Research Article
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The effect of monthly mean global horizontal solar radiation and sunshine duration on vitamin d levels in young women

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 125 - 131, 29.10.2023

Şükriye Taşçı Karagöl Sevil Turhan Hülya Coşkun Seher Kır Yusuf Emre. Bostan Raziye Yıldız

https://doi.org/10.30565/medalanya.1274708

Abstract

Aim: The most important reason for vitamin D deficiency is the lack of synthesis in the skin. The synthesis of vitamin D can be affected by many variables such as geographical region, race, season, monthly average daily sun exposure (MADSD), monthly average daily global horizontal solar radiation (MADGHSR). In this study, we aimed to investigate possible association between vitamin D levels and MADSD and MADGHSR in young women.

Methods: This is a retrospective study evaluating the levels of Vitamin D classified by age, seasons, months, MADGHSR and MADSD in women aged between 15-45 years admitted to a secondary state hospital.

Results: All of the women involved were at reproductive age and approximately 94.6% of them had vitamin D levels below 30 ng/mL. The median (minimum-maximum) vitamin D level was 16.1 (3.6-49.4) ng/mL in summer and 14.3 (3.2-49.8) ng/mL in winter (p=0.001). The rate of vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL) was 68.1% in summer and 75.1% in winter (p<0.001). The median MADGHSR was 4.6 (3.4-5.7) hours in winter and 6.9 (5.2-7.2) hours in summer and the median MADSD was 3.3 (1.6-3.5) watt/m²/day in winter and 15.2 (12.2-15.8) watt/m²/day in summer. Vitamin D level was weakly correlated with age (r=0.082, p=0.002), MADSD (r=0.075, p=0.001) and MADGHSR (r=0.062, p=0.006).

Conclusion: We found that MADGHSR and MADSD had an effect on vitamin D synthesis in addition to factors related with personal and environmental situations. We suggest that routine optimal dose vitamin D replacement is necessary in geographies similar to the population in our study.

