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Covid-19 outbreak and household food waste: Evidence from Turkey

Year 2021, Volume: 5 Issue: 3, 413 - 424, 15.09.2021

Ayşe Nur Songür Bozdağ Funda Pınar Çakıroğlu

https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2021.3.21
Cited By: 2

Abstract

This study aims to examine changes in food-related behaviours that occur in Turkish households due to the Covid-19 outbreak and their effect on food waste amounts. An online survey was conducted and the survey included questions about socio-demographic characteristics, food purchasing, preparation, cooking behaviour, and food waste. This study included 610 respondents. 33.9% of the participants stated that there was a decrease in the amount of food waste during the pandemic period. More than half (52.2%) of those who think that there is a decrease in the amount of food waste stated that the amount of waste decreased because the food was consumed without forgetting/spoiling due to the increase in the time spent at home. Also, a relationship was found between changes in some food-related behaviours (frequency of food shopping, preparing/cooking, the characteristic of the food purchased, the person who prepares/cooks the meal, the time spent in the kitchen, the number of meals, trying new recipes, making bread at home, ordering to home and eating out) and changes in food waste. It has been observed that the changes experienced affect the reduction of food waste. In conclusion, the necessary initiatives should be taken to make permanent the positive changes caused by Covid-19 in food-related behaviour. 

