Relation to visual perception and hand functions of speed and legibility of handwriting in healthy adults
Abstract
Purpose: This study was planned to investigate handwriting speed, legibility and which visual parameters and which hand function test
and grip strength test are the best measures for testing adult handwriting speed and legibility
Methods: Seventy-six volunteers aged between 20 and 29 participated in the study. Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test’s writing
subtest, Motor Free Visual Perception Test (MVPT-3), JAMAR was used to grip strength, and Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function, Minnesota,
and Purdue Pegboard tests were used. Legibility was calculated by the number of readable written letters.
Results: The handwriting speed and legibility were related to visual perception (p<0.05). Also, handwriting speed was found
correlation with placing, subtest of Minnesota and Purdue Pegboard Hand Function tests, and all parameters, except page turning
subtest, in Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function test (p<0.05). However, there was no relationship between handwriting, grip and pinch
strengths (p>0.05).
Conclusion: Physical therapists working with young and older people with neurological and orthopedic conditions need to have an
understanding of the range of ‘normal’ handwriting practices and behaviors of healthy adults when retraining handwriting as part of a
comprehensive rehabilitation program.
Keywords
References
- 1. Chu S. Occupational therapy for children with handwriting difficulties: a framework for evaluation and treatment. J Occup Ther. 1997;60:514-520.
- 2. Dubois L, Klemm, A. Murchland S, Ozols A. Handwriting of children who have hemiplegia: a profile of abilities in children aged 8-13 years from a parent and teacher survey. Aust Occup Ther J. 2004;51:89-98.
- 3. Rosenblum S, Werner P. Assessing the handwriting process in healthy elderly persons using a computerized system. Aging Clin Exper Res. Oct 2006;18:433-439.
- 4. Asher AV. Handwriting instruction in elementary schools. Am J Occup Ther. 2006;60(4):461-471.
- 5. Schneck CM. Visual Perception. In: Case-Smith J, ed. Occupational Therapy for Children. 5 ed. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier; 2005:412- 448.
- 6. Sawyer CE, Francis M, Knight E. Handwriting speed, specific learning difficulties and the GCSE. Educ Psychol Pract. 1992;8:77-81.
- 7. Graham S, Weintraub N. The relationship between handwriting style and speed and legibility. J Educ Res. 1998;91(5):290-296.
- 8. Cammaroto L. Handwriting. In: Wagenfeld A, Kaldenberg,J., ed. Foundations of Pediatric Practice for The Occupational Therapy Assistant. 1 ed. NJ: SLACK Incorporated; 2005:243-259.
- 9. Amundson SH. Prewriting and Handwriting Skills. In: Case- Smith J, ed. Occupational Therapy for children. 5 ed. St. Lois, Missouri: Elsevier; 2005:587- 614.
- 10. Faddy K, McCluskey A, Lannin NA. Interrater reliability of a new handwriting assessment battery for adults. Am J Occup Ther. 2008;62(5):595-599.
- 11. Yancosek KE, Mullineaux DR. Stability of handwriting performance following injuryinduced hand-dominance transfer in adults: a pilot study. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2011;48(1):59-68.
- 12. Bidet-Ildei C, Pollak P, Kandel S, et al. Handwriting in patients with Parkinson disease: effect of L-dopa and stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus on motor anticipation. Hum Mov Sci. 2011;30(4):783-791.
- 13. van Drempt N, McCluskey A, Lannin NA. Handwriting in healthy people aged 65 years and over. Aust Occup Ther J. 2011;58(4):276-286.
- 14. Summer J, Catarro, F. Assessment of handwriting speed and factors influencing written output of university students in examination. Aust Occup Ther J. 2003;50:148-157.
- 15. American Society of Hand Therapists. American Society of Hand Therapists Clinical Assessment Recommendations, Chicago 1992.
- 16. Fess EE. Clinical Assessment Recommendations. 2nd ed. Chicago: American Society of Hand Therapists; 1992.
- 17. Exner CE. Development of Hand Skills. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby; 2005.
- 18. Colarusso RP, Hammill, D.D. Motor-free Visual Perceptional Test (MVPT-3). 3 ed. Novato, California: Academic Therapy Publications;2003.
- 19. Jebsen RH, Taylor N, Trieschmann RB, Trotter MJ, Howard LA. An objective and standardized test of hand function. Arch Phys Med Rehabil.1969;50(6):311-319.