Keywords

Vitamin D deficiency daily sunshine duration global solar radiation

References

  • 1. Holick MF. Vitamin D: a D-Lightful health perspective. Nutr Rev. 2008;66(10 Suppl 2):S182-94. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00104.x.
  • 2. Bouillon R, Eelen G, Verlinden L, Mathieu C, Carmeliet G, Verstuyf A. Vitamin D and cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2006;102(1-5):156-62. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.09.014.
  • 3. Ness RA, Miller DD, Li W. The role of vitamin D in cancer prevention. Chin J Nat Med 2015;13(7):481-97. doi:10.1016/S1875-5364(15)30043-1.
  • 4. Kriegel MA, Manson JE, Costenbader KH. Does vitamin D affect risk of developing autoimmune disease?: a systematic review. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2011;40(6):512-31. doi: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2010.07.009.
  • 5. Holick MF. Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80(6 Suppl):1678–88. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/80.6.1678S.
  • 6. Bilezikian JP, Bikle D, Hewison M, Lazaretti-Castro M, Formenti AM, Gupta A, et al. Mechanısms in endocrinology: Vitamin D and COVID-19. Eur J Endocrinol. 2020;183(5):133-47. doi: 10.1530/EJE-20-0665.
  • 7. Ali N. Role of vitamin D in preventing of COVID-19 infection, progression and severity. J Infect Public Health. 2020;13(10):1373–80. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2020.06.021.
  • 8. Marwaha RK, Yenamandra VK, Sreenivas V, Sahay R, Baruah MP, Desai A, et al. Regional and seasonal variations in ultraviolet B irradiation and vitamin D synthesis in India. Osteoporos Int. 2016;27(4):1611–7. doi: 10.1007/s00198-015-3427-0.
  • 9. Hagenau T, Vest R, Gissel TN, Poulsen CS, Erlandsen M, Mosekilde L, et al. Global vitamin D levels in relation to age, gender, skin pigmentation and latitude: An ecologic meta-regression analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2009;20(1):133-40. doi: 10.1007/s00198-008-0626-y. 
  • 10. Prentice A. Vitamin D deficiency: a global perspective. Nutr Rev. 2008;66(10 Suppl 2):S153-64. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00100.x.
  • 11. Suri M., Huld, T A, Dunlop ED, Ossenbrink HA. Potential of solar electricity generation in the European Union member states and candidate countries. Solar Energy. 2007;81(10):1295-1305. doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2006.12.007.
  • 12. Marion W, Wilcox S. Interpreting the data tables. Solar Radiation Data Manual for Flat-Plate and Concentrating Collectors. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). 1994;3-6. Retrieved from https://www.nrel.gov/docs/legosti/old/5607.pdf Date accessed: October 20, 2022.
  • 13. Forrest KYZ, Stuhldreher WL. Prevalence and correlates of vitamin D deficiency in US adults. Nutr Res. 2011;31(1):48–54. doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2010.12.001.
  • 14. Liu X, Baylin A, Levy PD. Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency among US adults: Prevalence, predictors and clinical implications. Br J Nutr. 2018;119(8):928–36. doi: 10.1017/S0007114518000491.
  • 15. Pettifor JM, Moodley GP, Hough FS, Koch H, Chen T, Lu Z, H, et al. The effect of season and latitude on in vitro vitamin D formation by sunlight in South Africa. S Afr Med J. 1996;86(10):1270-2.  PMID: 8955733.
  • 16. Buckley AJ, Hannoun Z, Lessan N, Holick MF, Barakat MT. Environmental determinants of previtamin D synthesis in the United Arab Emirates Emirates. 
Dermatoendocrinology. 2017;9(1):e1267079. doi:10.1080/19381980.2016.1267079.
  • 17. Öğüş E, Sürer H, Kılınç AŞ, Fidancı V, Yılmaz G, Dindar N, et al. D Vitamini Düzeylerinin Aylara, Cinsiyete ve Yaşa Göre Değerlendirilmesi. Ankara Med J. 2015;15(1):1–5. doi: 10.17098/amj.88875
  • 18. Alagöl F, Shihadeh Y, Boztepe H, Tanakol R, Yarman S, Azizlerli H, et al. Sunlight exposure and vitamin D deficiency in Turkish women. J Endocrinol Invest. 2000;23(3):173-7. doi: 10.1007/BF03343702.
  • 19. Nesby-O'Dell S, Scanlon KS, Cogswell ME, Gillespie C, Hollis BW, Looker AC, et al. Hypovitaminosis D prevalence and determinants among African American and white women of reproductive age: third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76(1):187-92. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/76.1.187.
  • 20. Aydın CG, Dinçel YM, Arıkan Y, Taş SK, Deniz S. The effects of indoor and outdoor sports participation and seasonal changes on vitamin D levels in athletes. SAGE Open Med. 2019;7:2050312119837480. doi: 10.1177/2050312119837480. 
  • 21. Carnevale V, Modoni S, Pileri M, Di Giorgio A, Chiodini I, Minisola S, et al. Longitudinal evaluation of vitamin D status in healthy subjects from southern Italy: Seasonal and gender differences. Osteoporos Int. 2001;12(12):1026–30. doi: 10.1007/s001980170012.
  • 22. Oren Y, Shapira Y, Agmon-Levin N, Kivity S, Zafrir Y, Altman A, et al. Vitamin D insufficiency in a sunny environment: A demographic and seasonal analysis. Isr Med Assoc J. 2010;12(12):751–6. PMID: 21348404.
  • 23. Engelsen O. The Relationship between Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure and Vitamin D Status. 2010;482–495.
  • 24. Looker AC, Dawson-Hughes B, Calvo MS, Gunter EW, Sahyoun NR. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status of adolescents and adults in two seasonal subpopulations from NHANES III. Bone. 2002;30(5): 771–7. doi: 10.1016/s8756-3282(02)00692-0.
  • 25. Matsuoka LY, Wortsman J, Dannenberg MJ, Hollis BW, Z Lu MFH. Clothing prevents ultraviolet-B radiation-dependent photosynthesis of vitamin D3. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992:75(4)1099–1103. doi:10.1210/jcem.75.4.1328275
  • 26. Aslan A, Karakoyun O, Güler E, Aydin S, Gök MV, Akkurt S. Kastamonu'da yaşayan Türk kadınlarında kemik mineral yoğunluğu, osteoporoz yaygınlığı ve bölgesel risk faktörlerinin değerlendirilmesi: KASTÜRKOS çalışması Eklem Hastalik Cerrahisi. 2012;23(2):62-7. Turkish. PMID: 22765482.
  • 27. Heyden EL, Wimalawansa SJ. Vitamin D: Effects on human reproduction, pregnancy, and fetal well-being. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2018;180:41–50. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.12.011
  • 28. Koster MPH, van Duijn L, Krul-Poel YHM, Laven JS, Helbing WA, Simsek S, et al. A compromised maternal vitamin D status is associated with congenital heart defects in offspring. Early Hum Dev. 2018;117:50–6. doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2017.12.011
  • 29. Fogacci S, Fogacci F, Banach M, Michos ED, Hernandez AV, Lip GYH, et al. Vitamin D supplementation and incident preeclampsia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Clin Nutr. 2020;39(6):1742–52. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2019.08.015

