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The Strategy of Meal Timing: Time-restricted Feeding

Year 2020, Volume: 2 Issue: 3, 128 - 136, 12.10.2020

Büşra Aydın Aslan Efsun Karabudak

Abstract

Across the world and in our country, in order for the individuals to meet their energy and nutrient needs throughout the day, they prefer different nutrition models consciously and / or unconsciously without knowing the reason. One of these models is called as the time-limited nutrition model. The most important feature that distinguishes this model from other models is that the content and quantity of meal is important as well as the time of meal. There are many studies about the clinically positive effect of meal time on metabolism determined by the circadian rhythm. In recent years, it is argued that time-limited nutrition is the most compatible and most effective meal time model for human metabolism. In this review, the effect of time-limited diet on body weight, lipid profile, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, energy expenditure, hormones associated with appetite mechanism and inflammation markers are discussed.

Keywords

Meal timing; Sircadian rhythm; Time-restricted feeding

References

  • Ruddick‐Collins, L. C., Johnston, J. D., Morgan, P. J., & Johnstone, A. M. The Big Breakfast Study: Chrono‐nutrition influence on energy expenditure and bodyweight. Nutrition bulletin.2018;43(2):174-183.
  • Yüksel, A. Sirkadiyen Ritim İle Yeme Zamanı İlişkisi. Sağlık Profesyonelleri Araştırma Dergisi.2019;1(1):38-43.
  • Bandin, C., Scheer, F. A. J. L., Luque, A. J., Avila-Gandia, V., Zamora, S., Madrid, J. A., ... & Garaulet, M. Meal timing affects glucose tolerance, substrate oxidation and circadian-related variables: A randomized, crossover trial. International journal of obesity. 2015;39(5): 828-833.
  • Varady, Krista A. Meal frequency and timing: impact on metabolic disease risk. Current Opinion in Endocrinology & Diabetes and Obesity.2016; 23(5): 379-383.
  • Stokkan, K. A, Yamazaki, S., Tei, H., Sakaki, Y., & Menaker, M. Entrainment of the circadian clock in the liver by feeding. Science. 2001;291(5503):490-493.
  • Patton, D. F, Mistlberger, R. E. Circadian adaptations to meal timing: neuroendocrine mechanisms. Frontiers in neuroscience.2013;7:185.
  • Manoogian, E. N, Panda, S. Circadian rhythms, time-restricted feeding, and healthy aging. Ageing research reviews.2017;39:59-67.
  • Oda, Hiroaki. "Chrononutrition." Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology 61.Supplement 2015: S92-S94.
  • Knutsson, A. Health disorders of shift workers. Occupational medicine. 2003;53(2): 103-108.
  • Kubo, T, Ozasa, K, Mikami, K, Wakai, K, Fujino, Y, Watanabe, Y, Mori, M. Prospective cohort study of the risk of prostate cancer among rotating-shift workers: findings from the Japan collaborative cohort study. American journal of epidemiology.2006;164(6): 549-555.
  • Garaulet, M, Gómez-Abellán, P, Alburquerque-Béjar, J. J, Lee, Y. C, Ordovás, J. M, Scheer, F. A. Timing of food intake predicts weight loss effectiveness. International journal of obesity. 2013;37(4): 604-611.
  • Beccuti, G, Monagheddu, C, Evangelista, A, Ciccone, G, Broglio, F, Soldati, L, Bo, S. Timing of food intake: Sounding the alarm about metabolic impairments? A systematic review. Pharmacological research.2017; 125: 132-141.
  • Grant, C. L, Coates, A. M, Dorrian, J, Kennaway, D. J, Wittert, G. A, Heilbronn, L. K, Banks, S. Timing of food intake during simulated night shift impacts glucose metabolism: A controlled study. Chronobiology international.2017; 34(8):1003-1013.
  • St-Onge, M. P, Ard, J, Baskin, M. L, Chiuve, S. E, Johnson, H. M, Kris-Etherton, P, Varady, K. Meal timing and frequency: implications for cardiovascular disease prevention: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017;135(9): e96-e121.
