The Validity and Reliability Study of Mental Health Literacy in Young Adults (MHLq)

Nevin Günaydın; Funda Özpulat; Duygu Öztaş; İnci Açıkgöz

doi:10.18521/ktd.1210310

Research Article

The Validity and Reliability Study of Mental Health Literacy in Young Adults (MHLq)

Year 2023, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 219 - 227, 22.06.2023

Nevin Günaydın Funda Özpulat Duygu Öztaş İnci Açıkgöz

https://doi.org/10.18521/ktd.1210310

Abstract

Objective: This study was conducted on the Turkish validity and reliability study of the Mental Health Literacy Scale (MHLq) in young adults.
Methods: This methodological investigation was carried out throughout the 2018–2019 academic year at a public university. The MHL, created by Dias et al. in 2018, and a sociodemographic data form were used to gather the data. 350 students between the ages of 18 and 25 participated in the study.
Results: The scale was translated from the original language into Turkish, professional opinion was sought, and to translate it into Turkish, a pilot study was conducted. The content validity index, confirmatory factor analysis, item analyses, reliability, Cronbach's alpha analysis, and test-retest scores were used to test the scale validity as well as its construct validity, internal consistency, and time invariance. The scale is four-dimensional, as was found. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the scale's item loads varied between 0.40 and 0.73 while its content validity was 0.98. Its 0.91 Cronbach's alpha value was discovered. The participants' average mental health literacy scores were 84.45±7.80.
Conclusions: The analyses made showed that the MHLq could be safely used as a measurement tool for young adults’ mental health literacy.