Genç kadınlarda aylık ortalama küresel yatay güneş radyasyonu ve güneşlenme süresinin vitamin d düzeyine etkisi

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 125 - 131, 29.10.2023

Şükriye Taşçı Karagöl Sevil Turhan Hülya Coşkun Seher Kır Yusuf Emre. Bostan Raziye Yıldız

https://doi.org/10.30565/medalanya.1274708

Abstract

Amaç: D vitamini eksikliğine neden olan en önemli neden ciltte sentez eksikliğidir. D vitamini sentezi yaşanılan coğrafi bölge, ırk, mevsim, maruz kalınan aylık ortalama günlük güneşlenme süresi (MADSD), aylık ortalama günlük küresel yatay güneş radyasyonu (MADGHSR), gibi pekçok değişkenden etkilenebilir. Bu çalışmada genç kadınlarda D vitamini düzeyi ile MADSD ve MADGHSR değerleri arasındaki ilişkinin araştırılmasını amaçladık.

Yöntem: Bu çalışma retrospektif olarak ikinci basamak bir devlet hastanesine başvuran 15-45 yaş arasındaki kadınlarda yapıldı ve D vitamini düzeyleri yaş, mevsimler, aylar, MADGHSR ve MADSD değerlerine göre sınıflandırıldı.

Bulgular: Çalışmaya dahil edilen tüm kadınlar üreme çağında olup yaklaşık %94,6'sının D vitamini düzeyi 30 ng/mL'nin altındaydı. Ortanca (minimum-maksimum) D vitamini düzeyi yazın 16,1 (3,6-49,4) ng/mL, kışın 14,3 (3,2-49,8) ng/mL idi (p=0.001). D vitamini eksikliği (<20 ng/mL) oranı yazın %68,1 ve kışın %75,1 olarak saptandı (p<0.001). Medyan MADGHSR kışın 4,6 (3,4-5,7) saat ve yazın 6,9 (5,2-7,2) saat ve medyan MADSD kışın 3,3 (1,6-3,5) watt/m²/gün ve yazın 15,2 (12,2-15,8) watt/m²/gün bulundu. D vitamini düzeyinin yaş (r=0.082, p=0.002), MADGHSR (r=0.062, p=0.006) ve MADSD (r=0.075, p=0.001) ile zayıf korelasyon gösterdiği saptandı.

Sonuç: Bireysel ve çevresel faktörlerin yanı sıra MADGHSR ve MADSD’nin vitamin D sentezi üzerinde etkili olduğunu bulduk. Çalışmamızdaki popülasyona benzeyen coğrafyalarda rutin optimal doz D vitamini takviyesinin gerekli olduğunu düşünüyoruz.