  • Kessler, K, Pivovarova-Ramich, O. Meal Timing, Aging, and Metabolic Health. International journal of molecular sciences. 2019; 20(8): 1911.
  • Garaulet, M, Gómez-Abellán, P. Timing of food intake and obesity: a novel association. Physiology & behavior. 2014;134: 44-50.
  • Marianna, P, Iolanda, C, Andrea, E, Valentina, P, Ilaria, G, Giovannino, C, Simona, B. Effects of time-restricted feeding on body weight and metabolism. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders.2019: 1-17.
  • Chaix, A, Zarrinpar, A, Miu, P, Panda, S. Time-restricted feeding is a preventative and therapeutic intervention against diverse nutritional challenges. Cell metabolism.2014;20(6):991-1005.
  • Gill, S, Le, H.D, Melkani, G.C, Panda, S. Time-restricted feding attenuates age-related cardiac decline in Drosophila. Science. 2015;347:1265–1269.
  • Hatori, M, Vollmers, C, Zarrinpar, A, DiTacchio, L, Bushong, E. A, Gill, S, Ellisman, M. H. Time-restricted feeding without reducing caloric intake prevents metabolic diseases in mice fed a high-fat diet. Cell metabolism.2012;15(6): 848-860.
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  • Zarrinpar, A, Chaix, A, Yooseph, S, Panda, S. Diet and feedingpattern affect the diurnal dynamics of the gut microbiome. Cell Metab. 2014;20:1006–1017.
  • Gill, S, Panda, S. A smartphone app reveals erratic diurnal eating patterns in humans that can be modulated for health benefits. Cell metabolism.2015; 22(5):789-798
  • Ren, J, Hu, D, Mao, Y, Yang, H, Liao, W, Xu, W, Zhong, S. Alteration in gut microbiota caused by time‐restricted feeding alleviate hepatic ischaemia reperfusion injury in mice. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine.2019; 23(3): 1714-1722.
  • Şahin Bayram, S., Göz, B., & Aktaş, N. (2018). Ağırlık Yönetiminde Yeni Bir Diyet Eğilimi:Aralıklı Oruç. In International Conference on Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, Gastronomy Research (pp. 576–583). Antalya, Türkiye.
  • Caramoci, A, Mitoiu, B, Pop, M, Mazilu, V, Vasilescu, M, Ionescu, A. M, Eugenia, R. Is intermittent fasting a scientifically-based dietary method? Medicina Sportiva: Journal of Romanian Sports Medicine Society.2016; 12(2):2747.
  • Ravussin, E, Beyl, R. A, Poggiogalle, E, Hsia, D. S, Peterson, C. M. Early Time‐Restricted Feeding Reduces Appetite and Increases Fat Oxidation But Does Not Affect Energy Expenditure in Humans. Obesity.2019;27(8):1244-1254.
  • Sutton, E. F, Beyl, R, Early, K. S, Cefalu, W. T, Ravussin, E, Peterson, C. M. Early time-restricted feeding improves insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, and oxidative stress even without weight loss in men with prediabetes. Cell metabolism.2018;27(6):1212-1221.
  • Stote, K. S, Baer, D. J, Spears, K, Paul, D. R, Harris, G. K, Rumpler, W. V, Longo, D. L. A controlled trial of reduced meal frequency without caloric restriction in healthy, normal-weight, middle-aged adults. The American journal of clinical nutrition.2007;85(4):981-988.
  • LeCheminant, J. D, Christenson, E, Bailey, B. W, Tucker, L. A. Restricting night-time eating reduces daily energy intake in healthy young men: a short-term cross-over study. British journal of nutrition.2013;110(11):2108-2113.
  • Sherman, H, Frumin, I, Gutman, R, Chapnik, N, Lorentz, A, Meylan, J, Froy, O. Long‐term restricted feeding alters circadian expression and reduces the level of inflammatory and disease markers. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine.2011;15(12):2745-2759.
  • Belkacemi, L, Selselet-Attou, G, Louchami, K, Sener, A, Malaisse, W. J. Intermittent fasting modulation of the diabetic syndrome in sand rats. II. In vivo investigations. International journal of molecular medicine. 2010;26(5):759-765.
  • Farooq, N, Priyamvada, S, Arivarasu, N. A, Salim, S, Khan, F, Yusufi, A. N. K. Influence of Ramadan-type fasting on enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism and brush border membrane in small intestine and liver of rat used as a model. British journal of Nutrition.2006; 96(6):1087-1094.