Keywords

Covid-19 household habits Food Waste

References

  • Aschemann-Witzel, J., De Hooge, I., Amani, P., Bech-Larsen, T., & Oostindjer, M. (2015). Consumer related food waste: Causes and potential for action. Sustainability, 7(6), 6457–6477. Doi: 10.3390/su7066457
  • Aschemann-Witzel, J., De Hooge, I. E., Rohm, H., Normann, A., Bossle, M. B., Grønhøj, A., & Oostindjer, M. (2017). Key characteristics and success factors of supply chain initiatives tackling consumer-related food waste–A multiple case study. Journal of Cleaner Production, 155, 33-45. Doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.11.173
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2020). Coronavirus (COVID-19). Available from https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html
  • COMCEC. (2017). Reducing food waste in the OIC Countries. Standing Committee for Economic and Commercial Cooperation of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (COMCEC). COMCEC Coordination Office, Ankara. Available from https://sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Reducing_Food_Waste_in_the_OIC_Countries%E2%80%8B.pdf
  • Cosgrove, K., Vizcaino, M., & Wharton, C. (2021). COVID-19-related changes in perceived household food waste in the united states: A cross-sectional descriptive study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(3), 1104. Doi:10.3390/ijerph18031104
  • Dou, Z., Stefanovski, D., Galligan, D., Lindem, M., Rozin, P., Chen, T., & Chao, A. M. (2020, May 23). The COVID-19 Pandemic impacting household food dynamics: A cross-national comparison of China and the U.S. Doi:10.31235/osf.io/64jwy
  • European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS). (2014). Tackling food waste: The EU's contribution to a global issue. Available from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2016/593563/EPRS_BRI(2016)593563_EN.pdf
  • Farr-Wharton, G., Foth, M., & Hee-Jeong Choi, J. (2014). Identifying factors that promote consumer behaviours causing expired domestic food waste. Journal of Consumer Behavior, 13, 393–402. Doi: 10.1002/cb.1488
  • Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2011). Global food losses and food waste. Available from http://www.fao.org/3/mb060e/mb060e00.pdf
  • Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2019). The state of food and agriculture 2019: Moving forward on food loss and waste reduction. Rome: FAO. Available from http://www.fao.org/policy-support/tools-and-publications/resources-details/en/c/1242090/
  • Gaiani, S., Caldeira, S., Adorno, V., Segrè, A., & Vittuari, M. (2018). Food wasters: Profiling consumers’ attitude to waste food in Italy. Waste Management, 72, 17-24. Doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.11.012
  • Giordano, C., Alboni, F., Cicatiello, C., & Falasconi, L. (2019). Do discounted food products end up in the bin? An investigation into the link between deal-prone shopping behaviour and quantities of household food waste. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 43(2), 199–209. Doi: 10.1111/ijcs.12499
  • Griffin, M., Sobal, J., & Lyson, T.A. (2009). An analysis of a community food waste stream. Agriculture and Human Values, 26, 67-81. Doi: 10.1007/s10460-008-9178-1
  • Güneysu, S. Change of domestic food waste and packages in COVID-19 process in Istanbul. Ulusal Çevre Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 3(4), 175-180. Available from https://asosindex.com.tr/index.jsp?modul=articles-page&journal-id=915&article-id=471314#cite
  • International Monetary Fund (IMF). (2020). International Monetary Fund. Policy responses to COVID-19. Available from https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/imf-and-covid19/Policy-Responses-to-COVID-19.
  • Jribi, S., Ismail, H. B., Doggui, D., & Debbabi, H. (2020). COVID-19 virus outbreak lockdown: What impacts on household food wastage?. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 22(5), 3939-3955. Doi:10.1007/s10668-020-00740-y
  • Kılınç Şahin, S. & Bekar, A. (2018). A global problem “Food waste”: Food waste generators in hotel industry. Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies, 6(4), 1039-1061. Doi: 10.21325/jotags.2018.347
  • Koivupuro, H. K., Hartikainen, H., Silvennoinen, K., Katajajuuri, J. M., Heikintalo, N., Reinikainen, A, & Jalkanen, L. (2012). Influence of socio-demographical, behavioural and attitudinal factors on the amount of avoidable food waste generated in Finnish households. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 3(2), 183-191. Doi: 10.1111/j.1470-6431.2011.01080.x
  • Kummu, M., De Moel, H., Porkka, M., Siebert, S., Varis, O., & Ward, P.J. (2012). Lost food, wasted resources: Global food supply chain losses and their impacts on freshwater, cropland, and fertiliser use. Science of the Total Environment, 438, 477-489. Doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.08.092
  • Laguna, L., Fiszman, S., Puerta, P., Chaya, C., & Tárrega, A. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 lockdown on food priorities. Results from a preliminary study using social media and an online survey with Spanish consumers. Food Quality and Preference, 86, 104028. Doi: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2020.104028
