Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Examination of the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis for Countries with Different Income Levels: Findings from the STIRPAT Model

Year 2022, Volume: 14 Issue: 26, 16 - 34, 25.05.2022
https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.1094474

Abstract

Purpose: In this study, it is aimed to test the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis within the scope of the STIRPAT environmental model for countries with different income levels.
Design/Methodology: In the study, the relationship between carbon emissions (CO2), real GDP, urbanization and energy intensity was examined by panel analysis methods for 27 high, 24 upper-middle and 21 low middle-income countries between 1990 and 2014. FMOLS and DOLS methods and Dumitrescu Hurlin Panel causality method were used in the analyzes made in the study.
Findings: According to the results of FMOLS and DOLS methods, it is seen that the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis is valid in high and high middle-income countries, but not in low middle-income countries. In the other results obtained, it has been determined that urbanization is an important factor in environmental pollution. According to the results of the Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality test, it is seen that there is a unidirectional causality relationship from carbon emissions to economic growth in high-income countries and bidirectional causality in high-middle and low-middle income countries.
Limitations: n the study, within the scope of the classification made by the United Nations, a total of 72 countries (27 high-income, 24 upper-middle and 21 low-middle income countries are included in Annex 1).
Originality/Value: The study differs from other studies in terms of evaluating the countries in different income groups together and evaluating the impact of the difference in income level on the environment.

References

  • Acaravci, A., & Erdogan, S. (2016). The convergence behavior of CO2 emissions in seven regions under multiple structural breaks. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 6(3), 575-580. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/361656
  • Adams, S., Boateng, E., & Acheampong, A. O. (2020). Transport energy consumption and environmental quality: Does urbanization matter?. Science of The Total Environment, 744, 140617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140617
  • Adedoyin, F. F., Erum, N., & Bekun, F. V. (2021). How does institutional quality moderates the impact of tourism on economic growth? Startling evidence from high earners and tourism-dependent economies. Tourism Economics, XX(X), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354816621993627
  • Adedoyin, F. F., & Zakari, A. (2020). Energy consumption, economic expansion, and CO2 emission in the UK: The role of economic policy uncertainty. Science of the Total Environment, 738, 140014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140014
  • Al-Mulali, U., & Ozturk, I. (2015). The effect of energy consumption, urbanization, trade openness, industrial output, and the political stability on the environmental degradation in the MENA (Middle East and North African) region. Energy, 84, 382-389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.03.004
  • Al-Mulali, U., Saboori, B., & Ozturk, I. (2015). Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Vietnam. Energy policy, 76, 123-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.11.019.
  • Apergis, N., & Ozturk, I. (2015). Testing environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Asian countries. Ecological indicators, 52, 16-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.11.026
  • Apergis, N., & Payne, J. E. (2009). CO2 emissions, energy usage, and output in Central America. Energy Policy, 37(8), 3282-3286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.03.048
  • Aras, G. (2022). Türkiye’de ekolojik ayak izi dinamiklerinin STIRPAT modeli kapsamında analizi (Yayın No. 707530) [Yüksek lisans tezi, Erciyes Üniversitesi] Yükseköğretim Kurumu Tez Merkezi. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
  • Aslan, A., Destek, M. A., & Okumus, I. (2018). Bootstrap rolling window estimation approach to analysis of the Environment Kuznets Curve hypothesis: evidence from the USA. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(3), 2402-2408. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0548-3
  • Boutabba, M. A. (2014). The impact of financial development, income, energy and trade on carbon emissions: Evidence from the Indian economy. Economic Modelling, 40, 33-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.03.005
  • Bozkurt, C., & Okumuş, İ. (2015). Türkiye’de ekonomik büyüme, enerji tüketimi, ticari serbestleşme ve nüfus yoğunluğunun CO2 emisyonu üzerindeki etkileri: Yapısal kırılmalı eşbütünleşme analizi. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12(32), 23-35. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/183463
  • Cramer, J. C. (1998). Population growth and air quality in California. Demography, 35(1), 45-56. https://doi.org/10.2307/3004026
  • DeHart, J. L., & Soulé, P. T. (2000). Does I=PAT work in local places?. The Professional Geographer, 52(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1111/0033-0124.00200
  • Destek, M. A. (2018). Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi hipotezinin Türkiye için incelenmesi: STIRPAT modelinden bulgular. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 19(2), 268-283. http://esjournal.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/tr/pub/issue/40744/452978
  • Destek, M. A., & Aydın, S. (2022). An empirical note on tourism and sustainable development nexus. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18371-9
  • Destek, M. A., Balli, E., & Manga, M. (2016). The relationship between CO2 emission, energy consumption, urbanization and trade openness for selected CEECs. Research in World Economy, 7(1), 52-58. https://doi.org/10.5430/rwe.v7n1p52
  • Destek, M. A., & Ozsoy, F. N. (2015). Relationships between economic growth, energy consumption, globalization, urbanization and environmental degradation in Turkey. International Journal of Energy and Statistics, 3(04), 1550017. https://doi.org/10.1142/S2335680415500179