Keywords

mental health, mental health literacy, reliability, validity young adult

References

1. Teke C, Baysan Arabacı L. The validity and reliability of positive mental health scale Anatolian J Psychiatry. 2018;9(Special issue1):21-8.
2. Morgaine K, Thompson L, Jahnke K, Llewellyn R. GoodYarn: Building mental health literacy in New Zealand’s rural workforce. J Public Ment Health. 2017;16(4):180-90
3. Tokur-Kesgin M, Pehlivan Ş, Uymaz P. Study of validity and reliability of the mental health literacy scale in Turkish. Anatolian J Psychiatry 2020; 21(Supplement. 2):5-13.
4. Dias P, Campos L, Almeida H, Palha F Mental health literacy in young adults: adaptation and psychometric properties of the mental health literacy questionnaire. Int J Environ Res. Public Health. 2018;15:1318
5. Bjørnsen HN, Bradley Eilertsen M-E, Ringdal R, Espnes GA, Mosknes UK. “Positive mental health literacy: development and validation of a measure among Norwegian adolescents”. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):717.
6. Jorm AF, Barney LJ, Christensen H, Highet NJ, Kelly CM, Kitchener BA. Research on mental health literacy: what we know and what we still need to know. Aust NZJ. 2006;40:3-5.
7. O’Connor M., Casey L. The Mental Health Literacy Scale (MHLS): A new scale-based measure of mental health literacy. Psychiatry Res. 2015;229(1/2):511-7.
8. Taya JL, Tayb YF. Klainin-Yobas P. Mental health literacy levels. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2018; 32:757–63.
9. Campos L, Dias P, Palha F, Duarte A, Veiga E. Development and psychometric properties of a new questionnaire for assessing mental health literacy in young people. Univ. Psychol [online]. 2016;15(2):61-72.
10. Göktaş S, Işıklı B, Önsüz M, Yenilmez Ç, Metintaş S. Evaluation of validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the mental health literacy scale. Konuralp Medic J. 2019;11(3):424-31.
11. Evans-Lacko S, Little K, Meltzer H, Rose D, Rhydderch D, Henderson C, Thornicroft G . Development and psychometric properties of the mental health knowledge Schedule. Can J Psychiatry. 2010;55:440–8.
12. Corrigan PW, Rao D. On the self-stigma of mental illness: States, disclosure, and strategies for change. Can J Psychiatry 2012;57:464-9.
13. Ochoa S, Martinez-Zambrano F, Garcia-Franco M ve ark. Development and validation of the Self-Stigma Questionnaire (SSQ) for people with schizophrenia and its relation to social functioning. Compr Psychiatry 2015;62:93-9
14. Bilge A, Çam O. Ruhsal Hastalığa Yönelik İnançlar Ölçeği’nin geçerliliği ve güvenilirliği. Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg. 2008;9(2):91-6
15. Ersoy MA, Varan A. Ruhsal Hastalıklarda İçselleştirilmiş Damgalanma Ölçeği Türkçe Formu’nun Güvenilirlik ve Geçerlik Çalışması. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2007;18: 163-71.
16. Patel V, Flisher AJ, Hetrick S, Mc Gorry P. Mental health of young people: a global public-health challenge. Lancet 2007;369:1302–13.
17. Dey M, Marti L, Jorm AF. The Swiss youth mental health literacy and stigma survey: Study methodology, survey questions/vignettes, and lessons learned. Eur J Psychiatry. 2019;33(2):72-82.
18. Bale J, Grové C, Costello S. Building a mental health literacy model and verbal scale for children: Results of a Delphi study. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2020;109:104667
19. National Institutes of Health (NIH). Mental Illness, Available at: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/mental-illness.shtml Accessed on July 11, 2021.
20. Gorczynski P, Sims-Schouten W, Wilson C. Evaluating mental health literacy and help-seeking behaviors in UK university students: a country-wide study. J Public Ment Health 2020;19(4):311-9.
21. Comrey AL, Lee HB. A first course in factor analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,1992
22. Şencan H. Reliability and validity in social and behavioral measures. Ankara: Seçkin Publishing,2005.
23. Doğan N, Soysal S, Karaman H. Can exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of the same sampling be applied? HE. Demirel & S. Dinçer (Eds.), in Education in a Globalizing World. Pegem Academy. 2017;374-400.
24. Wild D, Grove A, Martin M, Eremenco S, McElroy S, Verjee-Lorenz A, et. al. Principles of good practice for the translation and cultural adaptation process for patient-reported outcomes (pro) measures: report of the ıspor task force for translation and cultural adaptation. Value in Health. 2006;8(2):94-104.
25. Büyüköztürk Ş. Data analysis handbook for social sciences statistics, Research Design SPSS Applications. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Publishing 23. Edition.,2017
26. Chao H-J, Lien Y-J, Kao Y-J, Tasi I-C, Lin H-S, Lien Y-Y. Mental health literacy in health care students: An expansion of the mental health literacy scale. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:948.
27. Çapık C. Use of confirmatory factor analysis in validity and reliability studies. Anadolu J Nursing Health Sci. 2014;17(3):196-205.
28. Schumacker RE, Lomax RG. A Beginner's Guide to Structural Equation Modeling. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates;2004
29. Karagöz Y. SPSS Applied Biostatistics. Ankara: Nobel Academic Publishing, 2014.
30. Hearn JH, Marwood MR. Evaluating mental health literacy in medical students in the United Kingdom. J Ment Health Train Educ Practice. 2019;14(5):339-47.
31. Esin MN. Data collection methods and tools & reliability and validity of data collection tools. S Erdogan, N Nakhchivan, MN Esin (Eds.), In Research in Nursing: Process, Practice, and Criticism, Istanbul: Nobel Medicine Bookstores, 2014.
32. Gorczynski PF, Coyle M, Gibson K. Depressive symptoms in high-performance athletes and non-athletes: a comparative meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2017; 51(18):1348-54.
33. Gulliver A, Griffiths KM, Christensen H. Perceived barriers and facilitators to mental health help-seeking in young people: A systematic review. BMC Psychiatry. 2010;10:113.
34. Kleinberg A, Aluoja A, Vasar V. Help-Seeking for Emotional Problems in Major Depression. Community Ment Health J. 2013;49:427–32.
35. Henderson C, Evans-Lacko S, Thornicroft G. Mental illness stigma, help-seeking, and public health programs. Am J Public Health. 2013;103(5):777–80.
36. Mackenzie C, Gekoski W, Knox V. Age, gender, and the underutilization of mental health services: The influence of help-seeking attitudes. Aging Ment. Health. 2006;10:574–82.
37. Eisenberg D, Gollust SE, Golberstein E, Hefner JL. Prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and suicidality among university students. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2007;77:534–42.