Keywords

D vitamini eksikliği günlük güneşlenme süresi küresel güneş radyasyonu

References

  • 1. Holick MF. Vitamin D: a D-Lightful health perspective. Nutr Rev. 2008;66(10 Suppl 2):S182-94. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00104.x.
  • 2. Bouillon R, Eelen G, Verlinden L, Mathieu C, Carmeliet G, Verstuyf A. Vitamin D and cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2006;102(1-5):156-62. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2006.09.014.
  • 3. Ness RA, Miller DD, Li W. The role of vitamin D in cancer prevention. Chin J Nat Med 2015;13(7):481-97. doi:10.1016/S1875-5364(15)30043-1.
  • 4. Kriegel MA, Manson JE, Costenbader KH. Does vitamin D affect risk of developing autoimmune disease?: a systematic review. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2011;40(6):512-31. doi: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2010.07.009.
  • 5. Holick MF. Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80(6 Suppl):1678–88. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/80.6.1678S.
  • 6. Bilezikian JP, Bikle D, Hewison M, Lazaretti-Castro M, Formenti AM, Gupta A, et al. Mechanısms in endocrinology: Vitamin D and COVID-19. Eur J Endocrinol. 2020;183(5):133-47. doi: 10.1530/EJE-20-0665.
  • 7. Ali N. Role of vitamin D in preventing of COVID-19 infection, progression and severity. J Infect Public Health. 2020;13(10):1373–80. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2020.06.021.
  • 8. Marwaha RK, Yenamandra VK, Sreenivas V, Sahay R, Baruah MP, Desai A, et al. Regional and seasonal variations in ultraviolet B irradiation and vitamin D synthesis in India. Osteoporos Int. 2016;27(4):1611–7. doi: 10.1007/s00198-015-3427-0.
  • 9. Hagenau T, Vest R, Gissel TN, Poulsen CS, Erlandsen M, Mosekilde L, et al. Global vitamin D levels in relation to age, gender, skin pigmentation and latitude: An ecologic meta-regression analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2009;20(1):133-40. doi: 10.1007/s00198-008-0626-y. 
  • 10. Prentice A. Vitamin D deficiency: a global perspective. Nutr Rev. 2008;66(10 Suppl 2):S153-64. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00100.x.
  • 11. Suri M., Huld, T A, Dunlop ED, Ossenbrink HA. Potential of solar electricity generation in the European Union member states and candidate countries. Solar Energy. 2007;81(10):1295-1305. doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2006.12.007.
  • 12. Marion W, Wilcox S. Interpreting the data tables. Solar Radiation Data Manual for Flat-Plate and Concentrating Collectors. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). 1994;3-6. Retrieved from https://www.nrel.gov/docs/legosti/old/5607.pdf Date accessed: October 20, 2022.
  • 13. Forrest KYZ, Stuhldreher WL. Prevalence and correlates of vitamin D deficiency in US adults. Nutr Res. 2011;31(1):48–54. doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2010.12.001.
  • 14. Liu X, Baylin A, Levy PD. Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency among US adults: Prevalence, predictors and clinical implications. Br J Nutr. 2018;119(8):928–36. doi: 10.1017/S0007114518000491.
  • 15. Pettifor JM, Moodley GP, Hough FS, Koch H, Chen T, Lu Z, H, et al. The effect of season and latitude on in vitro vitamin D formation by sunlight in South Africa. S Afr Med J. 1996;86(10):1270-2.  PMID: 8955733.
  • 16. Buckley AJ, Hannoun Z, Lessan N, Holick MF, Barakat MT. Environmental determinants of previtamin D synthesis in the United Arab Emirates Emirates. 
Dermatoendocrinology. 2017;9(1):e1267079. doi:10.1080/19381980.2016.1267079.
  • 17. Öğüş E, Sürer H, Kılınç AŞ, Fidancı V, Yılmaz G, Dindar N, et al. D Vitamini Düzeylerinin Aylara, Cinsiyete ve Yaşa Göre Değerlendirilmesi. Ankara Med J. 2015;15(1):1–5. doi: 10.17098/amj.88875