  • Destek, M. A., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2019). Investigation of environmental Kuznets curve for ecological footprint: The role of energy and financial development. Science of the Total Environment, 650, 2483-2489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.017
  • Destek, M. A., Shahbaz, M., Okumus, I., Hammoudeh, S., & Sinha, A. (2020). The relationship between economic growth and carbon emissions in G-7 countries: Evidence from time-varying parameters with a long history. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(23), 29100-29117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09189-y
  • Destek, M. A., & Sinha, A. (2020). Renewable, non-renewable energy consumption, economic growth, trade openness and ecological footprint: Evidence from organisation for economic Co-operation and development countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 242, 118537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118537
  • Destek, M. A., Ulucak, R., & Dogan, E. (2018). Analyzing the environmental Kuznets curve for the EU countries: The role of ecological footprint. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(29), 29387-29396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2911-4
  • Dietz, T., & Rosa, E. A. (1997). Effects of population and affluence on CO2 emissions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 94(1), 175-179. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.1.175
  • Dogan, E., & Inglesi-Lotz, R. (2020). The impact of economic structure to the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis: Evidence from European countries. Environmental science and pollution research, 27(11), 12717-12724. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07878-2
  • Dumitrescu, E. I., & Hurlin, C. (2012). Testing for Granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels. Economic modelling, 29(4), 1450-1460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2012.02.014
  • Ehrlich, P. R., & Holdren, J. P. (1971). Impact of population growth: Complacency concerning this component of man's predicament is unjustified and counterproductive. Science, 171(3977), 1212-1217. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.171.3977.1212
  • Erdogan, S., Okumus, I., & Guzel, A. E. (2020). Revisiting the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis in OECD countries: The role of renewable, non-renewable energy, and oil prices. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(19), 23655-23663. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08520-x
  • Figueroa B, E., & Pastén C, R. (2009). Country specific environmental Kuznets curves: A random coefficient approach applied to high-income countries. Estudios de Economía, 36(1), 5-32. http://hdl.handle.net/10419/66681
  • Fosten, J., Morley, B., & Taylor, T. (2012). Dynamic misspecification in the environmental Kuznets curve: Evidence from CO2 and SO2 emissions in the United Kingdom. Ecological Economics, 76, 25-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.01.023
  • Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement. Working Paper No. 3914. https://doi.org/10.3386/w3914
  • Gülmez, A. (2015). OECD ülkelerinde ekonomik büyüme ve hava kirliliği ilişkisi: Panel veri analizi. Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(3), 18-30. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/309320
  • Gyamfi, B. A., Bein, M. A., Adedoyin, F. F., & Bekun, F. V. (2021). To what extent are pollutant emission intensified by international tourist arrivals? Starling evidence from G7 Countries. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01765-7
  • Halicioglu, F. (2009). An econometric study of CO2 emissions, energy consumption, income and foreign trade in Turkey. Energy policy, 37(3), 1156-1164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.11.012
  • Haseeb, A., Xia, E., Baloch, M. A., & Abbas, K. (2018). Financial development, globalization, and CO2 emission in the presence of EKC: Evidence from BRICS countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(31), 31283-31296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3034-7
  • Hayden, A., & Shandra, J. M. (2009). Hours of work and the ecological footprint of nations: An exploratory analysis. Local Environment, 14(6), 575-600. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549830902904185
  • Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H., & Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. Journal of econometrics, 115(1), 53-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(03)00092-7
  • International Energy Agency (IEA). (2021). Assessing the effects of economic recoveries on global energy demand and CO2 emissions in 2021. https://www.iea.org
  • Iwata, H., Okada, K., & Samreth, S. (2012). Empirical study on the determinants of CO2 emissions: Evidence from OECD countries. Applied Economics, 44(27), 3513-3519. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2011.577023
  • Jalil, A., & Feridun, M. (2011). The impact of growth, energy and financial development on the environment in China: A cointegration analysis. Energy economics, 33(2), 284-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2010.10.003
  • Jalil, A., & Mahmud, S. F. (2009). Environment Kuznets curve for CO2 emissions: A cointegration analysis for China. Energy policy, 37(12), 5167-5172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.07.044
  • Javid, M., & Sharif, F. (2016). Environmental Kuznets Curve and financial development in Pakistan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 406-414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.019
  • Jia, J., Deng, H., Duan, J., & Zhao, J. (2009). Analysis of the major drivers of the ecological footprint using the STIRPAT model and the PLS method-A case study in Henan Province, China. Ecological Economics, 68(11), 2818-2824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.05.012
  • Kaika, D., & Zervas, E. (2013). The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) theory-part A: Concept, causes and the CO2 emissions case. Energy Policy, 62, 1392-1402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.07.131
  • Katircioğlu, S. T., & Taşpinar, N. (2017). Testing the moderating role of financial development in an environmental Kuznets Curve: Empirical evidence from Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 68, 572-586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.127
  • Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic growth and income inequality. The American Economic Review, 45(1), 1-28. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1811581
  • Küçükaksoy, İ., Çifçi, İ., & Özbek, R. İ. (2015). İhracata dayalı büyüme hipotezi: Türkiye uygulaması. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(2), 691-720. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/382373
  • Levin, A., Lin, C. F., & Chu, C. S. J. (2002). Unit root tests in panel data: Asymptotic and finite-sample properties. Journal of econometrics, 108(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(01)00098-7
  • Liddle, B., & Lung, S. (2010). Age-structure, urbanization, and climate change in developed countries: Revisiting STIRPAT for disaggregated population and consumption-related environmental impacts. Population and Environment, 31(5), 317-343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-010-0101-5
  • Maddala, G. S., & Wu, S. (1999) A comparative study of unit root tests with panel data and a new simple test. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61, 631-652. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.61.s1.13
  • Nazlıoğlu, Ş. (2010). Makro iktisat politikalarının tarım sektörü üzerindeki etkileri: Gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkeler için bir karşılaştırma (Yayın No. 263217) [Doktora tezi, Erciyes Üniversitesi] Yükseköğretim Kurumu Tez Merkezi. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
  • Ohlan, R. (2015). The impact of population density, energy consumption, economic growth and trade openness on CO2 emissions in India. Natural Hazards, 79(2), 1409-1428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-015-1898-0
  • Okumuş, I., Guzel, A. E., & Destek, M. A. (2021). Renewable, non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth nexus in G7: Fresh evidence from CS-ARDL. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(40), 56595-56605. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14618-7
  • Ozatac, N., Gokmenoglu, K. K., & Taspinar, N. (2017). Testing the EKC hypothesis by considering trade openness, urbanization, and financial development: The case of Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(20), 16690-16701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9317-6
  • Ozturk, I., & Acaravci, A. (2013). The long-run and causal analysis of energy, growth, openness and financial development on carbon emissions in Turkey. Energy Economics, 36, 262-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2012.08.025
  • Panayotou, T. (1993). Empirical tests and policy analysis of environmental degradation at different stages of economic development. No. 992927783402676. International Labour Organization.
  • Panayotou, T. (2000). Globalization and environment. CID Working Paper Series.
  • Pata, U. K. (2018). Renewable energy consumption, urbanization, financial development, income and CO2 emissions in Turkey: Testing EKC hypothesis with structural breaks. Journal of Cleaner Production, 187, 770-779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.236
  • Pata, U. K. (2019). Environmental Kuznets Curve and trade openness in Turkey: Bootstrap ARDL approach with a structural break. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(20), 20264-20276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05266-z
  • Pata, U. K., & Caglar, A. E. (2021). Investigating the EKC hypothesis with renewable energy consumption, human capital, globalization and trade openness for China: Evidence from augmented ARDL approach with a structural break. Energy, 216, 119220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.119220
  • Pedroni, P. (1999). Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with multiple regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and statistics, 61(S1), 653-670. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.0610s1653
  • Pedroni, P. (2000). Fully modified OLS for heterogeneous cointegrated panels. In B. H. Baltagi, T. B. Fomby, & R. Carter Hill (Eds.), Nonstationary panels, panel cointegration, and dynamic panels. (Advances in Econometrics, 15, pp. 93-130). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0731-9053(00)15004-2
  • Pedroni, P. (2001). Purchasing power parity tests in cointegrated panels. Review of Economics and statistics, 83(4), 727-731. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465301753237803
  • Polloni-Silva, E., Silveira, N., Ferraz, D., de Mello, D. S., & Moralles, H. F. (2021). The drivers of energy-related CO2 emissions in Brazil: A regional application of the STIRPAT model. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(37), 51745-51762. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14097-w
  • Rahman, M. M. (2020). Environmental degradation: The role of electricity consumption, economic growth and globalisation. Journal of environmental management, 253, 109742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109742
  • Rasool, H., Maqbool, S., & Tarique, M. (2021). The relationship between tourism and economic growth among BRICS countries: A panel cointegration analysis. Future Business Journal, 7(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-020-00048-3
  • Salahuddin, M., Gow, J., & Ozturk, I. (2015). Is the long-run relationship between economic growth, electricity consumption, carbon dioxide emissions and financial development in Gulf Cooperation Council Countries robust?. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 51, 317-326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.06.005
  • Seker, F., Ertugrul, H. M., & Cetin, M. (2015). The impact of foreign direct investment on environmental quality: A bounds testing and causality analysis for Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 347-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.118
  • Shafiei, S., & Salim, R. A. (2014). Non-renewable and renewable energy consumption and CO2 emissions in OECD countries: A comparative analysis. Energy policy, 66, 547-556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.10.064
  • Shafik, N., & Bandyopadhyay, S. (1992). Economic growth and environmental quality: Time-series and cross-country evidence (Vol. 904). World Bank Publications.