  • Mallinson, L. J., Russell, J. M., & Barker, M. E. (2016). Attitudes and behaviour towards convenience food and food waste in the United Kingdom. Appetite, 103, 17-28. Doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.03.017
  • Marangon, F., Tempesta, T., Troiano, S., & Vecchiato, D. (2014). Food waste, consumer attitudes and behaviour. A study in the North-Eastern part of Italy. Italian Review of Agricultural Economics, 69(2–3), 201–209. Doi: 10.13128/REA-16922
  • Muştu, Ç., Ceylan, V., & Sarıışık, M. (2020). Effects of COVID- 19 outbreak lockdown on household food waste. Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi, 26(2), 157-165. Available from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1224837
  • Pappalardo, G., Cerroni, S., Nayga Jr, R. M., & Yang, W. (2020). Impact of Covid-19 on household food waste: The case of Italy. Frontiers in Nutrition, 7, 291. Doi: 10.3389/fnut.2020.585090
  • Ponis, S. T., Papanikolaou, P. A., Katimertzoglou, P., Ntalla, A. C., & Xenos, K. I. (2017). Household food waste in Greece: A questionnaire survey. Journal of Cleaner Production, 149, 1268-1277. Doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.02.165
  • Porpino, G., Parente, J., & Wansink, B. (2015). Food waste paradox: antecedents of food disposal in low income households. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 39(6), 619-629. Doi: 10.1111/ijcs.12207
  • Principato, L., Secondi, L., Cicatiello, C., & Mattia, G. (2020). Caring more about food: The unexpected positive effect of the Covid-19 lockdown on household food management and waste. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 100953. Doi: 10.1016/j.seps.2020.100953
  • Rodgers, R. F., Lombardo, C., Cerolini, S., Franko, D. L., Omori, M., Linardon, J., Guillaume, S., Fischer, L., & Tyszkiewicz, M. F. (2021). "Waste not and stay at home" evidence of decreased food waste during the COVID-19 pandemic from the U.S. and Italy. Appetite, 160, 105110. Doi:10.1016/j.appet.2021.105110
  • Roodhuyzen, D., Luning, P., Fogliano, V., & Steenbekkers, L. (2017). Putting together the puzzle of consumer food waste: Towards an integral perspective. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 68, 37–50. Doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.07.009
  • Scacchi, A., Catozzi, D., Boietti, E., Bert, F., & Siliquini, R. (2021). COVID-19 lockdown and self-perceived changes of food choice, waste, impulse buying and their determinants in Italy: QuarantEat, a cross-sectional study. Foods, 10(2), 306. Doi: 10.3390/foods10020306
  • Silvennoinen, K., Katajajuuri, J. M., Hartikainen, H., Heikkilä, L., & Reinikainen, A. (2014). Food waste volume and composition in Finnish household. British Food Journal, 116(6), 1058-1068. Doi: 10.1108/BFJ-12-2012-0311
  • Songur Bozdag, A. N., & Cakiroglu, F. P. (2021). Determination of the factors affecting the amount of food waste generated from households in Turkey. Future of Food: Journal on Food, Agriculture and Society, 9(1), 1-20. Doi: 10.17170/kobra-202011192214
  • Stefan, V., van Herpen, E., Tudoran, A. A., & Lähteenmäki, L. (2013). Avoiding food waste by Romanian consumers: The importance of planning and shopping routines. Food Quality and Preference, 28(1), 375-381. Doi: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2012.11.001
  • Szabó-Bóiı, B., Kasza, G., & Szakos, D. (2018). Assessment of household food waste in Hungary. British Food Journal, 120(3), 625-638. Doi: 10.1108/BFJ-04- 2017-0255
  • Ündevli, A., Kadam, G., Bekdik, Y. L., Yılmaz, H. İ., & Çobanoğlu, F. (2019). Determination of food waste: The case study of Aydın. Turkish Journal of Agricultural Economics, 25(2), 169-184. Doi: 10.24181/tarekoder.592049
  • UNEP. (2014). Reducing and preventing food and drink waste in businesses and households: A guidance document. Rome: FAO. Available from https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/userupload/save-food/PDF/Guidance-content.pdf.
  • United Nations (UN). (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development. General Assembley 70 Session 16301 (October) pp. 1-35. Available from https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?page=view&type=111&nr=8496&menu=35
  • United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). (2012). Surveying domestic waste in single-family dwellings with particular focus on food waste, batteries and small electronic scrap. Danish Environmental Protection Agency, Copenhagen.
  • Williams, H., Wikstrom, F., Otterbring, T., Lofgren, M., & Gustafsson, A. (2012). Reasons for household food waste with special attention to packaging. Journal of Cleaner Production, 24, 141-148. Doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.11.044
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Pandemic. Available from https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019
  • WRAP. (2009). Household food and drink waste in the UK. Available from https://wrap.org.uk/sites/default/files/2020-12/Household-Food-and-Drink-Waste-in-the-UK-2009.pdf
  • Yildirim, H., Capone, R., Karanlik, A., Bottalico, F., Debs, P., & El Bilali, H. (2016). Food wastage in Turkey: An exploratory survey on household food waste. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, 4(8), 483-489. Doi:10.12691/jfnr-4-8-1