  • 18. Alagöl F, Shihadeh Y, Boztepe H, Tanakol R, Yarman S, Azizlerli H, et al. Sunlight exposure and vitamin D deficiency in Turkish women. J Endocrinol Invest. 2000;23(3):173-7. doi: 10.1007/BF03343702.
  • 19. Nesby-O'Dell S, Scanlon KS, Cogswell ME, Gillespie C, Hollis BW, Looker AC, et al. Hypovitaminosis D prevalence and determinants among African American and white women of reproductive age: third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76(1):187-92. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/76.1.187.
  • 20. Aydın CG, Dinçel YM, Arıkan Y, Taş SK, Deniz S. The effects of indoor and outdoor sports participation and seasonal changes on vitamin D levels in athletes. SAGE Open Med. 2019;7:2050312119837480. doi: 10.1177/2050312119837480. 
  • 21. Carnevale V, Modoni S, Pileri M, Di Giorgio A, Chiodini I, Minisola S, et al. Longitudinal evaluation of vitamin D status in healthy subjects from southern Italy: Seasonal and gender differences. Osteoporos Int. 2001;12(12):1026–30. doi: 10.1007/s001980170012.
  • 22. Oren Y, Shapira Y, Agmon-Levin N, Kivity S, Zafrir Y, Altman A, et al. Vitamin D insufficiency in a sunny environment: A demographic and seasonal analysis. Isr Med Assoc J. 2010;12(12):751–6. PMID: 21348404.
  • 23. Engelsen O. The Relationship between Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure and Vitamin D Status. 2010;482–495.
  • 24. Looker AC, Dawson-Hughes B, Calvo MS, Gunter EW, Sahyoun NR. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status of adolescents and adults in two seasonal subpopulations from NHANES III. Bone. 2002;30(5): 771–7. doi: 10.1016/s8756-3282(02)00692-0.
  • 25. Matsuoka LY, Wortsman J, Dannenberg MJ, Hollis BW, Z Lu MFH. Clothing prevents ultraviolet-B radiation-dependent photosynthesis of vitamin D3. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992:75(4)1099–1103. doi:10.1210/jcem.75.4.1328275
  • 26. Aslan A, Karakoyun O, Güler E, Aydin S, Gök MV, Akkurt S. Kastamonu'da yaşayan Türk kadınlarında kemik mineral yoğunluğu, osteoporoz yaygınlığı ve bölgesel risk faktörlerinin değerlendirilmesi: KASTÜRKOS çalışması Eklem Hastalik Cerrahisi. 2012;23(2):62-7. Turkish. PMID: 22765482.
  • 27. Heyden EL, Wimalawansa SJ. Vitamin D: Effects on human reproduction, pregnancy, and fetal well-being. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2018;180:41–50. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.12.011
  • 28. Koster MPH, van Duijn L, Krul-Poel YHM, Laven JS, Helbing WA, Simsek S, et al. A compromised maternal vitamin D status is associated with congenital heart defects in offspring. Early Hum Dev. 2018;117:50–6. doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2017.12.011
  • 29. Fogacci S, Fogacci F, Banach M, Michos ED, Hernandez AV, Lip GYH, et al. Vitamin D supplementation and incident preeclampsia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Clin Nutr. 2020;39(6):1742–52. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2019.08.015
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects ​Internal Diseases
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Şükriye Taşçı Karagöl 0000-0001-5423-7490

Sevil Turhan 0000-0002-8534-2928

Hülya Coşkun 0000-0002-7837-4251

Seher Kır 0000-0003-2835-1745

Yusuf Emre. Bostan 0000-0003-2418-1793

Raziye Yıldız 0000-0002-5578-3722

Early Pub Date October 20, 2023
Publication Date October 29, 2023
Submission Date March 31, 2023
Acceptance Date July 8, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 7 Issue: 2

Cite

Vancouver Taşçı Karagöl Ş, Turhan S, Coşkun H, Kır S, Bostan YE, Yıldız R. The effect of monthly mean global horizontal solar radiation and sunshine duration on vitamin d levels in young women. Acta Med. Alanya. 2023;7(2):125-31.

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