  • Salim, S, Farooq, N, Priyamvada, S, Asghar, M, Khundmiri, S. J, Khan, S, Yusufi, A. N. K. Influence of Ramadan-type fasting on carbohydrate metabolism, brush border membrane enzymes and phosphate transport in rat kidney used as a model. British journal of nutrition.2007;98(5):984-990.
  • Salgado-Delgado, R, Angeles-Castellanos, M, Saderi, N, Buijs, R. M, Escobar, C. Food intake during the normal activity phase prevents obesity and circadian desynchrony in a rat model of night work. Endocrinology.2010;151(3):1019-1029.
  • Bray MS, Tsai JY, Villegas-Montoya C, et al. Time-of-day-dependent dietary fat consumption influences multiple cardiometabolic syndrome parameters in mice. Int J Obes (Lond). 2010;34:1589–1598.
  • Tsai JY, Villegas-Montoya C, Boland BB, et al. Influence of dark phase restricted high fat feeding on myocardial adaptation in mice. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2013;55:147–155.
  • Chaix, A, Lin, T, Le, H. D, Chang, M. W, Panda, S.Time-restricted feeding prevents obesity and metabolic syndrome in mice lacking a circadian clock. Cell metabolism.2019;29(2):303-319.
  • Temizhan A, Tandogan I, Donderici O, et al. The effects of Ramadan fasting on blood lipid levels. Am J Med. 2000;109:341–342.
  • Ravanshad S, Setoudehmaram D, Setoudeh ME, et al. Effect of fasting on serum glucose, lipids and keton bodies concentration during Ramadan in Arsenjan-Iran. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 1999;2:23–26.
  • Aksungar FB, Topkaya AE, Akyildiz M. Interleukin-6, C-reactive protein and biochemical parameters during prolonged intermittent fasting. Ann Nutr Metab. 2007;51:88–95.
  • Olsen, M. K, Choi, M. H, Kulseng, B, Zhao, C. M, Chen, D. Time-restricted feeding on weekdays restricts weight gain: A study using rat models of high-fat diet-induced obesity. Physiology & behavior.2017;173:298-304.
  • Gabel, K, Hoddy, K. K, Haggerty, N, Song, J, Kroeger, C. M, Trepanowski, J. F, Varady, K. A. Effects of 8-hour time restricted feeding on body weight and metabolic disease risk factors in obese adults: A pilot study. Nutrition and healthy aging.2018;4(4):345-353.
  • Yasumoto, Y, Hashimoto, C, Nakao, R, Yamazaki, H, Hiroyama, H, Nemoto, T, Yoshida-Noro, C. Short-term feeding at the wrong time is sufficient to desynchronize peripheral clocks and induce obesity with hyperphagia, physical inactivity and metabolic disorders in mice. Metabolism.2016;65(5):714-727.
  • Nematy M, Alinezhad-Namaghi M, Rashed MM, et al. Effects of Ramadan fasting on cardiovascular risk factors: a prospective observational study. Nutr J.2012;11:69.
  • Adlouni A, Ghalim N, Benslimane A, et al. Fasting during Ramadan induces a marked increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and decrease in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Ann Nutr Metab. 1997;41:242–249.
  • Zare A, Hajhashemi M, Hassan ZM, et al. Effect of Ramadan fasting on serum heat shock protein 70 and serum lipid profile. Singapore Med J. 2011;52:491–495.
  • Glass, C. K, Olefsky, J. M. Inflammation and lipid signaling in the etiology of insulin resistance. Cell metabolism.2012;15(5):635-645.
  • Lindgren, O, Mari, A, Deacon, C.F, Carr, R.D, Winzell, M.S, Vikman, J, Ahren, B. Differential islet and incretin hormone responses in morning versus afternoon after standardized meal in healthy men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2009;94,-: 2887–2892.
  • Saad, A, Dalla Man, C, Nandy, D.K, Levine, J.A, Bharucha, A.E, Rizza, R.A., Basu, R, Carter, R.E, Cobelli, C, Kudva, Y.C et al. Diurnal pattern to insulin secretion and insulin action in healthy individuals. Diabetes. 2012; 61: 2691–2700.
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Öğün Zamanı Stratejisi: Zaman Kısıtlı Beslenme