  • Shahbaz, M., Hye, Q. M. A., Tiwari, A. K., & Leitão, N. C. (2013). Economic growth, energy consumption, financial development, international trade and CO2 emissions in Indonesia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25, 109-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.04.009
  • Shahbaz, M., Sbia, R., Hamdi, H., & Ozturk, I. (2014). Economic growth, electricity consumption, urbanization and environmental degradation relationship in United Arab Emirates. Ecological Indicators, 45, 622-631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.05.022
  • Shi, A. (2003). The impact of population pressure on global carbon dioxide emissions, 1975-1996: evidence from pooled cross-country data. Ecological economics, 44(1), 29-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(02)00223-9
  • Soule, P. T., & DeHart, J. L. (1998). Assessing IPAT using production-and consumption-based measures of I. Social Science Quarterly, 754-765. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42863845
  • Topdağ, D., Acar, T., & Çelik, İ. E. (2020). Estimation of the global-scale ecological footprint within the framework of STIRPAT models: The quantile regression approach. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, 70(2), 339-358. https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/406CB06B65A34C5594C86EC1E63AC2FF
  • United Nations Situation and Prospects. (2020). World economic situation and prospect. https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/WESP2020_Annex.pdf
  • Wang, Q., Wang, X., & Li, R. (2022). Does urbanization redefine the Environmental Kuznets Curve? An empirical analysis of 134 Countries. Sustainable Cities and Society, 76, 103382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103382
  • World Bank. (2021) Dünya kalkınma göstergeleri. https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/world-development-indicators
  • Wu, R., Wang, J., Wang, S., & Feng, K. (2021). The drivers of declining CO2 emissions trends in developed nations using an extended STIRPAT model: A historical and prospective analysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 149, 111328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111328
  • York, R., Rosa, E. A., & Dietz, T. (2003). STIRPAT, IPAT and ImPACT: Analytic tools for unpacking the driving forces of environmental impacts. Ecological economics, 46(3), 351-365. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(03)00188-5
  • Yurtkuran, S. (2021). Çevresel Kuznets eğrisi hipotezinin geçerliliği ve yeşil lojistik: Türkiye örneği. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 24(45), 171-201. https://doi.org/10.31795/baunsobed.874990
  • Zhang, C., & Lin, Y. (2012). Panel estimation for urbanization, energy consumption and CO2 emissions: A regional analysis in China. Energy policy, 49, 488-498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.06.048
  • Zhao, L., Zhao, T., & Yuan, R. (2022). Scenario simulations for the peak of provincial household CO2 emissions in China based on the STIRPAT model. Science of The Total Environment, 809, 151098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151098
  • Zoundi, Z. (2017). CO2 emissions, renewable energy and the Environmental Kuznets Curve, a panel cointegration approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 72, 1067-1075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.10.018

Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin Farklı Gelir Düzeylerindeki Ülkeler için İncelenmesi: STIRPAT Modelinden Bulgular

Year 2022, Volume: 14 Issue: 26, 16 - 34, 25.05.2022
https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.1094474

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmada farklı gelir düzeylerine sahip ülkeler için STIRPAT çevre modeli kapsamında Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi hipotezinin test edilmesi amaçlanmaktadır.
Tasarım/Yöntem: Çalışmada, karbon emisyonu (CO2), reel GSYİH, kentleşme ve enerji yoğunluğu arasındaki ilişki 1990-2014 yılları arasındaki dönemde 27 yüksek, 24 üst orta ve 21 düşük orta gelirli ülke için panel analiz yöntemleriyle incelemiştir. Çalışmada yapılan analizlerde FMOLS ve DOLS yöntemleri ile Dumitrescu Hurlin Panel nedensellik yöntemi kullanılmıştır.
Bulgular: FMOLS ve DOLS yöntemleri sonuçlarına göre yüksek ve yüksek orta gelirli ülkelerde Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi hipotezinin geçerli olduğu, düşük orta gelirli ülkelerde ise geçerli olmadığı görülmektedir. Elde edilen diğer sonuçlarda çevre kirliliği üzerinde kentleşmenin önemli bir etken olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Dumitrescu-Hurlin nedensellik testi sonuçlarına göre ise yüksek gelirli ülkelerde karbon salınımından ekonomik büyüme doğru tek yönlü, yüksek orta ve düşük orta gelirli ülkelerde ise çift yönlü nedensellik ilişkisi olduğu görülmektedir.
