors

Esma Özkan 0000-0001-6857-4084

Onur Altuntaş 0000-0002-2403-2096

Project Number yok
Publication Date March 17, 2023
Submission Date January 9, 2023
Acceptance Date February 1, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 11 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Özkan, E., & Altuntaş, O. (2023). EXAMINING FACTORS INFLUENCING COPING WITH THE OUTBREAK DURING THE COVID-19 EPIDEMIC IN ELDERLY INDIVIDUALS. İnönü Üniversitesi Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksek Okulu Dergisi, 11(1), 1318-1329. https://doi.org/10.33715/inonusaglik.1231582