- 20. The Complete Minnesota Dexterity Test Examiner’s Manual. Indiana: Lafayette Instrument Company; 1991.
- 21. Tiffin J, Asher EJ. The Purdue pegboard; norms and studies of reliability and validity. J Appl Psychol. 1948;32(3):234-247.
- 22. The Purdue Pegboard Quick Reference Guide. Test Administrator's Manual, Revised Edition. Indiana: Lafayette Instrument Company; 1999.
- 23. Reddon JR, Gill DM, Gauk SE, et al. Purdue Pegboard: test-retest estimates. Percept Mot Skills. Apr 1988;66(2):503-506.
- 24. Ziviani J, Elkins J. An evaluation of handwriting performance. Educational Review. 1984;36(3):249-261.
- 25. Prunty M, Barnett AL, Wilmut K, et al. Visual perceptual and handwriting skills in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder. Hum Mov Sci. 2016;49:54-65.
- 26. Falk TH, Tam C, Schwellnus H, et al. Grip force variability and its effects on children's handwriting legibility, form, and strokes. J Biomech Eng. 2010;132(11):114504.
- 27. Collett J, Franssen M, Meaney A, et al. Phase II randomised controlled trial of a 6-month selfmanaged community exercise programme for people with Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016. doi: 10.1136/jnnp2016-314508.
- 28. Bleton JP. Physiotherapy of focal dystonia: a physiotherapist's personal experience. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17 Suppl 1:107-112.
- 29. Molsberger F, Raak C, Witthinrich C. Improvements in sleep and handwriting after complementary medical intervention using acupuncture, applied kinesiology, and respiratory exercises in a nine-year-old ADHD patient on methylphenidate. Explore. 2014;10(6):398-403.
Sağlıklı yetişkinlerde yazı yazma hızı ve okunabilirliğinin görsel algılama ve el fonksiyonları ile ilişkisi
Abstract
Amaç: Bu çalışma, hangi görsel parametrelerin ve hangi el fonksiyon testlerinin, kavrama ve pinç kuvvetlerinin sağlıklı yetişkinlerde
yazı yazma hızı ve okunabilirliği ile daha fazla ilişkili olduğunu araştırmak amacıyla planlandı.
Yöntem: Çalışmaya 20-29 yaşları arasında 76 gönüllü yetişkin katıldı. Jebsen-Taylor El Fonksiyon Testi’nin yazı yazma alt testi, Motor
Yetenek Olmaksızın Görsel Algılama Testi’nin 3. Versiyonu (MVPT-3), JAMAR kavrama kuvveti ve Jebsen-Taylor El Fonksiyon Testi,
Minnesota, ve Purdue Pegboard testleri kullanıldı. Yazının okunabilirliği, okunabilir yazılmış kelime sayısı ile hesaplandı.
Bulgular: Yazı yazma hızı ve okunabilirliği ile bazı görsel algılama alt testleri ilişkili bulundu (p<0,05). Aynı zamanda yazı yazma hızı ile
Minnesota ve Purdue Pegboard El Fonksiyon testlerinin alt testi olan yerleştirme ile Jebsen El Fonksiyon testinin ise sayfa çevirme hariç
tüm alt testleri arasında anlamlı korelasyon bulundu (p<0,05). Bununla beraber, yazı yazma, kavrama ve pinç kuvvetleri arasında
herhangi bir ilişki bulunamadı (p>0,05).
Sonuç: Ortopedik ve nörolojik problemleri olan genç ve yaşlı bireylerle çalışan fizyoterapistler kapsamlı bir rehabilitasyon programının
parçası olarak yazı yazmanın yeniden öğretilmesinde sağlıklı yetişkinlerin yazı yazma uygulamaları ve davranışlarının normal
sınırlarının anlaşılmasına ihtiyaç duyarlar.
Keywords
References
- 1. Chu S. Occupational therapy for children with handwriting difficulties: a framework for evaluation and treatment. J Occup Ther. 1997;60:514-520.
- 2. Dubois L, Klemm, A. Murchland S, Ozols A. Handwriting of children who have hemiplegia: a profile of abilities in children aged 8-13 years from a parent and teacher survey. Aust Occup Ther J. 2004;51:89-98.
- 3. Rosenblum S, Werner P. Assessing the handwriting process in healthy elderly persons using a computerized system. Aging Clin Exper Res. Oct 2006;18:433-439.
- 4. Asher AV. Handwriting instruction in elementary schools. Am J Occup Ther. 2006;60(4):461-471.