Year 2021, Volume: 5 Issue: 3, 413 - 424, 15.09.2021

Ayşe Nur Songür Bozdağ Funda Pınar Çakıroğlu

https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2021.3.21
Cited By: 2

Abstract

References

  • Aschemann-Witzel, J., De Hooge, I., Amani, P., Bech-Larsen, T., & Oostindjer, M. (2015). Consumer related food waste: Causes and potential for action. Sustainability, 7(6), 6457–6477. Doi: 10.3390/su7066457
  • Aschemann-Witzel, J., De Hooge, I. E., Rohm, H., Normann, A., Bossle, M. B., Grønhøj, A., & Oostindjer, M. (2017). Key characteristics and success factors of supply chain initiatives tackling consumer-related food waste–A multiple case study. Journal of Cleaner Production, 155, 33-45. Doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.11.173
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2020). Coronavirus (COVID-19). Available from https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html
  • COMCEC. (2017). Reducing food waste in the OIC Countries. Standing Committee for Economic and Commercial Cooperation of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (COMCEC). COMCEC Coordination Office, Ankara. Available from https://sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Reducing_Food_Waste_in_the_OIC_Countries%E2%80%8B.pdf
  • Cosgrove, K., Vizcaino, M., & Wharton, C. (2021). COVID-19-related changes in perceived household food waste in the united states: A cross-sectional descriptive study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(3), 1104. Doi:10.3390/ijerph18031104
  • Dou, Z., Stefanovski, D., Galligan, D., Lindem, M., Rozin, P., Chen, T., & Chao, A. M. (2020, May 23). The COVID-19 Pandemic impacting household food dynamics: A cross-national comparison of China and the U.S. Doi:10.31235/osf.io/64jwy
  • European Parliamentary Research Service (EPRS). (2014). Tackling food waste: The EU's contribution to a global issue. Available from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2016/593563/EPRS_BRI(2016)593563_EN.pdf
  • Farr-Wharton, G., Foth, M., & Hee-Jeong Choi, J. (2014). Identifying factors that promote consumer behaviours causing expired domestic food waste. Journal of Consumer Behavior, 13, 393–402. Doi: 10.1002/cb.1488
  • Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2011). Global food losses and food waste. Available from http://www.fao.org/3/mb060e/mb060e00.pdf
  • Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2019). The state of food and agriculture 2019: Moving forward on food loss and waste reduction. Rome: FAO. Available from http://www.fao.org/policy-support/tools-and-publications/resources-details/en/c/1242090/
  • Gaiani, S., Caldeira, S., Adorno, V., Segrè, A., & Vittuari, M. (2018). Food wasters: Profiling consumers’ attitude to waste food in Italy. Waste Management, 72, 17-24. Doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.11.012
  • Giordano, C., Alboni, F., Cicatiello, C., & Falasconi, L. (2019). Do discounted food products end up in the bin? An investigation into the link between deal-prone shopping behaviour and quantities of household food waste. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 43(2), 199–209. Doi: 10.1111/ijcs.12499
  • Griffin, M., Sobal, J., & Lyson, T.A. (2009). An analysis of a community food waste stream. Agriculture and Human Values, 26, 67-81. Doi: 10.1007/s10460-008-9178-1
  • Güneysu, S. Change of domestic food waste and packages in COVID-19 process in Istanbul. Ulusal Çevre Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 3(4), 175-180. Available from https://asosindex.com.tr/index.jsp?modul=articles-page&journal-id=915&article-id=471314#cite
  • International Monetary Fund (IMF). (2020). International Monetary Fund. Policy responses to COVID-19. Available from https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/imf-and-covid19/Policy-Responses-to-COVID-19.
  • Jribi, S., Ismail, H. B., Doggui, D., & Debbabi, H. (2020). COVID-19 virus outbreak lockdown: What impacts on household food wastage?. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 22(5), 3939-3955. Doi:10.1007/s10668-020-00740-y
  • Kılınç Şahin, S. & Bekar, A. (2018). A global problem “Food waste”: Food waste generators in hotel industry. Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies, 6(4), 1039-1061. Doi: 10.21325/jotags.2018.347
  • Koivupuro, H. K., Hartikainen, H., Silvennoinen, K., Katajajuuri, J. M., Heikintalo, N., Reinikainen, A, & Jalkanen, L. (2012). Influence of socio-demographical, behavioural and attitudinal factors on the amount of avoidable food waste generated in Finnish households. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 3(2), 183-191. Doi: 10.1111/j.1470-6431.2011.01080.x
  • Kummu, M., De Moel, H., Porkka, M., Siebert, S., Varis, O., & Ward, P.J. (2012). Lost food, wasted resources: Global food supply chain losses and their impacts on freshwater, cropland, and fertiliser use. Science of the Total Environment, 438, 477-489. Doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.08.092
  • Laguna, L., Fiszman, S., Puerta, P., Chaya, C., & Tárrega, A. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 lockdown on food priorities. Results from a preliminary study using social media and an online survey with Spanish consumers. Food Quality and Preference, 86, 104028. Doi: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2020.104028