Year 2020, Volume: 2 Issue: 3, 128 - 136, 12.10.2020

Büşra Aydın Aslan Efsun Karabudak

Abstract

Dünya genelinde ve ülkemizde bireyler gün içerisindeki enerji ve besin ögesi ihtiyaçlarını karşılarken farklı beslenme modellerini bilinçli ve/veya bilinçsizce nedenini bilmeden tercih ederler. Bu modellerden bir tanesi de zaman kısıtlı beslenme modelidir. Bu modeli diğer modellerden ayıran en önemli özellik öğünün içeriğinin ve miktarının önemli olduğu kadar öğünün zamanının da önemli olmasıdır. Sirkadiyen ritme göre belirlenen öğün zamanının metabolizma üzerine klinik olarak olumlu etkisine dair pek çok çalışma yapılmaktadır. Son yıllarda yapılan araştırmalarda zaman kısıtlı beslenmenin insan metabolizmasına en uyumlu ve en etkili öğün zamanı modeli olduğu savunulmaktadır. Bu derlemede, zaman kısıtlı beslenmenin vücut ağırlığı, lipid profili, açlık glukozu, açlık insülin, enerji harcaması, iştah mekanizması ile ilişkili hormonlar ve inflamasyon markerları gibi metabolik göstergeler üzerindeki etkisine değinilmiştir.

