Research Article
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Investigation of food preference in Alzheimer patients; Assessment of glycemic index and glycemic load of their diet

Year 2024, Volume: 41 Issue: 1, 28 - 33, 29.03.2024

Fatma Yılmaz Can Ufuk Ergün Levent İnan Gökmen Gök Asli Devrim Lanpir

Abstract

In this study, our objective was to investigate the food preferences of patients with Alzheimer’s-type dementia and healthy individuals of the same age and to compare the glycemic index and glycemic load of the preferred foods. This study was conducted with 55 patients, who were diagnosed with Alzheimer’s-type dementia by a neurologist, and 57 healthy individuals at the same age interval as the control group. The cognitive functions of the participants were assessed with the Standardized Mini-Mental State Exam (SMMSE). The food consumption preferences were determined following the obtainment of the three-day food consumption records and then the glycemic index and glycemic load of the diets was calculated. The carbohydrate amount consumed by Alzheimer's patients, the energy content of the diet, and the glycemic load were significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to the control group. The comparison of Alzheimer's patients, who were divided into two groups, mild dementia (SMMSE=18-23) and severe dementia (SMMSE≤17) according to the SMMSE scores, showed that patients with severe dementia consumed significantly more carbohydrates and the energy content of their diet was higher (p<0.05). We determined that Alzheimer's patients consumed more carbohydrates and sugar compared to the control group. The daily carbohydrate intake increased as the severity of the disease increased, however, the quality of the consumed carbohydrate remained the same.