Sınırlılıklar: Çalışmada, Birleşmiş Milletler tarafından yapılan sınıflandırma kapsamında 27 yüksek gelirli, 24 üst orta ve 21 düşük orta gelirli olmak üzere toplam 72 ülke de (ülke listesi EK 1’de yer almaktadır).
Özgünlük/Değer: Çalışma farklı gelir gruplarında bulunan ülkelerin birlikte değerlendirilmesi ve gelir düzeyindeki farklılığın çevre üzerindeki etkisinin değerlendirilmesi açısından diğer çalışmalardan farklılaşmaktadır.

References

  • Acaravci, A., & Erdogan, S. (2016). The convergence behavior of CO2 emissions in seven regions under multiple structural breaks. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 6(3), 575-580. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/361656
  • Adams, S., Boateng, E., & Acheampong, A. O. (2020). Transport energy consumption and environmental quality: Does urbanization matter?. Science of The Total Environment, 744, 140617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140617
  • Adedoyin, F. F., Erum, N., & Bekun, F. V. (2021). How does institutional quality moderates the impact of tourism on economic growth? Startling evidence from high earners and tourism-dependent economies. Tourism Economics, XX(X), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354816621993627
  • Adedoyin, F. F., & Zakari, A. (2020). Energy consumption, economic expansion, and CO2 emission in the UK: The role of economic policy uncertainty. Science of the Total Environment, 738, 140014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140014
  • Al-Mulali, U., & Ozturk, I. (2015). The effect of energy consumption, urbanization, trade openness, industrial output, and the political stability on the environmental degradation in the MENA (Middle East and North African) region. Energy, 84, 382-389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.03.004
  • Al-Mulali, U., Saboori, B., & Ozturk, I. (2015). Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Vietnam. Energy policy, 76, 123-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.11.019.
  • Apergis, N., & Ozturk, I. (2015). Testing environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Asian countries. Ecological indicators, 52, 16-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.11.026
  • Apergis, N., & Payne, J. E. (2009). CO2 emissions, energy usage, and output in Central America. Energy Policy, 37(8), 3282-3286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.03.048
  • Aras, G. (2022). Türkiye’de ekolojik ayak izi dinamiklerinin STIRPAT modeli kapsamında analizi (Yayın No. 707530) [Yüksek lisans tezi, Erciyes Üniversitesi] Yükseköğretim Kurumu Tez Merkezi. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
  • Aslan, A., Destek, M. A., & Okumus, I. (2018). Bootstrap rolling window estimation approach to analysis of the Environment Kuznets Curve hypothesis: evidence from the USA. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(3), 2402-2408. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0548-3
  • Boutabba, M. A. (2014). The impact of financial development, income, energy and trade on carbon emissions: Evidence from the Indian economy. Economic Modelling, 40, 33-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2014.03.005
  • Bozkurt, C., & Okumuş, İ. (2015). Türkiye’de ekonomik büyüme, enerji tüketimi, ticari serbestleşme ve nüfus yoğunluğunun CO2 emisyonu üzerindeki etkileri: Yapısal kırılmalı eşbütünleşme analizi. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12(32), 23-35. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/183463
  • Cramer, J. C. (1998). Population growth and air quality in California. Demography, 35(1), 45-56. https://doi.org/10.2307/3004026
  • DeHart, J. L., & Soulé, P. T. (2000). Does I=PAT work in local places?. The Professional Geographer, 52(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1111/0033-0124.00200
  • Destek, M. A. (2018). Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi hipotezinin Türkiye için incelenmesi: STIRPAT modelinden bulgular. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 19(2), 268-283. http://esjournal.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/tr/pub/issue/40744/452978
  • Destek, M. A., & Aydın, S. (2022). An empirical note on tourism and sustainable development nexus. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18371-9
  • Destek, M. A., Balli, E., & Manga, M. (2016). The relationship between CO2 emission, energy consumption, urbanization and trade openness for selected CEECs. Research in World Economy, 7(1), 52-58. https://doi.org/10.5430/rwe.v7n1p52
  • Destek, M. A., & Ozsoy, F. N. (2015). Relationships between economic growth, energy consumption, globalization, urbanization and environmental degradation in Turkey. International Journal of Energy and Statistics, 3(04), 1550017. https://doi.org/10.1142/S2335680415500179
  • Destek, M. A., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2019). Investigation of environmental Kuznets curve for ecological footprint: The role of energy and financial development. Science of the Total Environment, 650, 2483-2489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.017
  • Destek, M. A., Shahbaz, M., Okumus, I., Hammoudeh, S., & Sinha, A. (2020). The relationship between economic growth and carbon emissions in G-7 countries: Evidence from time-varying parameters with a long history. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(23), 29100-29117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09189-y
  • Destek, M. A., & Sinha, A. (2020). Renewable, non-renewable energy consumption, economic growth, trade openness and ecological footprint: Evidence from organisation for economic Co-operation and development countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 242, 118537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118537