Keywords

Öğün zamanı Zaman kısıtlı beslenme Sirkadiyen ritim

References

  • Ruddick‐Collins, L. C., Johnston, J. D., Morgan, P. J., & Johnstone, A. M. The Big Breakfast Study: Chrono‐nutrition influence on energy expenditure and bodyweight. Nutrition bulletin.2018;43(2):174-183.
  • Yüksel, A. Sirkadiyen Ritim İle Yeme Zamanı İlişkisi. Sağlık Profesyonelleri Araştırma Dergisi.2019;1(1):38-43.
  • Bandin, C., Scheer, F. A. J. L., Luque, A. J., Avila-Gandia, V., Zamora, S., Madrid, J. A., ... & Garaulet, M. Meal timing affects glucose tolerance, substrate oxidation and circadian-related variables: A randomized, crossover trial. International journal of obesity. 2015;39(5): 828-833.
  • Varady, Krista A. Meal frequency and timing: impact on metabolic disease risk. Current Opinion in Endocrinology & Diabetes and Obesity.2016; 23(5): 379-383.
  • Stokkan, K. A, Yamazaki, S., Tei, H., Sakaki, Y., & Menaker, M. Entrainment of the circadian clock in the liver by feeding. Science. 2001;291(5503):490-493.
  • Patton, D. F, Mistlberger, R. E. Circadian adaptations to meal timing: neuroendocrine mechanisms. Frontiers in neuroscience.2013;7:185.
  • Manoogian, E. N, Panda, S. Circadian rhythms, time-restricted feeding, and healthy aging. Ageing research reviews.2017;39:59-67.
  • Oda, Hiroaki. "Chrononutrition." Journal of nutritional science and vitaminology 61.Supplement 2015: S92-S94.
  • Knutsson, A. Health disorders of shift workers. Occupational medicine. 2003;53(2): 103-108.
  • Kubo, T, Ozasa, K, Mikami, K, Wakai, K, Fujino, Y, Watanabe, Y, Mori, M. Prospective cohort study of the risk of prostate cancer among rotating-shift workers: findings from the Japan collaborative cohort study. American journal of epidemiology.2006;164(6): 549-555.
  • Garaulet, M, Gómez-Abellán, P, Alburquerque-Béjar, J. J, Lee, Y. C, Ordovás, J. M, Scheer, F. A. Timing of food intake predicts weight loss effectiveness. International journal of obesity. 2013;37(4): 604-611.
  • Beccuti, G, Monagheddu, C, Evangelista, A, Ciccone, G, Broglio, F, Soldati, L, Bo, S. Timing of food intake: Sounding the alarm about metabolic impairments? A systematic review. Pharmacological research.2017; 125: 132-141.
  • Grant, C. L, Coates, A. M, Dorrian, J, Kennaway, D. J, Wittert, G. A, Heilbronn, L. K, Banks, S. Timing of food intake during simulated night shift impacts glucose metabolism: A controlled study. Chronobiology international.2017; 34(8):1003-1013.
  • St-Onge, M. P, Ard, J, Baskin, M. L, Chiuve, S. E, Johnson, H. M, Kris-Etherton, P, Varady, K. Meal timing and frequency: implications for cardiovascular disease prevention: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017;135(9): e96-e121.
  • Kessler, K, Pivovarova-Ramich, O. Meal Timing, Aging, and Metabolic Health. International journal of molecular sciences. 2019; 20(8): 1911.
  • Garaulet, M, Gómez-Abellán, P. Timing of food intake and obesity: a novel association. Physiology & behavior. 2014;134: 44-50.
  • Marianna, P, Iolanda, C, Andrea, E, Valentina, P, Ilaria, G, Giovannino, C, Simona, B. Effects of time-restricted feeding on body weight and metabolism. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders.2019: 1-17.
  • Chaix, A, Zarrinpar, A, Miu, P, Panda, S. Time-restricted feeding is a preventative and therapeutic intervention against diverse nutritional challenges. Cell metabolism.2014;20(6):991-1005.
  • Gill, S, Le, H.D, Melkani, G.C, Panda, S. Time-restricted feding attenuates age-related cardiac decline in Drosophila. Science. 2015;347:1265–1269.
  • Hatori, M, Vollmers, C, Zarrinpar, A, DiTacchio, L, Bushong, E. A, Gill, S, Ellisman, M. H. Time-restricted feeding without reducing caloric intake prevents metabolic diseases in mice fed a high-fat diet. Cell metabolism.2012;15(6): 848-860.
  • Sherman, H, Genzer, Y, Cohen, R, Chapnik, N, Madar, Z, Froy, O. Timed high-fat diet resets circadian metabolism and prevents obesity. The FASEB Journal.2012; 26(8): 3493-3502.
  • Zarrinpar, A, Chaix, A, Yooseph, S, Panda, S. Diet and feedingpattern affect the diurnal dynamics of the gut microbiome. Cell Metab. 2014;20:1006–1017.
  • Gill, S, Panda, S. A smartphone app reveals erratic diurnal eating patterns in humans that can be modulated for health benefits. Cell metabolism.2015; 22(5):789-798
  • Ren, J, Hu, D, Mao, Y, Yang, H, Liao, W, Xu, W, Zhong, S. Alteration in gut microbiota caused by time‐restricted feeding alleviate hepatic ischaemia reperfusion injury in mice. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine.2019; 23(3): 1714-1722.
  • Şahin Bayram, S., Göz, B., & Aktaş, N. (2018). Ağırlık Yönetiminde Yeni Bir Diyet Eğilimi:Aralıklı Oruç. In International Conference on Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, Gastronomy Research (pp. 576–583). Antalya, Türkiye.
  • Caramoci, A, Mitoiu, B, Pop, M, Mazilu, V, Vasilescu, M, Ionescu, A. M, Eugenia, R. Is intermittent fasting a scientifically-based dietary method? Medicina Sportiva: Journal of Romanian Sports Medicine Society.2016; 12(2):2747.
  • Ravussin, E, Beyl, R. A, Poggiogalle, E, Hsia, D. S, Peterson, C. M. Early Time‐Restricted Feeding Reduces Appetite and Increases Fat Oxidation But Does Not Affect Energy Expenditure in Humans. Obesity.2019;27(8):1244-1254.