Keywords

Alzheimer’s Disease Carbohydrate Consumption Glycemic Load Glycemic Index

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References

  • Mergenthaler P, Lindauer U, Dienel GA, Meisel A. Sugar for the brain: the role of glucose in physiological and pathological brain function. Trends Neurosci. 2013;36(10):587-597.
  • Harris JJ, Jolivet R, Attwell D. Synaptic energy use and supply. Neuron. 2012; 75(5):762-777.
  • Hoyer S. The young-adult and normally aged brain. Its blood flow and oxidative metabolism. A review--part I. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 1982;1(2):101-116.
  • Resnick SM, Pham DL, Kraut MA, Zonderman AB, Davatzikos C. Longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging studies of older adults: a shrinking brain. J Neurosci. 2003;23(8):3295-3301.
  • Hoyer S. The abnormally aged brain. Its blood flow and oxidative metabolism. A review - part II. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 1982;1(3):195-207
  • Keene JM, Hope T. Hyperphagia in dementia: 2. Food choices and their macronutrient contents in hyperphagia, dementia and ageing. Appetite. 1997;28(2):167-175.
  • Heneka MT, Carson MJ, El Khoury J, Landreth GE, Brosseron F, Feinstein DL, et al Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. Lancet Neurol. 2015; 14(4): 388–405.
  • Heneka MT, O'Banion MK. Inflammatory processes in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroimmunol. 2007;184(1-2):69-91. Kandimalla R, Thirumala V, Reddy PH. Is Alzheimer’s disease a Type 3 Diabetes? A critical appraisal. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2017;1863(5):1078–1089.
  • Spinelli M, Fusco S, Grassi C. Brain insulin resistance and hippocampal plasticity: mechanisms and biomarkers of cognitive decline. Front. Neurosci. 2019;13:788.
  • Komleva Y, Chernykh A, Lopatina O, Gorina Y, Lokteva I, Salminaat A, et al. Inflamm-Aging and Brain Insulin Resistance: New Insights and Role of Life-style Strategies on Cognitive and Social Determinants in Aging and Neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci. 2020;14:618395.
  • American Psychiatric Assodation (APA). Diagnostic and Statiscal Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM - IV). 1st ed. Washington OC. 1993.
  • Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. “Mini-mental state”: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975 Nov;12(3):189-98.
  • Güngen C, Ertan T, Eker E, Yaşar R. Standardize mini mental test'in türk toplumunda hafif demans tanısında geçerlik ve güvenilirliği. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2002; 13(4): 273 - 281
  • Olendzki BC, Ma Y, Culver AL, Ockene IS, Griffith JA, Hafner AR, et al. Methodology for adding glycemic index and glycemic load values to 24-hour dietary recall database. Nutrition 2006;22:1087–1095.
  • Mızrak G. Glisemik İndeks, Glisemik Yük, Sağlikli Beslenme ve Spor. Ziraat Mühendisliği. Aralık 2016. Sayı 363. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/525230
  • Atkinson FS, Brand-Miller JC, Foster-Powell K, Buyken AE, Goletzke J. International tables of glycemic index and glycemic load values 2021: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2021;114(5):1625-1632.
  • Glycemic Index – Glycemic Index Research and GI News n.d. accessed September 30, 2021. https://glycemicindex.com
  • Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and β-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 1985;28:412–419.
  • Gayoso-Diz P, Otero-González A, Rodriguez-Alvarez MX, Gude F, García F, De Francisco A, et al. Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) cut-off values and the metabolic syndrome in a general adult population: Effect of gender and age: EPIRCE cross-sectional study. BMC Endocr Disord 2013;13:1–10.
  • Kaya A. Turan E, Uyar M, Bayram F, Turan Y. The Prevelance of Insulin Resistance In The Turkish Population Constructed with 3331 participants. EJMO. 2017;1(4):202-206
  • Demir AK, Şahin Ş, Kaya SU, Bütün İ, Çıtıl R, Önder Y, et al. Prevalence of insulin resistance and identifying homa1-ir and homa2-ir indexes in the middle black sea region of Turkey. Afr Health Sci 2020;20:277–286.
  • Tondo G, Iaccarino L, Caminiti SP, Presotto L, Santangelo R, Iannaccone S, et al. The combined effects of microglia activation and brain glucose hypometabolism in early-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2020;12(1):50
  • Jeong YJ, Yoon HJ, Kang DY. Assessment of change in glucose metabolism in white matter of amyloid-positive patients with Alzheimer disease using F-18 FDG PET. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017;96(48): e9042.
  • Meyer-Luehmann M, Spires-Jones TL, Prada C, Garcia-Alloza M, de Calignon A, Rozkalne A, et al. Rapid appearance and local toxicity of amyloid-beta plaques in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Nature 2008;451:720-724.
  • Yoshiyama Y, Higuchi M, Zhang B, Huang SM, Iwata N, Saido TC, et al. Synapse loss and microglial activation precede tangles in a P301S tauopathy mouse model. Neuron 2007;53:337-351.
  • Gimeno-Bayón J, López-López A, Rodríguez MJ, Mahy N. Glucose pathways adaptation supports acquisition of activated microglia phenotype. J Neurosci Res 2014;92:723–731
  • Komleva YK, Lopatina OL, Gorina YV, Chernykh AI, Shuvaev AN, Salmina AB. Early changes in hyppocampal neurogenesis induced by soluble Ab1-42 oligomers. Biomed Khim. 2018;64(4):326-333.
  • Pitt J, Wilcox KC, Tortelli V, Diniz LP, Oliveira MS, Dobbins C et al. Neuroprotective astrocyte-derived insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 stimulates endocytic processing and extracellular release of neuron-bound Aβ oligomers. Mol Biol Cell. 2017; 28(20): 2623–2636.
  • Hölscher C. Insulin signaling impairment in the brain as a risk factor in Alzheimer’s disease. Front Aging Neurosci. 2019;11: 88.
  • Arnold SE, Arvanitakis Z, Macauley-Rambach SL, Koenig AM, Wang HY, Ahima RS, et al. Brain insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer disease: concepts and conundrums. Nat Rev Neurol. 2018 Mar; 14(3): 168–181.
  • Stollery B, Christian L. Glucose improves object-location binding in visual-spatial working memory. Psychopharmacol (Berl) 2016;233:529–547.
  • Benedict C, Kern W, Schultes B, Born J, Hallschmid M. Differential sensitivity of men and women to anorexigenic and memory-improving effects of intranasal insulin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:1339–1344.
  • Krug R, Benedict C, Born J, Hallschmid M. Comparable sensitivity of postmenopausal and young women to the effects of intranasal insulin on food intake and working memory. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:E468–E472.
  • Craft S, Claxton A, Baker LD, Hanson AJ, Cholerton B, Trittschuh EH, et al. Effects of regular and long-acting insulin on cognition and alzheimer’s disease biomarkers: a pilot clinical trial. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 2017;57:1325–1334.
  • Reger MA, Watson GS, Frey WH, Baker LD, Cholerton B, Fishel MA, Plymate,SR, et al. Effects of intranasal insulin on cognition in memory-impaired older adults: modulation by APOE genotype. Neurobiol Aging. 2006;27:451–458.
  • Reger MA, Watson GS, Green PS, Baker LD, Cholerton B, Fishel MA et al. Intranasal insulin administration dose-dependently modulates verbal memory and plasma amyloid-β in memory-impaired older adults. J Alzheimers Dis. 2008;13:323–331.
  • Nilsson M, Jensen N, Gejl M, Bergmann ML, Storgaard H, Zander M, at al Experimental non-severe hypoglycaemia substantially impairs cognitive function in type 2 diabetes: a randomised crossover trial. Diabetologia. 2019 Oct;62(10):1948-1958.
  • Shibata M, Suzuki N. Exploring the role of microglia in cortical spreading depression in neurological disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2017 Apr; 37(4): 1182–1191.

