Research Article
Year 2023,
Volume: 14 Issue: 3, 377 - 382, 10.07.2023
Abstract
References
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- 6. Soliman AT, De Sanctis V, Yassin M, et al. Chronic anemia and thyroid function. Acta Biomed. 2017;88:119-27. DOI:10.23750/abm.v88i1.6048.
- 7. Altinoz MA, Gedikoglu G, Deniz G. β-Thalassemia trait association with autoimmune diseases: β-globin locus proximity to the immunity genes or role of hemorphins? Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2012;34:181-190. DOI:10.3109/08923973. 2011.599391.
- 8. Głowinska-Olszewska B, Borysewicz-Sanczyk H, Sawicka B, et al. Does hashimoto’s thyroiditis increase the risk of cardiovascular disease in young type 1 diabetic patients? Front Endocrinol. 2020;11:431. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00431.
- 9. Hirtz R, Keesen A, Hölling H, et al. No Effect of thyroid dysfunction and autoimmunity on health-related quality of life and mental health in children and adolescents: results from a nationwide cross-sectional study. Front Endocrinol. 2020;11:454. DOI: 10.3389/ fendo.2020.00454.
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- 11. Yassouf MY, Alquobaili F, Kabalan Y, et al. Compliance with deferoxamine therapy and thyroid dysfunction of patients with β-thalassemia major in Syria. Hemoglobin 2019;43:218-21. DOI:10.1080/03630269.2019.1639517.
- 12. De Sanctis V, Soliman A, Candini G, et al. High prevalence of central hypothyroidism in adult patients with β-thalassemia major. Georgian Medical News. 2013;222:88–94.
- 13. Soliman AT, Al Yafei F, Al-Naimi L, et al. Longitudinal study on thyroid function in patients with thalassemia major: High incidence of central hypothyroidism by 18 years. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2013;17:1090-95. DOI: 10.4103/2230-8210.122635.
- 14. De Sanctis V, De Sanctis E, Ricchieri P, et al. Mild subclinical hypothyroidism in thalassaemia major: prevalence, multigated radionuclide test, clinical and laboratory long-term follow-up study. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2008;6:174-80.
- 15. Saleem M, Ghafoor MB, Anwar J, et al. Hypothyroidism in beta-thalassemia major patients at Rahim Yar Khan. JSZMC. 2016;7:1016-19.
- 16. Christoforidis A, Haritandi A, Tsitouridis I, et al. Correlative study of iron accumulation in liver, myocardium, and pituitary assessed with MRI in young thalassemic patients. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2006;28:311-5. DOI: 10.1097/01.mph.0000212915. 22265.3b.
- 17. Christoforidis A, Haritandi A, Perifanis V, et al. MRI for the determination of pituitary iron overload in children and young adults with -thalassaemia major. Eur J Radiol. 2007;62:138–42. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2006.11.016.
- 18. Belhoul KM, Bakir ML, Saned MS, et al. Serum ferritin levels and endocrinopathy in medically treated patients with β thalassemia major. Ann Hematol. 2012;91:1107-14. DOI: 10.1007/s00277-012-1412-7.
- 19. Baghersalimi A, Rad AH, Koohmanaee S, et al. The cutoff of ferritin for evaluation of hypothyroidism in patients with thalassemia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2019;41:515–8. 10.1097/MPH.0000000000001489.
- 20. Upadya SH, Rukmini MS, Sundararajan S, et al. Thyroid function in chronically transfused children with beta-thalassemia major: a cross-sectional hospital-based study. Int J Pediatr. 2018;2018:9071213. DOI:10.1155/2018/9071213.
- 21. Chirico V, Antonio L, Vincenzo S, et al. Thyroid dysfunction in thalassaemic patients: Ferritin as a prognostic marker and combined iron chelators as an ideal therapy. Eur J Endocrinol. 2013;169:785–93. DOI: 10.1530/EJE-13-0627.
- 22. Delaporta P, Maria Karantza M, Sorina Boiu S, et al. Thyroid function in Greek patients with thalassemia major. Blood. 2012;120:5176. DOI: 10.1182/blood.V120.21.5176.5176.