  • Mallinson, L. J., Russell, J. M., & Barker, M. E. (2016). Attitudes and behaviour towards convenience food and food waste in the United Kingdom. Appetite, 103, 17-28. Doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.03.017
  • Marangon, F., Tempesta, T., Troiano, S., & Vecchiato, D. (2014). Food waste, consumer attitudes and behaviour. A study in the North-Eastern part of Italy. Italian Review of Agricultural Economics, 69(2–3), 201–209. Doi: 10.13128/REA-16922
  • Muştu, Ç., Ceylan, V., & Sarıışık, M. (2020). Effects of COVID- 19 outbreak lockdown on household food waste. Tarım Ekonomisi Dergisi, 26(2), 157-165. Available from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1224837
  • Pappalardo, G., Cerroni, S., Nayga Jr, R. M., & Yang, W. (2020). Impact of Covid-19 on household food waste: The case of Italy. Frontiers in Nutrition, 7, 291. Doi: 10.3389/fnut.2020.585090
  • Ponis, S. T., Papanikolaou, P. A., Katimertzoglou, P., Ntalla, A. C., & Xenos, K. I. (2017). Household food waste in Greece: A questionnaire survey. Journal of Cleaner Production, 149, 1268-1277. Doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.02.165
  • Porpino, G., Parente, J., & Wansink, B. (2015). Food waste paradox: antecedents of food disposal in low income households. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 39(6), 619-629. Doi: 10.1111/ijcs.12207
  • Principato, L., Secondi, L., Cicatiello, C., & Mattia, G. (2020). Caring more about food: The unexpected positive effect of the Covid-19 lockdown on household food management and waste. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 100953. Doi: 10.1016/j.seps.2020.100953
  • Rodgers, R. F., Lombardo, C., Cerolini, S., Franko, D. L., Omori, M., Linardon, J., Guillaume, S., Fischer, L., & Tyszkiewicz, M. F. (2021). "Waste not and stay at home" evidence of decreased food waste during the COVID-19 pandemic from the U.S. and Italy. Appetite, 160, 105110. Doi:10.1016/j.appet.2021.105110
  • Roodhuyzen, D., Luning, P., Fogliano, V., & Steenbekkers, L. (2017). Putting together the puzzle of consumer food waste: Towards an integral perspective. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 68, 37–50. Doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.07.009
  • Scacchi, A., Catozzi, D., Boietti, E., Bert, F., & Siliquini, R. (2021). COVID-19 lockdown and self-perceived changes of food choice, waste, impulse buying and their determinants in Italy: QuarantEat, a cross-sectional study. Foods, 10(2), 306. Doi: 10.3390/foods10020306
  • Silvennoinen, K., Katajajuuri, J. M., Hartikainen, H., Heikkilä, L., & Reinikainen, A. (2014). Food waste volume and composition in Finnish household. British Food Journal, 116(6), 1058-1068. Doi: 10.1108/BFJ-12-2012-0311
  • Songur Bozdag, A. N., & Cakiroglu, F. P. (2021). Determination of the factors affecting the amount of food waste generated from households in Turkey. Future of Food: Journal on Food, Agriculture and Society, 9(1), 1-20. Doi: 10.17170/kobra-202011192214
  • Stefan, V., van Herpen, E., Tudoran, A. A., & Lähteenmäki, L. (2013). Avoiding food waste by Romanian consumers: The importance of planning and shopping routines. Food Quality and Preference, 28(1), 375-381. Doi: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2012.11.001
  • Szabó-Bóiı, B., Kasza, G., & Szakos, D. (2018). Assessment of household food waste in Hungary. British Food Journal, 120(3), 625-638. Doi: 10.1108/BFJ-04- 2017-0255
  • Ündevli, A., Kadam, G., Bekdik, Y. L., Yılmaz, H. İ., & Çobanoğlu, F. (2019). Determination of food waste: The case study of Aydın. Turkish Journal of Agricultural Economics, 25(2), 169-184. Doi: 10.24181/tarekoder.592049
  • UNEP. (2014). Reducing and preventing food and drink waste in businesses and households: A guidance document. Rome: FAO. Available from https://www.fao.org/fileadmin/userupload/save-food/PDF/Guidance-content.pdf.
  • United Nations (UN). (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development. General Assembley 70 Session 16301 (October) pp. 1-35. Available from https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/index.php?page=view&type=111&nr=8496&menu=35
  • United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). (2012). Surveying domestic waste in single-family dwellings with particular focus on food waste, batteries and small electronic scrap. Danish Environmental Protection Agency, Copenhagen.
  • Williams, H., Wikstrom, F., Otterbring, T., Lofgren, M., & Gustafsson, A. (2012). Reasons for household food waste with special attention to packaging. Journal of Cleaner Production, 24, 141-148. Doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.11.044
  • World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Pandemic. Available from https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019
  • WRAP. (2009). Household food and drink waste in the UK. Available from https://wrap.org.uk/sites/default/files/2020-12/Household-Food-and-Drink-Waste-in-the-UK-2009.pdf
  • Yildirim, H., Capone, R., Karanlik, A., Bottalico, F., Debs, P., & El Bilali, H. (2016). Food wastage in Turkey: An exploratory survey on household food waste. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, 4(8), 483-489. Doi:10.12691/jfnr-4-8-1
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Food Engineering
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ayşe Nur Songür Bozdağ 0000-0001-6412-8650

