Research Article
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Year 2015, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 13 - 20, 30.08.2015
https://doi.org/10.19127/mbsjohs.94837

Abstract

References

  • Adl SM, Simpson AGB, Farmer MA, Andersen RA, Barta JR, Bowser SS, et al. The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on taxonomy of protists. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2005; 52: 399-451.
  • Bravo FG, Seas C. Balamuthia mandrillaris amoebic encephalitis: an emerging parasitic infection. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2012; 14(4):391-6.
  • Chappell CL, Wright JA, Coletta M, Newsome AL. Standardized method of measuring Acanthamoeba in sera from healthy human subjects. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2001; 8:724-30
  • da Rocha-Azevedo B, Tanowitz HB, Marciano-Cabral F. Diagnosis of infections caused by pathogenic free-living amoebae. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2009: 2009; 251406.
  • Deetz TR, Sawyer MH, Billman G, Schuster FL, Visvesvara GS. Successful treatment of Balamuthia amoebic encephalitis: presentation of 2 cases. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 15;37(10):1304-12.
  • Diaz J. Seasonal primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) in the south: summertime is PAM time. J La State Med Soc. 2012; 164(3):148-150.
  • Free Living Amebic infections. Images library, page 5. Available from:URL: http://dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Image library/AF/Free living amebic/body,htm.
  • Gelman BB, Popov V,Chaljub G, nader R, rauf SJ Nauta HW: Neuropathological and ultrastructural features of amobic encephalitiscaused by Sappinia diplidea. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2003:62: 990-8.
  • Heggie TW, Swimming with death: Naegleria fowleri infections in recreational waters. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2010; 8(4):201-6.
  • Khan N.A. Acanthamoeba: biology and increasing importance in human health, FEMS Microbiol Rev, 2006; 30: 564–595.
  • Kristensson K, Masocha W, Bentivoglio M. Mechanisms of CNS invasion and damage by parasites. Handb Clin Neurol 2013;114:11-22.
  • Lawande RV, Macfarlane JT, Weir WR, Awunor-Renner C. A case of primary amebic meningoencephalitis in a Nigerian farmer. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1980; 29(1): 21-5.
  • Maciver SK. The threat from Balamuthia mandrillaris. J Med Microbiol 2007; 56:1-3.
  • Martinez AJ. Free-living amoebas: infection of the central nervous system. MT Sinai J Med 1993; 60(4):271-8.
  • Martín-Navarro CM, Lorenzo-Morales J, López-Arencibia A, Reyes-Batlle M, Piñero JE, Valladares B, Maciver SK. Evaluation of Acanthamoeba myosin-IC as a potential therapeutic target. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58(4): 2150-5.
  • Marciano-Cabral F. Advances in free-living amebae research 2006: summary from the IX International Workshop on Opportunistic Protists (IWOP-9). J Eukaryot Microbiol 2006; 53 Suppl 1:S8-9.
  • Patel DV, Rayne S, McGhee CN Resurgence of Acanthamoeba keratitis in Auckland, New Zealand: a 7-year review of presentation and outcomes. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol. 2010; 38(1):15-20
  • Qvarnstrom Y, da Silva AJ, Schuster FL, Gelman BB, Visvesvara GS.Molecular confirmation of Sappinia pedata as a causative agent of amoebic encephalitis. J Infect Dis 2009; 15;199(8):1139-42.
  • Saylor D, Thakur K, Venkatesan A. Acute encephalitis in the immunocompromised individual. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2015; 28(4):330-6.
  • SchusterFL, Guglielmo BJ, Visvesvara GS. In-vitro activity of miltefosine and voriconazole on clinical isolates of free-living amebas: Balamuthia mandrillaris, Acanthamoeba spp., and Naegleria fowleri.,J Eukaryot Microbiol, 2006;53(2):121-6.
  • Schuster FL. Cultivation of pathogenic and opportunistic free-living amoeba. Clin Microbiol Rev 2002: 15: 342-54.
  • Schuster FL, Visversvara GS. Free-living amoebae as opportunistic and nonopportunistic pathogens of human and animals. Int J Parasitol 2004; 34: 1001-27.
  • Sugita Y, Fujii T, Hayashi I, Aoki T, Yokoyama T, Morimatsu M, Fukuma T, Takamiya Y. Primary amebic meningoencephalitis due to Naegleria fowleri: an autopsy case in Japan, Pathol Int 1999; 49(5): 468-70.
  • Szenasi Z, Endo T, Yagita K, Nagy E, Isolation, identification and Increasing importance of Free living amoebae causing human diseases.J Med Microbiol 1998; (47): 5-16.
  • Trabelsi H, Dendana F, Sellami A, Cheikhrouhou F, Neji S, Makni F, Ayadi A: Pathogenic free-living amoebae: Epidemiology and clinical review. Pathologie Biologie, 2012; 60; 399-405.
  • Tu EY, Joslin CE, Shoff ME. Successful treatment of chronic stromal Acanthamoeba keratitis with oral voriconazole monotherapy. Cornea 2010; 29(9): 1066-8.
  • Verani JR, Lorick SA, Yoder JS, et. al., National outbreak of Acanthamoeba keratitis associated with use of a contact lens solution, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2009 ; 15(8):1236-42.
  • -
  • Visvesvara GS. Infections with free-living amebae Clin Neurol 2013; 114:153-68.