- 23. Zervas A, Katopodi A, Protonotariou A, et al. Assessment of Thyroid Function in Two Hundred Patients with b-Thalassemia Major. Thyroid. 2002;12:151-4. DOI: 10.1089/ 105072502753522383.
- 24. Pes GM, Tolu F, Dore MP. Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies and male gender are associated with diabetes occurrence in patients with beta-thalassemia major. J Diabetes Res. 2016;2016:1401829. DOI: 10.1155/2016/1401829.
- 25. Mariotti S, Pigliaru F, Cocco MC, et al. Β-thalassemia and thyroid failure: is there a role for thyroid autoimmunity? Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2011;8:307-9.
Year 2023,
Volume: 14 Issue: 3, 377 - 382, 10.07.2023
Abstract
Purpose: Thyroid dysfunction is an important complication of Beta-Thalassemia major (β-TM). The reason may be iron overload or autoimmunity.
Methods: In this study, 129 patients with β-TM were included. Free thyroxine (fT4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), anti-thyroid peroxidase, anti-thyroglobulin, and ferritin levels were measured. As the control group, 49 patients who applied to the hospital and requested TSH and fT4 were randomly selected. Both groups were compared in terms of thyroid dysfunction. Also, patients with thyroid dysfunction in the β-TM group were investigated in terms of underlying hyperferritinemia and autoimmune susceptibility.
Results: In the β-TM group, overt and subclinical hypothyroidism were detected in 11 (8.5%) and three patients (2.4%), respectively. Ferritin levels of those with hypothyroidism were higher than the patients with normal thyroid dysfunction (p=0.006, z=-2.734). Anti-thyroid antibodies were not elevated in any of the patients with thyroid dysfunction. One (2%) patient had central hypothyroidism in the control group, and six (12.2%) patients had subclinical hypothyroidism. The number of overt hypothyroidism in thalassemia cases was statistically higher than in the control group (p=0.002).
Conclusion: Our findings suggest that autoimmunity may not pose a risk factor for the development of hypothyroidism in β-TM patients, rather high ferritin levels may be a reason.
References
- 1. Fibach E, Rachmilewitz EA. Pathophysiology and treatment of patients with beta-thalassemia - an update. F1000Res. 2017;6:2156. DOI:10.12688/f1000research.12688.1.
- 2. Canatan D. Thalassemias and hemoglobinopathies in Turkey. Hemoglobin. 2014;38:305-7. DOI:10.3109/03630269.2014.938163.
- 3. Cappellini MD, Cohen A, Porter J, et al. Viprakasit V. Guidelines for the management of transfusion-dependent thalassaemia (TDT), 3rd ed. Nicosia (Cyprus): Thalassaemia International Federation, 2014.
- 4. De Sanctis V, Soliman AT, Canatan D, et al. Thyroid disorders in homozygous β-thalassemia: current knowledge, emerging issues, and open problems. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2019;11:e2019029. DOI: 10.4084/MJHID.2019.029.
- 5. Magro S, Puzzonia P, Consarino C, et al. Hypothyroidism in patients with thalassemia syndromes. Acta Haematol. 1990;84:72–6. DOI: 10.1159/000205032.
- 6. Soliman AT, De Sanctis V, Yassin M, et al. Chronic anemia and thyroid function. Acta Biomed. 2017;88:119-27. DOI:10.23750/abm.v88i1.6048.
- 7. Altinoz MA, Gedikoglu G, Deniz G. β-Thalassemia trait association with autoimmune diseases: β-globin locus proximity to the immunity genes or role of hemorphins? Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 2012;34:181-190. DOI:10.3109/08923973. 2011.599391.
- 8. Głowinska-Olszewska B, Borysewicz-Sanczyk H, Sawicka B, et al. Does hashimoto’s thyroiditis increase the risk of cardiovascular disease in young type 1 diabetic patients? Front Endocrinol. 2020;11:431. DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00431.
- 9. Hirtz R, Keesen A, Hölling H, et al. No Effect of thyroid dysfunction and autoimmunity on health-related quality of life and mental health in children and adolescents: results from a nationwide cross-sectional study. Front Endocrinol. 2020;11:454. DOI: 10.3389/ fendo.2020.00454.