  • Sutton, E. F, Beyl, R, Early, K. S, Cefalu, W. T, Ravussin, E, Peterson, C. M. Early time-restricted feeding improves insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, and oxidative stress even without weight loss in men with prediabetes. Cell metabolism.2018;27(6):1212-1221.
  • Stote, K. S, Baer, D. J, Spears, K, Paul, D. R, Harris, G. K, Rumpler, W. V, Longo, D. L. A controlled trial of reduced meal frequency without caloric restriction in healthy, normal-weight, middle-aged adults. The American journal of clinical nutrition.2007;85(4):981-988.
  • LeCheminant, J. D, Christenson, E, Bailey, B. W, Tucker, L. A. Restricting night-time eating reduces daily energy intake in healthy young men: a short-term cross-over study. British journal of nutrition.2013;110(11):2108-2113.
  • Sherman, H, Frumin, I, Gutman, R, Chapnik, N, Lorentz, A, Meylan, J, Froy, O. Long‐term restricted feeding alters circadian expression and reduces the level of inflammatory and disease markers. Journal of cellular and molecular medicine.2011;15(12):2745-2759.
  • Belkacemi, L, Selselet-Attou, G, Louchami, K, Sener, A, Malaisse, W. J. Intermittent fasting modulation of the diabetic syndrome in sand rats. II. In vivo investigations. International journal of molecular medicine. 2010;26(5):759-765.
  • Farooq, N, Priyamvada, S, Arivarasu, N. A, Salim, S, Khan, F, Yusufi, A. N. K. Influence of Ramadan-type fasting on enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism and brush border membrane in small intestine and liver of rat used as a model. British journal of Nutrition.2006; 96(6):1087-1094.
  • Salim, S, Farooq, N, Priyamvada, S, Asghar, M, Khundmiri, S. J, Khan, S, Yusufi, A. N. K. Influence of Ramadan-type fasting on carbohydrate metabolism, brush border membrane enzymes and phosphate transport in rat kidney used as a model. British journal of nutrition.2007;98(5):984-990.
  • Salgado-Delgado, R, Angeles-Castellanos, M, Saderi, N, Buijs, R. M, Escobar, C. Food intake during the normal activity phase prevents obesity and circadian desynchrony in a rat model of night work. Endocrinology.2010;151(3):1019-1029.
  • Bray MS, Tsai JY, Villegas-Montoya C, et al. Time-of-day-dependent dietary fat consumption influences multiple cardiometabolic syndrome parameters in mice. Int J Obes (Lond). 2010;34:1589–1598.
  • Tsai JY, Villegas-Montoya C, Boland BB, et al. Influence of dark phase restricted high fat feeding on myocardial adaptation in mice. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2013;55:147–155.
  • Chaix, A, Lin, T, Le, H. D, Chang, M. W, Panda, S.Time-restricted feeding prevents obesity and metabolic syndrome in mice lacking a circadian clock. Cell metabolism.2019;29(2):303-319.
  • Temizhan A, Tandogan I, Donderici O, et al. The effects of Ramadan fasting on blood lipid levels. Am J Med. 2000;109:341–342.
  • Ravanshad S, Setoudehmaram D, Setoudeh ME, et al. Effect of fasting on serum glucose, lipids and keton bodies concentration during Ramadan in Arsenjan-Iran. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 1999;2:23–26.
  • Aksungar FB, Topkaya AE, Akyildiz M. Interleukin-6, C-reactive protein and biochemical parameters during prolonged intermittent fasting. Ann Nutr Metab. 2007;51:88–95.
  • Olsen, M. K, Choi, M. H, Kulseng, B, Zhao, C. M, Chen, D. Time-restricted feeding on weekdays restricts weight gain: A study using rat models of high-fat diet-induced obesity. Physiology & behavior.2017;173:298-304.
  • Gabel, K, Hoddy, K. K, Haggerty, N, Song, J, Kroeger, C. M, Trepanowski, J. F, Varady, K. A. Effects of 8-hour time restricted feeding on body weight and metabolic disease risk factors in obese adults: A pilot study. Nutrition and healthy aging.2018;4(4):345-353.
  • Yasumoto, Y, Hashimoto, C, Nakao, R, Yamazaki, H, Hiroyama, H, Nemoto, T, Yoshida-Noro, C. Short-term feeding at the wrong time is sufficient to desynchronize peripheral clocks and induce obesity with hyperphagia, physical inactivity and metabolic disorders in mice. Metabolism.2016;65(5):714-727.
  • Nematy M, Alinezhad-Namaghi M, Rashed MM, et al. Effects of Ramadan fasting on cardiovascular risk factors: a prospective observational study. Nutr J.2012;11:69.
  • Adlouni A, Ghalim N, Benslimane A, et al. Fasting during Ramadan induces a marked increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and decrease in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Ann Nutr Metab. 1997;41:242–249.
  • Zare A, Hajhashemi M, Hassan ZM, et al. Effect of Ramadan fasting on serum heat shock protein 70 and serum lipid profile. Singapore Med J. 2011;52:491–495.
  • Glass, C. K, Olefsky, J. M. Inflammation and lipid signaling in the etiology of insulin resistance. Cell metabolism.2012;15(5):635-645.
  • Lindgren, O, Mari, A, Deacon, C.F, Carr, R.D, Winzell, M.S, Vikman, J, Ahren, B. Differential islet and incretin hormone responses in morning versus afternoon after standardized meal in healthy men. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2009;94,-: 2887–2892.
  • Saad, A, Dalla Man, C, Nandy, D.K, Levine, J.A, Bharucha, A.E, Rizza, R.A., Basu, R, Carter, R.E, Cobelli, C, Kudva, Y.C et al. Diurnal pattern to insulin secretion and insulin action in healthy individuals. Diabetes. 2012; 61: 2691–2700.
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There are 59 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Derleme
Authors