  • Destek, M. A., Ulucak, R., & Dogan, E. (2018). Analyzing the environmental Kuznets curve for the EU countries: The role of ecological footprint. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(29), 29387-29396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2911-4
  • Dietz, T., & Rosa, E. A. (1997). Effects of population and affluence on CO2 emissions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 94(1), 175-179. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.1.175
  • Dogan, E., & Inglesi-Lotz, R. (2020). The impact of economic structure to the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis: Evidence from European countries. Environmental science and pollution research, 27(11), 12717-12724. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07878-2
  • Dumitrescu, E. I., & Hurlin, C. (2012). Testing for Granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels. Economic modelling, 29(4), 1450-1460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2012.02.014
  • Ehrlich, P. R., & Holdren, J. P. (1971). Impact of population growth: Complacency concerning this component of man's predicament is unjustified and counterproductive. Science, 171(3977), 1212-1217. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.171.3977.1212
  • Erdogan, S., Okumus, I., & Guzel, A. E. (2020). Revisiting the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis in OECD countries: The role of renewable, non-renewable energy, and oil prices. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(19), 23655-23663. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08520-x
  • Figueroa B, E., & Pastén C, R. (2009). Country specific environmental Kuznets curves: A random coefficient approach applied to high-income countries. Estudios de Economía, 36(1), 5-32. http://hdl.handle.net/10419/66681
  • Fosten, J., Morley, B., & Taylor, T. (2012). Dynamic misspecification in the environmental Kuznets curve: Evidence from CO2 and SO2 emissions in the United Kingdom. Ecological Economics, 76, 25-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.01.023
  • Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement. Working Paper No. 3914. https://doi.org/10.3386/w3914
  • Gülmez, A. (2015). OECD ülkelerinde ekonomik büyüme ve hava kirliliği ilişkisi: Panel veri analizi. Kastamonu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(3), 18-30. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/309320
  • Gyamfi, B. A., Bein, M. A., Adedoyin, F. F., & Bekun, F. V. (2021). To what extent are pollutant emission intensified by international tourist arrivals? Starling evidence from G7 Countries. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01765-7
  • Halicioglu, F. (2009). An econometric study of CO2 emissions, energy consumption, income and foreign trade in Turkey. Energy policy, 37(3), 1156-1164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.11.012
  • Haseeb, A., Xia, E., Baloch, M. A., & Abbas, K. (2018). Financial development, globalization, and CO2 emission in the presence of EKC: Evidence from BRICS countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(31), 31283-31296. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3034-7
  • Hayden, A., & Shandra, J. M. (2009). Hours of work and the ecological footprint of nations: An exploratory analysis. Local Environment, 14(6), 575-600. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549830902904185
  • Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H., & Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. Journal of econometrics, 115(1), 53-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(03)00092-7
  • International Energy Agency (IEA). (2021). Assessing the effects of economic recoveries on global energy demand and CO2 emissions in 2021. https://www.iea.org
  • Iwata, H., Okada, K., & Samreth, S. (2012). Empirical study on the determinants of CO2 emissions: Evidence from OECD countries. Applied Economics, 44(27), 3513-3519. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2011.577023
  • Jalil, A., & Feridun, M. (2011). The impact of growth, energy and financial development on the environment in China: A cointegration analysis. Energy economics, 33(2), 284-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2010.10.003
  • Jalil, A., & Mahmud, S. F. (2009). Environment Kuznets curve for CO2 emissions: A cointegration analysis for China. Energy policy, 37(12), 5167-5172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.07.044
  • Javid, M., & Sharif, F. (2016). Environmental Kuznets Curve and financial development in Pakistan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 406-414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.019
  • Jia, J., Deng, H., Duan, J., & Zhao, J. (2009). Analysis of the major drivers of the ecological footprint using the STIRPAT model and the PLS method-A case study in Henan Province, China. Ecological Economics, 68(11), 2818-2824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.05.012
  • Kaika, D., & Zervas, E. (2013). The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) theory-part A: Concept, causes and the CO2 emissions case. Energy Policy, 62, 1392-1402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.07.131
  • Katircioğlu, S. T., & Taşpinar, N. (2017). Testing the moderating role of financial development in an environmental Kuznets Curve: Empirical evidence from Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 68, 572-586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.127
  • Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic growth and income inequality. The American Economic Review, 45(1), 1-28. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1811581
  • Küçükaksoy, İ., Çifçi, İ., & Özbek, R. İ. (2015). İhracata dayalı büyüme hipotezi: Türkiye uygulaması. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(2), 691-720. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/382373
