Abstract
Aim: This study was planned to scrutinize the experiences of pregnant women
with viral infections (HIV, HBV and HCV) during pregnancy.
Method: This study was in a qualitative research design in which the phenomenological method was used and the population consisted of pregnant women
with HIV, HBV and HCV who were treated in a university hospital Eleven women
with a diagnosis of viral infection, without psychiatric disease and communication
difficulties, were included in the study using purposive sampling method. The interviews were collected by the researcher in approximately 30 – 45 minutes using
the face-to-face interview technique.
Results: When the viral infection types of 11 pregnant women included in the
study were examined, 8 were found to be HBV (+), 2 as HIV (+), and 1 as HCV
(+). The mean age of the pregnant women was 33.27±4.31 and the mean week of
gestation was 34.90±2.54. Six main themes and sub-themes were created by coding the interview notes obtained from the interviews with women. These; first
diagnosis and feelings/senses”, “treatment/follow-up/protection”, “information and
counseling”, “spouse, family and social support” and “pregnancy decision”. In the
sub-themes, there are codes that support the main themes such as anxiety, sadness,
stigma, shock, hope, excitement.
Conclusions and Suggestions: As a result of the study, it was determined that
pregnant women diagnosed with viral infection experienced negative emotions
such as shock, sadness, shame and stigma. Counseling pregnant women about the
treatment process and afterward by health professionals has led to a decrease in
the anxiety of pregnant women and more positive experiences about pregnancy.
Keywords
References
- Adjei, C. A., Stutterheim, S. E., Naab, F., & Ruiter, R. A. (2019). Chronic Hepatitis B stigma in Ghana: a qualitative study with patients and providers. BMJ Open, 9(6), e025503.
- Ahad, M., Wallace, J., Xiao, Y., van Gemert, C., Bennett, G., Darby, J., et. al. (2022). Hepatitis B and pregnancy: understanding the experiences of care among pregnant women and recent mothers in metropolitan Melbourne. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 1-8.
- Belopolskaya, M., Avrutin, V., Kalinina, O., Dmitriev, A., & Gusev, D. (2021). Chronic hepatitis B in pregnant women: Current trends and approaches. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 27(23), 3279–3289.
- Buregyeya, E., Naigino, R., Mukose, A., Makumbi, F., Esiru, G., Arinaitwe, J., et. al. (2017). Facilitators and barriers to uptake and adherence to lifelong antiretroviral therapy among HIV infected pregnant women in Uganda: a qualitative study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 17(1), 1-9.
- Creswell, J. W. (2014) Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. USA: Sage Publications.
- Ferguson, L., Lewis, J., Grant, A. D., Watson-Jones, D., Vusha, S., Ong’ech, J. O., & Ross, D. A. (2012). Patient attrition between diagnosis with HIV in pregnancy-related services and long-term HIV care and treatment services in Kenya: a retrospective study. JAID, 60(3), 90-97.
- Fletcher, F., Ingram, L. A., Kerr, J., Buchberg, M., Richter, D. L., & Sowell, R. (2016). “Out of all of this mess, I got a blessing”: Perceptions and experiences of reproduction and motherhood in African American women living with HIV. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care, 27(4), 381-391.
- Giles, M. L., Grace, R., Tai, A., Michalak, K., & Walker, S. P. (2013). Prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) during pregnancy and the puerperium: current standards of care. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol, 53(3), 231-235.
- Güngör Satılmış, İ., Mecdi Kaydırak, M., (2019). Gebelikte Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Bakım. Sermin Timur Taşhan, Özlem Doğan Yüksekol, Mesude (Ed.), Riskli Gebelikler ve Bakım içinde (ss 313-352). Ankara: Göktuğ Basın ve Yayın Dağıtım ve Pazarlama.
- Kelly, C., Alderdice, F., Lohan, M., & Spence, D. (2012). Creating continuity out of the disruption of a diagnosis of HIV during pregnancy. J Clin Nurs, 21(11‐12), 1554-1562.
- Kislovskiy, Y., Chappell, C., Flaherty, E., Hamm, M. E., Cameron, F. D. A., Krans, E. E., & Chang, J. C. (2021). Experiences and Perspectives from women taking ınvestigational therapy for hepatitis c virus during pregnancy. Substance Abuse, 15, 1–7.
- Knettel, B. A., Minja, L., Chumba, L. N., Oshosen, M., Cichowitz, C., Mmbaga, B. T., & Watt, M. H. (2019). Serostatus disclosure among a cohort of HIV-infected pregnant women enrolled in HIV care in Moshi, Tanzania: a mixed-methods study. SSM Popul Health, 7, 100323.