- 10. De Sanctis V, Soliman A, Campisi S, et al. Thyroid disorders in thalassaemia: An update. Curr Trends Endocrinol. 2012;6:17-27.
- 11. Yassouf MY, Alquobaili F, Kabalan Y, et al. Compliance with deferoxamine therapy and thyroid dysfunction of patients with β-thalassemia major in Syria. Hemoglobin 2019;43:218-21. DOI:10.1080/03630269.2019.1639517.
- 12. De Sanctis V, Soliman A, Candini G, et al. High prevalence of central hypothyroidism in adult patients with β-thalassemia major. Georgian Medical News. 2013;222:88–94.
- 13. Soliman AT, Al Yafei F, Al-Naimi L, et al. Longitudinal study on thyroid function in patients with thalassemia major: High incidence of central hypothyroidism by 18 years. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2013;17:1090-95. DOI: 10.4103/2230-8210.122635.
- 14. De Sanctis V, De Sanctis E, Ricchieri P, et al. Mild subclinical hypothyroidism in thalassaemia major: prevalence, multigated radionuclide test, clinical and laboratory long-term follow-up study. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2008;6:174-80.
- 15. Saleem M, Ghafoor MB, Anwar J, et al. Hypothyroidism in beta-thalassemia major patients at Rahim Yar Khan. JSZMC. 2016;7:1016-19.
- 16. Christoforidis A, Haritandi A, Tsitouridis I, et al. Correlative study of iron accumulation in liver, myocardium, and pituitary assessed with MRI in young thalassemic patients. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2006;28:311-5. DOI: 10.1097/01.mph.0000212915. 22265.3b.
- 17. Christoforidis A, Haritandi A, Perifanis V, et al. MRI for the determination of pituitary iron overload in children and young adults with -thalassaemia major. Eur J Radiol. 2007;62:138–42. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2006.11.016.
- 18. Belhoul KM, Bakir ML, Saned MS, et al. Serum ferritin levels and endocrinopathy in medically treated patients with β thalassemia major. Ann Hematol. 2012;91:1107-14. DOI: 10.1007/s00277-012-1412-7.
- 19. Baghersalimi A, Rad AH, Koohmanaee S, et al. The cutoff of ferritin for evaluation of hypothyroidism in patients with thalassemia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2019;41:515–8. 10.1097/MPH.0000000000001489.
- 20. Upadya SH, Rukmini MS, Sundararajan S, et al. Thyroid function in chronically transfused children with beta-thalassemia major: a cross-sectional hospital-based study. Int J Pediatr. 2018;2018:9071213. DOI:10.1155/2018/9071213.
- 21. Chirico V, Antonio L, Vincenzo S, et al. Thyroid dysfunction in thalassaemic patients: Ferritin as a prognostic marker and combined iron chelators as an ideal therapy. Eur J Endocrinol. 2013;169:785–93. DOI: 10.1530/EJE-13-0627.
- 22. Delaporta P, Maria Karantza M, Sorina Boiu S, et al. Thyroid function in Greek patients with thalassemia major. Blood. 2012;120:5176. DOI: 10.1182/blood.V120.21.5176.5176.
- 23. Zervas A, Katopodi A, Protonotariou A, et al. Assessment of Thyroid Function in Two Hundred Patients with b-Thalassemia Major. Thyroid. 2002;12:151-4. DOI: 10.1089/ 105072502753522383.
- 24. Pes GM, Tolu F, Dore MP. Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies and male gender are associated with diabetes occurrence in patients with beta-thalassemia major. J Diabetes Res. 2016;2016:1401829. DOI: 10.1155/2016/1401829.
- 25. Mariotti S, Pigliaru F, Cocco MC, et al. Β-thalassemia and thyroid failure: is there a role for thyroid autoimmunity? Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2011;8:307-9.
There are 25 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Paediatrics |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | June 5, 2023 |
| Publication Date | July 10, 2023 |
| Submission Date | April 2, 2022 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023Volume: 14 Issue: 3 |