Genç Yetişkinlerde Ruh Sağlığı Okuryazarlığının Geçerlilik ve Güvenilirlik Çalışması (MHLq)

Year 2023, Volume: 15 Issue: 2, 219 - 227, 22.06.2023

Nevin Günaydın Funda Özpulat Duygu Öztaş İnci Açıkgöz

https://doi.org/10.18521/ktd.1210310

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışma, Ruh Sağlığı Okuryazarlığı Ölçeği'nin (MHLq) genç erişkinlerde Türkçe geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması üzerine yapılmıştır.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu metodolojik araştırma, 2018–2019 akademik yılı boyunca bir devlet üniversitesinde gerçekleştirildi. Dias ve diğerleri tarafından oluşturulan MHL. 2018 yılında veri toplama aracı olarak sosyodemografik veri formu kullanılmıştır. Çalışmaya 18-25 yaş arası 350 öğrenci katılmıştır.
Bulgular: Ölçek orijinal dilinden Türkçe'ye çevrilmiş, profesyonel görüş alınmış ve Türkçe'ye çevrilmesi için pilot çalışma yapılmıştır. Ölçeğin geçerliliği, yapı geçerliliği, iç tutarlılığı ve zamanla değişmezliği test etmek için içerik geçerlik indeksi, doğrulayıcı faktör analizi, madde analizleri, güvenilirlik, Cronbach alfa analizi ve test-tekrar test puanları kullanılmıştır. Ölçek görüldüğü gibi dört boyutludur. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi, ölçeğin madde yüklerinin 0.40 ile 0.73 arasında değiştiğini ve kapsam geçerliliğinin 0.98 olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. 0.91 Cronbach alfa değeri keşfedildi. Katılımcıların ortalama ruh sağlığı okuryazarlığı puanları 84,45±7,80'dir.
Sonuç: Yapılan analizler, MHLq'nin genç yetişkinlerin ruh sağlığı okuryazarlığı için bir ölçüm aracı olarak güvenle kullanılabileceğini göstermiştir.