- Kushner, T., & Reau, N. (2021). Changing epidemiology, implications, and recommendations for hepatitis C in women of childbearing age and during pregnancy. J Hepatol, 74(3), 734-741.
- Osborn, L., Ronen, K., Larsen, A. M., Richardson, B., Khasimwa, B., Chohan, B., et. al. (2022). Antenatal depressive symptoms in Kenyan women living with HIV: contributions of recent HIV diagnosis, stigma, and partner violence. AIDS Care, 34(1), 69-77.
- Sanhal, C. Y., Ataman, Özel, Ş., & Üstün, Y. E. (2018). Gebelikte HIV enfeksiyonu. Jinekoloji-Obstetrik ve Neonatoloji Tıp Dergisi, 15(2), 87-89. Silasi, M., Cardenas, I., Kwon, J. Y., Racicot, K., Aldo, P., & Mor, G. (2015). Viral infections during pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol, 73(3), 199-213.
- Taheri Ezbarami, Z., Hassani, P., Zagheri Tafreshi, M., & Alavi Majd, H. (2017). A qualitative study on individual experiences of chronic hepatitis B patients. Nursing Open, 4(4), 310-318.
- United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). UNAIDS data 2021. Retrieved from. https://www.unaids.org/ sites/default/files/media_asset/JC3032_AIDS_Data_book_2021_En.pdf.
- Valizadeh, L., Zamanzadeh, V., Zabihi, A., Negarandeh, R., & Jafarian Amiri, S. R. (2019). Qualitative study on the experiences of hepatitis B carriers in coping with the disease. Jpn J Nurs Sci, 16(2), 194-201.
Abstract
Amaç: Bu çalışma viral enfeksiyonu (HIV, HBV ve HCV) olan gebe kadınların
gebelik boyunca yaşadıkları deneyimleri derinlemesine irdemelek amacıyla planlandı.
Yöntem: Bu çalışma fenomenolojik yöntemin kullanıldığı nitel araştırma deseninde olup evrenini bir üniversite hastanesinin servisinde tedavi gören HIV, HBV
ve HCV’li gebe kadınlar oluşturdu. Çalışmaya viral enfeksiyon tanısı almış, psikiyatrik hastalığı ve iletişim güçlüğü olmayan 11 kadın amaçlı örneklem yöntemi
ile dahil edildi. Görüşmeler araştırmacı tarafından yüz yüze görüşme tekniği ile
yaklaşık 30 – 45 dakikada toplandı.
Bulgular: Çalışmaya katılan 11 gebenin viral enfeksiyon tipleri incelendiğinde
8’i HBV(+), 2’si HIV (+), 1’İ ise HCV (+) olarak saptandı. Gebelerin yaş ortalaması
33.27±4.31 ve gebelik haftası ortalaması 34.90±2.54 olarak belirlendi. Kadınlar ile
yapılan görüşmelerden elde edilen görüşme notları kodlanarak konuya ilişkin altı
ana tema ve alt temalar oluşturuldu. Bunlar; ilk tanı ve duygu/ hisler”, “tedavi/izlem/korunma”, “bilgi ve danışmanlık”, “eş, aile ve sosyal destek” ve “gebelik kararı”-
dır. Alt temalarda ise destekleyen kaygı, üzüntü, damgalanma, şok, umut, heyecan
gibi ana temaları destekleyen kodlar yer almaktadır.
Sonuçlar ve Öneriler: Çalışma sonucunda, viral enfeksiyon tanısı alan gebeler şok, üzüntü, utanç ve damgalanma gibi olumsuz duygular yaşadığı belirlendi.
Gebelere sağlık profesyonelleri tarafından tedavi süreci ve sonrası ile ilgili danışmanlık verilmesi gebelerin kaygılarının azalmasını ve gebeliğe ilişkin daha olumlu
deneyimler yaşamasına neden olmuştur.
References
- Adjei, C. A., Stutterheim, S. E., Naab, F., & Ruiter, R. A. (2019). Chronic Hepatitis B stigma in Ghana: a qualitative study with patients and providers. BMJ Open, 9(6), e025503.
- Ahad, M., Wallace, J., Xiao, Y., van Gemert, C., Bennett, G., Darby, J., et. al. (2022). Hepatitis B and pregnancy: understanding the experiences of care among pregnant women and recent mothers in metropolitan Melbourne. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 1-8.