  • Levin, A., Lin, C. F., & Chu, C. S. J. (2002). Unit root tests in panel data: Asymptotic and finite-sample properties. Journal of econometrics, 108(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(01)00098-7
  • Liddle, B., & Lung, S. (2010). Age-structure, urbanization, and climate change in developed countries: Revisiting STIRPAT for disaggregated population and consumption-related environmental impacts. Population and Environment, 31(5), 317-343. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-010-0101-5
  • Maddala, G. S., & Wu, S. (1999) A comparative study of unit root tests with panel data and a new simple test. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61, 631-652. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.61.s1.13
  • Nazlıoğlu, Ş. (2010). Makro iktisat politikalarının tarım sektörü üzerindeki etkileri: Gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan ülkeler için bir karşılaştırma (Yayın No. 263217) [Doktora tezi, Erciyes Üniversitesi] Yükseköğretim Kurumu Tez Merkezi. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
  • Ohlan, R. (2015). The impact of population density, energy consumption, economic growth and trade openness on CO2 emissions in India. Natural Hazards, 79(2), 1409-1428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-015-1898-0
  • Okumuş, I., Guzel, A. E., & Destek, M. A. (2021). Renewable, non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth nexus in G7: Fresh evidence from CS-ARDL. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(40), 56595-56605. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14618-7
  • Ozatac, N., Gokmenoglu, K. K., & Taspinar, N. (2017). Testing the EKC hypothesis by considering trade openness, urbanization, and financial development: The case of Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(20), 16690-16701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9317-6
  • Ozturk, I., & Acaravci, A. (2013). The long-run and causal analysis of energy, growth, openness and financial development on carbon emissions in Turkey. Energy Economics, 36, 262-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2012.08.025
  • Panayotou, T. (1993). Empirical tests and policy analysis of environmental degradation at different stages of economic development. No. 992927783402676. International Labour Organization.
  • Panayotou, T. (2000). Globalization and environment. CID Working Paper Series.
  • Pata, U. K. (2018). Renewable energy consumption, urbanization, financial development, income and CO2 emissions in Turkey: Testing EKC hypothesis with structural breaks. Journal of Cleaner Production, 187, 770-779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.03.236
  • Pata, U. K. (2019). Environmental Kuznets Curve and trade openness in Turkey: Bootstrap ARDL approach with a structural break. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(20), 20264-20276. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05266-z
  • Pata, U. K., & Caglar, A. E. (2021). Investigating the EKC hypothesis with renewable energy consumption, human capital, globalization and trade openness for China: Evidence from augmented ARDL approach with a structural break. Energy, 216, 119220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.119220
  • Pedroni, P. (1999). Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with multiple regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and statistics, 61(S1), 653-670. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0084.0610s1653
  • Pedroni, P. (2000). Fully modified OLS for heterogeneous cointegrated panels. In B. H. Baltagi, T. B. Fomby, & R. Carter Hill (Eds.), Nonstationary panels, panel cointegration, and dynamic panels. (Advances in Econometrics, 15, pp. 93-130). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0731-9053(00)15004-2
  • Pedroni, P. (2001). Purchasing power parity tests in cointegrated panels. Review of Economics and statistics, 83(4), 727-731. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465301753237803
  • Polloni-Silva, E., Silveira, N., Ferraz, D., de Mello, D. S., & Moralles, H. F. (2021). The drivers of energy-related CO2 emissions in Brazil: A regional application of the STIRPAT model. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(37), 51745-51762. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14097-w
  • Rahman, M. M. (2020). Environmental degradation: The role of electricity consumption, economic growth and globalisation. Journal of environmental management, 253, 109742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109742
  • Rasool, H., Maqbool, S., & Tarique, M. (2021). The relationship between tourism and economic growth among BRICS countries: A panel cointegration analysis. Future Business Journal, 7(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-020-00048-3
  • Salahuddin, M., Gow, J., & Ozturk, I. (2015). Is the long-run relationship between economic growth, electricity consumption, carbon dioxide emissions and financial development in Gulf Cooperation Council Countries robust?. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 51, 317-326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.06.005
  • Seker, F., Ertugrul, H. M., & Cetin, M. (2015). The impact of foreign direct investment on environmental quality: A bounds testing and causality analysis for Turkey. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 347-356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.07.118
  • Shafiei, S., & Salim, R. A. (2014). Non-renewable and renewable energy consumption and CO2 emissions in OECD countries: A comparative analysis. Energy policy, 66, 547-556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2013.10.064
  • Shafik, N., & Bandyopadhyay, S. (1992). Economic growth and environmental quality: Time-series and cross-country evidence (Vol. 904). World Bank Publications.