Keywords

genç yetişkin, geçerlik, güvenirlik, ruh sağlığı ruh sağlığı okur yazarlığı

References

1. Teke C, Baysan Arabacı L. The validity and reliability of positive mental health scale Anatolian J Psychiatry. 2018;9(Special issue1):21-8.
2. Morgaine K, Thompson L, Jahnke K, Llewellyn R. GoodYarn: Building mental health literacy in New Zealand’s rural workforce. J Public Ment Health. 2017;16(4):180-90
3. Tokur-Kesgin M, Pehlivan Ş, Uymaz P. Study of validity and reliability of the mental health literacy scale in Turkish. Anatolian J Psychiatry 2020; 21(Supplement. 2):5-13.
4. Dias P, Campos L, Almeida H, Palha F Mental health literacy in young adults: adaptation and psychometric properties of the mental health literacy questionnaire. Int J Environ Res. Public Health. 2018;15:1318
5. Bjørnsen HN, Bradley Eilertsen M-E, Ringdal R, Espnes GA, Mosknes UK. “Positive mental health literacy: development and validation of a measure among Norwegian adolescents”. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):717.
6. Jorm AF, Barney LJ, Christensen H, Highet NJ, Kelly CM, Kitchener BA. Research on mental health literacy: what we know and what we still need to know. Aust NZJ. 2006;40:3-5.
7. O’Connor M., Casey L. The Mental Health Literacy Scale (MHLS): A new scale-based measure of mental health literacy. Psychiatry Res. 2015;229(1/2):511-7.
8. Taya JL, Tayb YF. Klainin-Yobas P. Mental health literacy levels. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2018; 32:757–63.
9. Campos L, Dias P, Palha F, Duarte A, Veiga E. Development and psychometric properties of a new questionnaire for assessing mental health literacy in young people. Univ. Psychol [online]. 2016;15(2):61-72.
10. Göktaş S, Işıklı B, Önsüz M, Yenilmez Ç, Metintaş S. Evaluation of validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the mental health literacy scale. Konuralp Medic J. 2019;11(3):424-31.
11. Evans-Lacko S, Little K, Meltzer H, Rose D, Rhydderch D, Henderson C, Thornicroft G . Development and psychometric properties of the mental health knowledge Schedule. Can J Psychiatry. 2010;55:440–8.
12. Corrigan PW, Rao D. On the self-stigma of mental illness: States, disclosure, and strategies for change. Can J Psychiatry 2012;57:464-9.
13. Ochoa S, Martinez-Zambrano F, Garcia-Franco M ve ark. Development and validation of the Self-Stigma Questionnaire (SSQ) for people with schizophrenia and its relation to social functioning. Compr Psychiatry 2015;62:93-9
14. Bilge A, Çam O. Ruhsal Hastalığa Yönelik İnançlar Ölçeği’nin geçerliliği ve güvenilirliği. Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg. 2008;9(2):91-6
15. Ersoy MA, Varan A. Ruhsal Hastalıklarda İçselleştirilmiş Damgalanma Ölçeği Türkçe Formu’nun Güvenilirlik ve Geçerlik Çalışması. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2007;18: 163-71.
16. Patel V, Flisher AJ, Hetrick S, Mc Gorry P. Mental health of young people: a global public-health challenge. Lancet 2007;369:1302–13.
17. Dey M, Marti L, Jorm AF. The Swiss youth mental health literacy and stigma survey: Study methodology, survey questions/vignettes, and lessons learned. Eur J Psychiatry. 2019;33(2):72-82.
18. Bale J, Grové C, Costello S. Building a mental health literacy model and verbal scale for children: Results of a Delphi study. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2020;109:104667
19. National Institutes of Health (NIH). Mental Illness, Available at: https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/mental-illness.shtml Accessed on July 11, 2021.
20. Gorczynski P, Sims-Schouten W, Wilson C. Evaluating mental health literacy and help-seeking behaviors in UK university students: a country-wide study. J Public Ment Health 2020;19(4):311-9.
21. Comrey AL, Lee HB. A first course in factor analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,1992
22. Şencan H. Reliability and validity in social and behavioral measures. Ankara: Seçkin Publishing,2005.
23. Doğan N, Soysal S, Karaman H. Can exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of the same sampling be applied? HE. Demirel & S. Dinçer (Eds.), in Education in a Globalizing World. Pegem Academy. 2017;374-400.
24. Wild D, Grove A, Martin M, Eremenco S, McElroy S, Verjee-Lorenz A, et. al. Principles of good practice for the translation and cultural adaptation process for patient-reported outcomes (pro) measures: report of the ıspor task force for translation and cultural adaptation. Value in Health. 2006;8(2):94-104.
25. Büyüköztürk Ş. Data analysis handbook for social sciences statistics, Research Design SPSS Applications. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Publishing 23. Edition.,2017
26. Chao H-J, Lien Y-J, Kao Y-J, Tasi I-C, Lin H-S, Lien Y-Y. Mental health literacy in health care students: An expansion of the mental health literacy scale. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:948.
27. Çapık C. Use of confirmatory factor analysis in validity and reliability studies. Anadolu J Nursing Health Sci. 2014;17(3):196-205.
28. Schumacker RE, Lomax RG. A Beginner's Guide to Structural Equation Modeling. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates;2004
29. Karagöz Y. SPSS Applied Biostatistics. Ankara: Nobel Academic Publishing, 2014.
30. Hearn JH, Marwood MR. Evaluating mental health literacy in medical students in the United Kingdom. J Ment Health Train Educ Practice. 2019;14(5):339-47.
31. Esin MN. Data collection methods and tools & reliability and validity of data collection tools. S Erdogan, N Nakhchivan, MN Esin (Eds.), In Research in Nursing: Process, Practice, and Criticism, Istanbul: Nobel Medicine Bookstores, 2014.
32. Gorczynski PF, Coyle M, Gibson K. Depressive symptoms in high-performance athletes and non-athletes: a comparative meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2017; 51(18):1348-54.
33. Gulliver A, Griffiths KM, Christensen H. Perceived barriers and facilitators to mental health help-seeking in young people: A systematic review. BMC Psychiatry. 2010;10:113.
34. Kleinberg A, Aluoja A, Vasar V. Help-Seeking for Emotional Problems in Major Depression. Community Ment Health J. 2013;49:427–32.
35. Henderson C, Evans-Lacko S, Thornicroft G. Mental illness stigma, help-seeking, and public health programs. Am J Public Health. 2013;103(5):777–80.
36. Mackenzie C, Gekoski W, Knox V. Age, gender, and the underutilization of mental health services: The influence of help-seeking attitudes. Aging Ment. Health. 2006;10:574–82.
37. Eisenberg D, Gollust SE, Golberstein E, Hefner JL. Prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and suicidality among university students. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2007;77:534–42.