Funda Pınar Çakıroğlu 0000-0003-2324-6874

Publication Date September 15, 2021
Submission Date April 20, 2021
Acceptance Date June 11, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 5 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Songür Bozdağ, A. N., & Çakıroğlu, F. P. (2021). Covid-19 outbreak and household food waste: Evidence from Turkey. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences, 5(3), 413-424. https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2021.3.21
AMA Songür Bozdağ AN, Çakıroğlu FP. Covid-19 outbreak and household food waste: Evidence from Turkey. int. j. agric. environ. food sci. September 2021;5(3):413-424. doi:10.31015/jaefs.2021.3.21
Chicago Songür Bozdağ, Ayşe Nur, and Funda Pınar Çakıroğlu. “Covid-19 Outbreak and Household Food Waste: Evidence from Turkey”. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences 5, no. 3 (September 2021): 413-24. https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2021.3.21.
EndNote Songür Bozdağ AN, Çakıroğlu FP (September 1, 2021) Covid-19 outbreak and household food waste: Evidence from Turkey. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences 5 3 413–424.
IEEE A. N. Songür Bozdağ and F. P. Çakıroğlu, “Covid-19 outbreak and household food waste: Evidence from Turkey”, int. j. agric. environ. food sci., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 413–424, 2021, doi: 10.31015/jaefs.2021.3.21.
ISNAD Songür Bozdağ, Ayşe Nur - Çakıroğlu, Funda Pınar. “Covid-19 Outbreak and Household Food Waste: Evidence from Turkey”. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences 5/3 (September 2021), 413-424. https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2021.3.21.
JAMA Songür Bozdağ AN, Çakıroğlu FP. Covid-19 outbreak and household food waste: Evidence from Turkey. int. j. agric. environ. food sci. 2021;5:413–424.
MLA Songür Bozdağ, Ayşe Nur and Funda Pınar Çakıroğlu. “Covid-19 Outbreak and Household Food Waste: Evidence from Turkey”. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences, vol. 5, no. 3, 2021, pp. 413-24, doi:10.31015/jaefs.2021.3.21.
Vancouver Songür Bozdağ AN, Çakıroğlu FP. Covid-19 outbreak and household food waste: Evidence from Turkey. int. j. agric. environ. food sci. 2021;5(3):413-24.

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