Abstract
References
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- 2. Merhej V, Raoult D. Rickettsial evolution in the light of comparative genomics. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc .2011; 86: 379–405
- 3. Parola P, Paddock CD, Raoult D Tick-borne rickettsioses around the world: emerging diseases challenging old concepts. Clin Microbiol Rev 2005; 18: 719–756
- 4. Traub R, Wisseman CL, Azad AF. The ecology of murine typhus, a critical review. Trop Dis Bull 1978;75:237–317.
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- 7. Parola P, Raoult D. Tropical rickettsioses. Clin Dermatol. 2006;24:191–200.
- 8. Azad AF. Epidemiology of murine typhus. Annu Rev Entemol 1990; 35:553-569.
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- 10. Psaroulaki A, Antoniou M, Papaeustathiou A, Toumazos P, Loukaides F, Tselentis Y. First detection of Rickettsia felis in Ctenocephalides felis fleas parasitizing rats in Cyprus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006; 74: 120–122.
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- 12. Christou C, Psaroulaki A, Antoniou M, Toumazos P, Ioannou I, Mazeris A, et al. Rickettsia typhi and Rickettsia felis in Xenopsylla cheopis and Leptopsylla segnis parasitizing rats in Cyprus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010; 83: 1301–1304.
- 13. Psaroulaki A, Antoniou M, Toumazos P, Mazeris A, Ioannou I, Chochlakis D, et al. Rats as indicators of the presence and dispersal of six zoonotic microbial agents in Cyprus, an island ecosystem: a seroepidemiological study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2010;v104: 733–739
- 14. Christou C, Psaroulaki A, Antoniou M, Toumazos P, Ionnou I, Mazeris M, et al.. Rikketsia typhi and Rickettsia felix in Xenopsylla cheopis and Leptopsylla segnis Paraziting Rats in Cyprus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010; 83 (6):1301-1304.
- 15. Economides P. Control of zoonoses in Cyprus. Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epiz. 2000; 19(3):725-734.
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Abstract
Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence rate of the Rickettsiae infection during the Turkish Republic of North Cyprus SARS-CoV-2 pandemic according to years.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out during 2016 to 2020. Weil-Felix test is based on cross-reactions which occur between antibodies produced in acute rickettsial infections with antigens of OX (OX 19, OX 2, and OXK) strains of Proteus species. On a lam surface, a small 100 μL of the patient’s serum is placed. A single drop of the desired antigen (OX19, OX2 ve OXK) is added, and the resulting suspension is mixed and then rotated for one minute. Visible agglutination is indicative of a positive result and corresponds roughly to a titer of 1:20. Statistical analysis of the data obtained was conducted with SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) Demo Ver 22.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) program.
Results: Total patient number were 369 (Male: 192, 52%; Female: 177, 48%) and the mean age was 33.40±21.37. The number of patients who found as positive for any of the Rickettsiae infection (OX19, OX2 and OXK) were 15.4% in 2016; 21.1% in 2017; 22.9% in 2018 %; 23% in 2019 and 37.3% in 2020. It has been observed that OX19 and OX2 positivity has increased significantly over the years. It is seen that the Proteus OX19 positive cases in 2020 are significantly higher than in other years (p=0.026). It is found that the positive cases of OX2 positivity in 2020 are significantly higher than in other years (p=0.036). Additionaly, considering the distribution over the years, it was seen that Rickettsiae positive patients increased significantly between 2016 and 2020 (p=0.017). Additionaly, considering the distribution over the years, it was seen that Rickettsiae positive patients increased significantly between 2016 and 2020 (p=0.017).
Conclusion: Our hypothesis is the because of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic due to the people staying at home the animal population such as rodents’ population caused an increase. Therefore, the increase in zoonotic infections should not be ignored and it should not be forgotten that necessary precautions should be taken to prevent these infections from getting out of control.
Keywords
References
- 1. Raoult D, Roux V, Ndihokubwayo JB, Bise G, Baudon D, Martet G, et al. Jail fever (epidemic typhus) outbreak in Burundi. Emerg Infect Dis 1997;3:357-60
- 2. Merhej V, Raoult D. Rickettsial evolution in the light of comparative genomics. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc .2011; 86: 379–405
- 3. Parola P, Paddock CD, Raoult D Tick-borne rickettsioses around the world: emerging diseases challenging old concepts. Clin Microbiol Rev 2005; 18: 719–756
- 4. Traub R, Wisseman CL, Azad AF. The ecology of murine typhus, a critical review. Trop Dis Bull 1978;75:237–317.
- 5. Whiteford SF, Taylor JP, Dumler JS. Clinical, laboratory, and epidemiologic features of murine typhus in 97 Texas children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2001;155:396–400.
- 6. Font-Creus B, Espejo Arenas E, Mun˜oz Espı´n T, Uriz Urzainqui S, Bella Cueto F, Segura Porta F, et al. Mediterranean boutonneuse fever. Study of 246 cases. Med Clin (Barc) 1991;96:121–5.
- 7. Parola P, Raoult D. Tropical rickettsioses. Clin Dermatol. 2006;24:191–200.
- 8. Azad AF. Epidemiology of murine typhus. Annu Rev Entemol 1990; 35:553-569.
- 9. Chaniotis B, Psarulaki A, Chaliotis G, Gozalo Garcia G, Gozadimos T, Tselentis Y. Transmission cyce of murine typhus in Greece. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1994; 88:645-647.
- 10. Psaroulaki A, Antoniou M, Papaeustathiou A, Toumazos P, Loukaides F, Tselentis Y. First detection of Rickettsia felis in Ctenocephalides felis fleas parasitizing rats in Cyprus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006; 74: 120–122.
- 11. Koliou M, Psaroulaki A, Georgiou C, Ioannou I, Tselentis Y, Gikas A, Murine typhus in Cyprus: 21 paediatric cases. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2007; 26: 491–493.
- 12. Christou C, Psaroulaki A, Antoniou M, Toumazos P, Ioannou I, Mazeris A, et al. Rickettsia typhi and Rickettsia felis in Xenopsylla cheopis and Leptopsylla segnis parasitizing rats in Cyprus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010; 83: 1301–1304.
- 13. Psaroulaki A, Antoniou M, Toumazos P, Mazeris A, Ioannou I, Chochlakis D, et al. Rats as indicators of the presence and dispersal of six zoonotic microbial agents in Cyprus, an island ecosystem: a seroepidemiological study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2010;v104: 733–739
- 14. Christou C, Psaroulaki A, Antoniou M, Toumazos P, Ionnou I, Mazeris M, et al.. Rikketsia typhi and Rickettsia felix in Xenopsylla cheopis and Leptopsylla segnis Paraziting Rats in Cyprus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010; 83 (6):1301-1304.
- 15. Economides P. Control of zoonoses in Cyprus. Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epiz. 2000; 19(3):725-734.
- 16. Bedoya-Perez MA, Ward MP, Loomes M, McGregor IS, Crowther M.S. The effect of COVID19 pandemic restrictions on an urban rodent population. Nature 2021;12957.
- 17. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/php/rodents.html
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Health Care Administration |
| Journal Section | Research articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | May 31, 2022 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2022 Volume: 8 Issue: 2 |
Cited By
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https://doi.org/10.33706/jemcr.1325932
e-ISSN 2149-7796