Risks & Threats Comes with Global Warming: Pathogenic Free Living Amoeba

Year 2015, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 13 - 20, 30.08.2015
https://doi.org/10.19127/mbsjohs.94837

Abstract

Free living amoebae like Naegleria, Acanthamoeba, Balamuthia and Sappinia are known appearing opportunistic and also fatal protozoa in humans and other animals. They are widely distributed in soil and water in the world. They cause “Primer Amoebic Meningoencephalitis” the host immune response to these protist pathogens differs from each other to evidence by the postmortem laboratory findings from the affected patients. This review was performed with a search in Medline, PubMed, Science Direct, Ovid, and Scopus literatures by the search terms of “pathogenic free-living amoeba infections”.   Analysis of a detailed review and literature shown that Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba and Balamuthia and also Sappinia sp. infections are causing extensive brain damage to the host immune response. In human infection due to related to brain, skin, lung and eyes have increased significantly during the last years.  They have different effects on epidemiology, immunology, pathology, and clinical features of the infections produced. This particular review planned to raise awareness about free-living amoeba, which found in a patient who applied to ESOGU Hospital Neurology Clinic because of suddenly unconsciousness and coma and diagnosed with Naegleria fowleri. Clinicians should be aware of PAM infections and include in differential diagnosis of meningoencephalitis. PAM should be suspected in young adults and children with acute neurological symptoms as described below and recent exposure to fresh water. Preventive and control measures include public health education and awareness among medical practitioners and adequate control of public water supplies.