Büşra Aydın Aslan 0000-0001-7643-9659

Efsun Karabudak 0000-0002-4210-1657

Publication Date October 12, 2020
Submission Date June 29, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 2 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Aydın Aslan, B., & Karabudak, E. (2020). Öğün Zamanı Stratejisi: Zaman Kısıtlı Beslenme. Sağlık Profesyonelleri Araştırma Dergisi, 2(3), 128-136.
AMA Aydın Aslan B, Karabudak E. Öğün Zamanı Stratejisi: Zaman Kısıtlı Beslenme. J Health Pro Res. October 2020;2(3):128-136.
Chicago Aydın Aslan, Büşra, and Efsun Karabudak. “Öğün Zamanı Stratejisi: Zaman Kısıtlı Beslenme”. Sağlık Profesyonelleri Araştırma Dergisi 2, no. 3 (October 2020): 128-36.
EndNote Aydın Aslan B, Karabudak E (October 1, 2020) Öğün Zamanı Stratejisi: Zaman Kısıtlı Beslenme. Sağlık Profesyonelleri Araştırma Dergisi 2 3 128–136.
IEEE B. Aydın Aslan and E. Karabudak, “Öğün Zamanı Stratejisi: Zaman Kısıtlı Beslenme”, J Health Pro Res, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 128–136, 2020.
ISNAD Aydın Aslan, Büşra - Karabudak, Efsun. “Öğün Zamanı Stratejisi: Zaman Kısıtlı Beslenme”. Sağlık Profesyonelleri Araştırma Dergisi 2/3 (October 2020), 128-136.
JAMA Aydın Aslan B, Karabudak E. Öğün Zamanı Stratejisi: Zaman Kısıtlı Beslenme. J Health Pro Res. 2020;2:128–136.
MLA Aydın Aslan, Büşra and Efsun Karabudak. “Öğün Zamanı Stratejisi: Zaman Kısıtlı Beslenme”. Sağlık Profesyonelleri Araştırma Dergisi, vol. 2, no. 3, 2020, pp. 128-36.
Vancouver Aydın Aslan B, Karabudak E. Öğün Zamanı Stratejisi: Zaman Kısıtlı Beslenme. J Health Pro Res. 2020;2(3):128-36.
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SAĞLIK PROFESYONELLERİ ARAŞTIRMA DERGİSİ / JOURNAL OF HEALTH PROFESSIONALS RESEARCH /J HEALTH PRO RES