- Belopolskaya, M., Avrutin, V., Kalinina, O., Dmitriev, A., & Gusev, D. (2021). Chronic hepatitis B in pregnant women: Current trends and approaches. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 27(23), 3279–3289.
- Buregyeya, E., Naigino, R., Mukose, A., Makumbi, F., Esiru, G., Arinaitwe, J., et. al. (2017). Facilitators and barriers to uptake and adherence to lifelong antiretroviral therapy among HIV infected pregnant women in Uganda: a qualitative study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 17(1), 1-9.
- Creswell, J. W. (2014) Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. USA: Sage Publications.
- Ferguson, L., Lewis, J., Grant, A. D., Watson-Jones, D., Vusha, S., Ong’ech, J. O., & Ross, D. A. (2012). Patient attrition between diagnosis with HIV in pregnancy-related services and long-term HIV care and treatment services in Kenya: a retrospective study. JAID, 60(3), 90-97.
- Fletcher, F., Ingram, L. A., Kerr, J., Buchberg, M., Richter, D. L., & Sowell, R. (2016). “Out of all of this mess, I got a blessing”: Perceptions and experiences of reproduction and motherhood in African American women living with HIV. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care, 27(4), 381-391.
- Giles, M. L., Grace, R., Tai, A., Michalak, K., & Walker, S. P. (2013). Prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) during pregnancy and the puerperium: current standards of care. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol, 53(3), 231-235.
- Güngör Satılmış, İ., Mecdi Kaydırak, M., (2019). Gebelikte Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları ve Bakım. Sermin Timur Taşhan, Özlem Doğan Yüksekol, Mesude (Ed.), Riskli Gebelikler ve Bakım içinde (ss 313-352). Ankara: Göktuğ Basın ve Yayın Dağıtım ve Pazarlama.
- Kelly, C., Alderdice, F., Lohan, M., & Spence, D. (2012). Creating continuity out of the disruption of a diagnosis of HIV during pregnancy. J Clin Nurs, 21(11‐12), 1554-1562.
- Kislovskiy, Y., Chappell, C., Flaherty, E., Hamm, M. E., Cameron, F. D. A., Krans, E. E., & Chang, J. C. (2021). Experiences and Perspectives from women taking ınvestigational therapy for hepatitis c virus during pregnancy. Substance Abuse, 15, 1–7.
- Knettel, B. A., Minja, L., Chumba, L. N., Oshosen, M., Cichowitz, C., Mmbaga, B. T., & Watt, M. H. (2019). Serostatus disclosure among a cohort of HIV-infected pregnant women enrolled in HIV care in Moshi, Tanzania: a mixed-methods study. SSM Popul Health, 7, 100323.
- Kushner, T., & Reau, N. (2021). Changing epidemiology, implications, and recommendations for hepatitis C in women of childbearing age and during pregnancy. J Hepatol, 74(3), 734-741.
- Osborn, L., Ronen, K., Larsen, A. M., Richardson, B., Khasimwa, B., Chohan, B., et. al. (2022). Antenatal depressive symptoms in Kenyan women living with HIV: contributions of recent HIV diagnosis, stigma, and partner violence. AIDS Care, 34(1), 69-77.
- Sanhal, C. Y., Ataman, Özel, Ş., & Üstün, Y. E. (2018). Gebelikte HIV enfeksiyonu. Jinekoloji-Obstetrik ve Neonatoloji Tıp Dergisi, 15(2), 87-89. Silasi, M., Cardenas, I., Kwon, J. Y., Racicot, K., Aldo, P., & Mor, G. (2015). Viral infections during pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol, 73(3), 199-213.
- Taheri Ezbarami, Z., Hassani, P., Zagheri Tafreshi, M., & Alavi Majd, H. (2017). A qualitative study on individual experiences of chronic hepatitis B patients. Nursing Open, 4(4), 310-318.
- United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). UNAIDS data 2021. Retrieved from. https://www.unaids.org/ sites/default/files/media_asset/JC3032_AIDS_Data_book_2021_En.pdf.
- Valizadeh, L., Zamanzadeh, V., Zabihi, A., Negarandeh, R., & Jafarian Amiri, S. R. (2019). Qualitative study on the experiences of hepatitis B carriers in coping with the disease. Jpn J Nurs Sci, 16(2), 194-201.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Health Care Administration |
| Journal Section | Original Research |
| Authors | |
| Early Pub Date | April 29, 2023 |
| Publication Date | April 29, 2023 |
| Submission Date | November 4, 2022 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023 Volume: 8 Issue: 1 |
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