There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language	English
Subjects	Health Care Administration
Journal Section	Articles
Authors	Nevin Günaydın 0000-0002-5382-6354 Funda Özpulat 0000-0002-1789-6216 Duygu Öztaş 0000-0003-4926-1247 İnci Açıkgöz 0000-0002-9388-0478
Publication Date	June 22, 2023
Acceptance Date	June 5, 2023
Published in Issue	Year 2023 Volume: 15 Issue: 2

Cite

APA	Günaydın, N., Özpulat, F., Öztaş, D., Açıkgöz, İ. (2023). The Validity and Reliability Study of Mental Health Literacy in Young Adults (MHLq). Konuralp Medical Journal, 15(2), 219-227. https://doi.org/10.18521/ktd.1210310
AMA	Günaydın N, Özpulat F, Öztaş D, Açıkgöz İ. The Validity and Reliability Study of Mental Health Literacy in Young Adults (MHLq). Konuralp Medical Journal. June 2023;15(2):219-227. doi:10.18521/ktd.1210310
Chicago	Günaydın, Nevin, Funda Özpulat, Duygu Öztaş, and İnci Açıkgöz. “The Validity and Reliability Study of Mental Health Literacy in Young Adults (MHLq)”. Konuralp Medical Journal 15, no. 2 (June 2023): 219-27. https://doi.org/10.18521/ktd.1210310.
EndNote	Günaydın N, Özpulat F, Öztaş D, Açıkgöz İ (June 1, 2023) The Validity and Reliability Study of Mental Health Literacy in Young Adults (MHLq). Konuralp Medical Journal 15 2 219–227.
IEEE	N. Günaydın, F. Özpulat, D. Öztaş, and İ. Açıkgöz, “The Validity and Reliability Study of Mental Health Literacy in Young Adults (MHLq)”, Konuralp Medical Journal, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 219–227, 2023, doi: 10.18521/ktd.1210310.
ISNAD	Günaydın, Nevin et al. “The Validity and Reliability Study of Mental Health Literacy in Young Adults (MHLq)”. Konuralp Medical Journal 15/2 (June 2023), 219-227. https://doi.org/10.18521/ktd.1210310.
JAMA	Günaydın N, Özpulat F, Öztaş D, Açıkgöz İ. The Validity and Reliability Study of Mental Health Literacy in Young Adults (MHLq). Konuralp Medical Journal. 2023;15:219–227.
MLA	Günaydın, Nevin et al. “The Validity and Reliability Study of Mental Health Literacy in Young Adults (MHLq)”. Konuralp Medical Journal, vol. 15, no. 2, 2023, pp. 219-27, doi:10.18521/ktd.1210310.
Vancouver	Günaydın N, Özpulat F, Öztaş D, Açıkgöz İ. The Validity and Reliability Study of Mental Health Literacy in Young Adults (MHLq). Konuralp Medical Journal. 2023;15(2):219-27.

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