References

  • Adl SM, Simpson AGB, Farmer MA, Andersen RA, Barta JR, Bowser SS, et al. The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on taxonomy of protists. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2005; 52: 399-451.
  • Bravo FG, Seas C. Balamuthia mandrillaris amoebic encephalitis: an emerging parasitic infection. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2012; 14(4):391-6.
  • Chappell CL, Wright JA, Coletta M, Newsome AL. Standardized method of measuring Acanthamoeba in sera from healthy human subjects. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2001; 8:724-30
  • da Rocha-Azevedo B, Tanowitz HB, Marciano-Cabral F. Diagnosis of infections caused by pathogenic free-living amoebae. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2009: 2009; 251406.
  • Deetz TR, Sawyer MH, Billman G, Schuster FL, Visvesvara GS. Successful treatment of Balamuthia amoebic encephalitis: presentation of 2 cases. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 15;37(10):1304-12.
  • Diaz J. Seasonal primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) in the south: summertime is PAM time. J La State Med Soc. 2012; 164(3):148-150.
  • Free Living Amebic infections. Images library, page 5. Available from:URL: http://dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/Image library/AF/Free living amebic/body,htm.
  • Gelman BB, Popov V,Chaljub G, nader R, rauf SJ Nauta HW: Neuropathological and ultrastructural features of amobic encephalitiscaused by Sappinia diplidea. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2003:62: 990-8.
  • Heggie TW, Swimming with death: Naegleria fowleri infections in recreational waters. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2010; 8(4):201-6.
  • Khan N.A. Acanthamoeba: biology and increasing importance in human health, FEMS Microbiol Rev, 2006; 30: 564–595.
  • Kristensson K, Masocha W, Bentivoglio M. Mechanisms of CNS invasion and damage by parasites. Handb Clin Neurol 2013;114:11-22.
  • Lawande RV, Macfarlane JT, Weir WR, Awunor-Renner C. A case of primary amebic meningoencephalitis in a Nigerian farmer. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1980; 29(1): 21-5.
  • Maciver SK. The threat from Balamuthia mandrillaris. J Med Microbiol 2007; 56:1-3.
  • Martinez AJ. Free-living amoebas: infection of the central nervous system. MT Sinai J Med 1993; 60(4):271-8.
  • Martín-Navarro CM, Lorenzo-Morales J, López-Arencibia A, Reyes-Batlle M, Piñero JE, Valladares B, Maciver SK. Evaluation of Acanthamoeba myosin-IC as a potential therapeutic target. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58(4): 2150-5.
  • Marciano-Cabral F. Advances in free-living amebae research 2006: summary from the IX International Workshop on Opportunistic Protists (IWOP-9). J Eukaryot Microbiol 2006; 53 Suppl 1:S8-9.
  • Patel DV, Rayne S, McGhee CN Resurgence of Acanthamoeba keratitis in Auckland, New Zealand: a 7-year review of presentation and outcomes. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol. 2010; 38(1):15-20
  • Qvarnstrom Y, da Silva AJ, Schuster FL, Gelman BB, Visvesvara GS.Molecular confirmation of Sappinia pedata as a causative agent of amoebic encephalitis. J Infect Dis 2009; 15;199(8):1139-42.
  • Saylor D, Thakur K, Venkatesan A. Acute encephalitis in the immunocompromised individual. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2015; 28(4):330-6.
  • SchusterFL, Guglielmo BJ, Visvesvara GS. In-vitro activity of miltefosine and voriconazole on clinical isolates of free-living amebas: Balamuthia mandrillaris, Acanthamoeba spp., and Naegleria fowleri.,J Eukaryot Microbiol, 2006;53(2):121-6.
  • Schuster FL. Cultivation of pathogenic and opportunistic free-living amoeba. Clin Microbiol Rev 2002: 15: 342-54.
  • Schuster FL, Visversvara GS. Free-living amoebae as opportunistic and nonopportunistic pathogens of human and animals. Int J Parasitol 2004; 34: 1001-27.
  • Sugita Y, Fujii T, Hayashi I, Aoki T, Yokoyama T, Morimatsu M, Fukuma T, Takamiya Y. Primary amebic meningoencephalitis due to Naegleria fowleri: an autopsy case in Japan, Pathol Int 1999; 49(5): 468-70.
  • Szenasi Z, Endo T, Yagita K, Nagy E, Isolation, identification and Increasing importance of Free living amoebae causing human diseases.J Med Microbiol 1998; (47): 5-16.
  • Trabelsi H, Dendana F, Sellami A, Cheikhrouhou F, Neji S, Makni F, Ayadi A: Pathogenic free-living amoebae: Epidemiology and clinical review. Pathologie Biologie, 2012; 60; 399-405.
  • Tu EY, Joslin CE, Shoff ME. Successful treatment of chronic stromal Acanthamoeba keratitis with oral voriconazole monotherapy. Cornea 2010; 29(9): 1066-8.
  • Verani JR, Lorick SA, Yoder JS, et. al., National outbreak of Acanthamoeba keratitis associated with use of a contact lens solution, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2009 ; 15(8):1236-42.
  • -
  • Visvesvara GS. Infections with free-living amebae Clin Neurol 2013; 114:153-68.
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Review
Authors

Nihal Dogan

Publication Date August 30, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 1 Issue: 2

Cite

Vancouver Dogan N. Risks & Threats Comes with Global Warming: Pathogenic Free Living Amoeba. Mid Blac Sea J Health Sci. 2015;1(2):13-20.

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