  • Shahbaz, M., Hye, Q. M. A., Tiwari, A. K., & Leitão, N. C. (2013). Economic growth, energy consumption, financial development, international trade and CO2 emissions in Indonesia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 25, 109-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.04.009
  • Shahbaz, M., Sbia, R., Hamdi, H., & Ozturk, I. (2014). Economic growth, electricity consumption, urbanization and environmental degradation relationship in United Arab Emirates. Ecological Indicators, 45, 622-631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.05.022
  • Shi, A. (2003). The impact of population pressure on global carbon dioxide emissions, 1975-1996: evidence from pooled cross-country data. Ecological economics, 44(1), 29-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(02)00223-9
  • Soule, P. T., & DeHart, J. L. (1998). Assessing IPAT using production-and consumption-based measures of I. Social Science Quarterly, 754-765. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42863845
  • Topdağ, D., Acar, T., & Çelik, İ. E. (2020). Estimation of the global-scale ecological footprint within the framework of STIRPAT models: The quantile regression approach. İstanbul İktisat Dergisi, 70(2), 339-358. https://cdn.istanbul.edu.tr/file/JTA6CLJ8T5/406CB06B65A34C5594C86EC1E63AC2FF
  • United Nations Situation and Prospects. (2020). World economic situation and prospect. https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/wp-content/uploads/sites/45/WESP2020_Annex.pdf
  • Wang, Q., Wang, X., & Li, R. (2022). Does urbanization redefine the Environmental Kuznets Curve? An empirical analysis of 134 Countries. Sustainable Cities and Society, 76, 103382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103382
  • World Bank. (2021) Dünya kalkınma göstergeleri. https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/world-development-indicators
  • Wu, R., Wang, J., Wang, S., & Feng, K. (2021). The drivers of declining CO2 emissions trends in developed nations using an extended STIRPAT model: A historical and prospective analysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 149, 111328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111328
  • York, R., Rosa, E. A., & Dietz, T. (2003). STIRPAT, IPAT and ImPACT: Analytic tools for unpacking the driving forces of environmental impacts. Ecological economics, 46(3), 351-365. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(03)00188-5
  • Yurtkuran, S. (2021). Çevresel Kuznets eğrisi hipotezinin geçerliliği ve yeşil lojistik: Türkiye örneği. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 24(45), 171-201. https://doi.org/10.31795/baunsobed.874990
  • Zhang, C., & Lin, Y. (2012). Panel estimation for urbanization, energy consumption and CO2 emissions: A regional analysis in China. Energy policy, 49, 488-498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.06.048
  • Zhao, L., Zhao, T., & Yuan, R. (2022). Scenario simulations for the peak of provincial household CO2 emissions in China based on the STIRPAT model. Science of The Total Environment, 809, 151098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151098
  • Zoundi, Z. (2017). CO2 emissions, renewable energy and the Environmental Kuznets Curve, a panel cointegration approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 72, 1067-1075. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.10.018
There are 83 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Economics
Journal Section RESEARCH PAPERS
Authors

Murat Tekbaş 0000-0003-2589-2482

Publication Date May 25, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 14 Issue: 26

Cite

APA Tekbaş, M. (2022). Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin Farklı Gelir Düzeylerindeki Ülkeler için İncelenmesi: STIRPAT Modelinden Bulgular. Akademik Araştırmalar Ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD), 14(26), 16-34. https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.1094474
AMA Tekbaş M. Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin Farklı Gelir Düzeylerindeki Ülkeler için İncelenmesi: STIRPAT Modelinden Bulgular. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD). May 2022;14(26):16-34. doi:10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.1094474
Chicago Tekbaş, Murat. “Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin Farklı Gelir Düzeylerindeki Ülkeler için İncelenmesi: STIRPAT Modelinden Bulgular”. Akademik Araştırmalar Ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD) 14, no. 26 (May 2022): 16-34. https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.1094474.
EndNote Tekbaş M (May 1, 2022) Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin Farklı Gelir Düzeylerindeki Ülkeler için İncelenmesi: STIRPAT Modelinden Bulgular. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD) 14 26 16–34.
IEEE M. Tekbaş, “Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin Farklı Gelir Düzeylerindeki Ülkeler için İncelenmesi: STIRPAT Modelinden Bulgular”, Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD), vol. 14, no. 26, pp. 16–34, 2022, doi: 10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.1094474.
ISNAD Tekbaş, Murat. “Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin Farklı Gelir Düzeylerindeki Ülkeler için İncelenmesi: STIRPAT Modelinden Bulgular”. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD) 14/26 (May 2022), 16-34. https://doi.org/10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.1094474.
JAMA Tekbaş M. Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin Farklı Gelir Düzeylerindeki Ülkeler için İncelenmesi: STIRPAT Modelinden Bulgular. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD). 2022;14:16–34.
MLA Tekbaş, Murat. “Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin Farklı Gelir Düzeylerindeki Ülkeler için İncelenmesi: STIRPAT Modelinden Bulgular”. Akademik Araştırmalar Ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD), vol. 14, no. 26, 2022, pp. 16-34, doi:10.20990/kilisiibfakademik.1094474.
Vancouver Tekbaş M. Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin Farklı Gelir Düzeylerindeki Ülkeler için İncelenmesi: STIRPAT Modelinden Bulgular. Akademik Araştırmalar ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (AKAD). 2022;14(26):16-34.