- 5. Schneck CM. Visual Perception. In: Case-Smith J, ed. Occupational Therapy for Children. 5 ed. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier; 2005:412- 448.
- 6. Sawyer CE, Francis M, Knight E. Handwriting speed, specific learning difficulties and the GCSE. Educ Psychol Pract. 1992;8:77-81.
- 7. Graham S, Weintraub N. The relationship between handwriting style and speed and legibility. J Educ Res. 1998;91(5):290-296.
- 8. Cammaroto L. Handwriting. In: Wagenfeld A, Kaldenberg,J., ed. Foundations of Pediatric Practice for The Occupational Therapy Assistant. 1 ed. NJ: SLACK Incorporated; 2005:243-259.
- 9. Amundson SH. Prewriting and Handwriting Skills. In: Case- Smith J, ed. Occupational Therapy for children. 5 ed. St. Lois, Missouri: Elsevier; 2005:587- 614.
- 10. Faddy K, McCluskey A, Lannin NA. Interrater reliability of a new handwriting assessment battery for adults. Am J Occup Ther. 2008;62(5):595-599.
- 11. Yancosek KE, Mullineaux DR. Stability of handwriting performance following injuryinduced hand-dominance transfer in adults: a pilot study. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2011;48(1):59-68.
- 12. Bidet-Ildei C, Pollak P, Kandel S, et al. Handwriting in patients with Parkinson disease: effect of L-dopa and stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus on motor anticipation. Hum Mov Sci. 2011;30(4):783-791.
- 13. van Drempt N, McCluskey A, Lannin NA. Handwriting in healthy people aged 65 years and over. Aust Occup Ther J. 2011;58(4):276-286.
- 14. Summer J, Catarro, F. Assessment of handwriting speed and factors influencing written output of university students in examination. Aust Occup Ther J. 2003;50:148-157.
- 15. American Society of Hand Therapists. American Society of Hand Therapists Clinical Assessment Recommendations, Chicago 1992.
- 16. Fess EE. Clinical Assessment Recommendations. 2nd ed. Chicago: American Society of Hand Therapists; 1992.
- 17. Exner CE. Development of Hand Skills. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby; 2005.
- 18. Colarusso RP, Hammill, D.D. Motor-free Visual Perceptional Test (MVPT-3). 3 ed. Novato, California: Academic Therapy Publications;2003.
- 19. Jebsen RH, Taylor N, Trieschmann RB, Trotter MJ, Howard LA. An objective and standardized test of hand function. Arch Phys Med Rehabil.1969;50(6):311-319.
- 20. The Complete Minnesota Dexterity Test Examiner’s Manual. Indiana: Lafayette Instrument Company; 1991.
- 21. Tiffin J, Asher EJ. The Purdue pegboard; norms and studies of reliability and validity. J Appl Psychol. 1948;32(3):234-247.
- 22. The Purdue Pegboard Quick Reference Guide. Test Administrator's Manual, Revised Edition. Indiana: Lafayette Instrument Company; 1999.
- 23. Reddon JR, Gill DM, Gauk SE, et al. Purdue Pegboard: test-retest estimates. Percept Mot Skills. Apr 1988;66(2):503-506.
- 24. Ziviani J, Elkins J. An evaluation of handwriting performance. Educational Review. 1984;36(3):249-261.
- 25. Prunty M, Barnett AL, Wilmut K, et al. Visual perceptual and handwriting skills in children with Developmental Coordination Disorder. Hum Mov Sci. 2016;49:54-65.
- 26. Falk TH, Tam C, Schwellnus H, et al. Grip force variability and its effects on children's handwriting legibility, form, and strokes. J Biomech Eng. 2010;132(11):114504.
- 27. Collett J, Franssen M, Meaney A, et al. Phase II randomised controlled trial of a 6-month selfmanaged community exercise programme for people with Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016. doi: 10.1136/jnnp2016-314508.
- 28. Bleton JP. Physiotherapy of focal dystonia: a physiotherapist's personal experience. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17 Suppl 1:107-112.
- 29. Molsberger F, Raak C, Witthinrich C. Improvements in sleep and handwriting after complementary medical intervention using acupuncture, applied kinesiology, and respiratory exercises in a nine-year-old ADHD patient on methylphenidate. Explore. 2014;10(6):398-403.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Health Care Administration |
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | December 1, 2016 |
| Submission Date | November 9, 2016 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2016 Volume: 3 Issue: 3 |