Year 2024, Volume: 41 Issue: 1, 28 - 33, 29.03.2024

Fatma Yılmaz Can Ufuk Ergün Levent İnan Gökmen Gök Asli Devrim Lanpir

Abstract

Project Number

There is not

References

  • Mergenthaler P, Lindauer U, Dienel GA, Meisel A. Sugar for the brain: the role of glucose in physiological and pathological brain function. Trends Neurosci. 2013;36(10):587-597.
  • Harris JJ, Jolivet R, Attwell D. Synaptic energy use and supply. Neuron. 2012; 75(5):762-777.
  • Hoyer S. The young-adult and normally aged brain. Its blood flow and oxidative metabolism. A review--part I. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 1982;1(2):101-116.
  • Resnick SM, Pham DL, Kraut MA, Zonderman AB, Davatzikos C. Longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging studies of older adults: a shrinking brain. J Neurosci. 2003;23(8):3295-3301.
  • Hoyer S. The abnormally aged brain. Its blood flow and oxidative metabolism. A review - part II. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 1982;1(3):195-207
  • Keene JM, Hope T. Hyperphagia in dementia: 2. Food choices and their macronutrient contents in hyperphagia, dementia and ageing. Appetite. 1997;28(2):167-175.
  • Heneka MT, Carson MJ, El Khoury J, Landreth GE, Brosseron F, Feinstein DL, et al Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. Lancet Neurol. 2015; 14(4): 388–405.
  • Heneka MT, O'Banion MK. Inflammatory processes in Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroimmunol. 2007;184(1-2):69-91. Kandimalla R, Thirumala V, Reddy PH. Is Alzheimer’s disease a Type 3 Diabetes? A critical appraisal. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2017;1863(5):1078–1089.
  • Spinelli M, Fusco S, Grassi C. Brain insulin resistance and hippocampal plasticity: mechanisms and biomarkers of cognitive decline. Front. Neurosci. 2019;13:788.
  • Komleva Y, Chernykh A, Lopatina O, Gorina Y, Lokteva I, Salminaat A, et al. Inflamm-Aging and Brain Insulin Resistance: New Insights and Role of Life-style Strategies on Cognitive and Social Determinants in Aging and Neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci. 2020;14:618395.
  • American Psychiatric Assodation (APA). Diagnostic and Statiscal Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM - IV). 1st ed. Washington OC. 1993.
  • Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. “Mini-mental state”: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975 Nov;12(3):189-98.
  • Güngen C, Ertan T, Eker E, Yaşar R. Standardize mini mental test'in türk toplumunda hafif demans tanısında geçerlik ve güvenilirliği. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi. 2002; 13(4): 273 - 281
  • Olendzki BC, Ma Y, Culver AL, Ockene IS, Griffith JA, Hafner AR, et al. Methodology for adding glycemic index and glycemic load values to 24-hour dietary recall database. Nutrition 2006;22:1087–1095.
  • Mızrak G. Glisemik İndeks, Glisemik Yük, Sağlikli Beslenme ve Spor. Ziraat Mühendisliği. Aralık 2016. Sayı 363. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/525230
  • Atkinson FS, Brand-Miller JC, Foster-Powell K, Buyken AE, Goletzke J. International tables of glycemic index and glycemic load values 2021: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2021;114(5):1625-1632.
  • Glycemic Index – Glycemic Index Research and GI News n.d. accessed September 30, 2021. https://glycemicindex.com
  • Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and β-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia 1985;28:412–419.
  • Gayoso-Diz P, Otero-González A, Rodriguez-Alvarez MX, Gude F, García F, De Francisco A, et al. Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) cut-off values and the metabolic syndrome in a general adult population: Effect of gender and age: EPIRCE cross-sectional study. BMC Endocr Disord 2013;13:1–10.
  • Kaya A. Turan E, Uyar M, Bayram F, Turan Y. The Prevelance of Insulin Resistance In The Turkish Population Constructed with 3331 participants. EJMO. 2017;1(4):202-206
  • Demir AK, Şahin Ş, Kaya SU, Bütün İ, Çıtıl R, Önder Y, et al. Prevalence of insulin resistance and identifying homa1-ir and homa2-ir indexes in the middle black sea region of Turkey. Afr Health Sci 2020;20:277–286.
  • Tondo G, Iaccarino L, Caminiti SP, Presotto L, Santangelo R, Iannaccone S, et al. The combined effects of microglia activation and brain glucose hypometabolism in early-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2020;12(1):50
  • Jeong YJ, Yoon HJ, Kang DY. Assessment of change in glucose metabolism in white matter of amyloid-positive patients with Alzheimer disease using F-18 FDG PET. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017;96(48): e9042.
  • Meyer-Luehmann M, Spires-Jones TL, Prada C, Garcia-Alloza M, de Calignon A, Rozkalne A, et al. Rapid appearance and local toxicity of amyloid-beta plaques in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Nature 2008;451:720-724.
  • Yoshiyama Y, Higuchi M, Zhang B, Huang SM, Iwata N, Saido TC, et al. Synapse loss and microglial activation precede tangles in a P301S tauopathy mouse model. Neuron 2007;53:337-351.
  • Gimeno-Bayón J, López-López A, Rodríguez MJ, Mahy N. Glucose pathways adaptation supports acquisition of activated microglia phenotype. J Neurosci Res 2014;92:723–731
  • Komleva YK, Lopatina OL, Gorina YV, Chernykh AI, Shuvaev AN, Salmina AB. Early changes in hyppocampal neurogenesis induced by soluble Ab1-42 oligomers. Biomed Khim. 2018;64(4):326-333.
  • Pitt J, Wilcox KC, Tortelli V, Diniz LP, Oliveira MS, Dobbins C et al. Neuroprotective astrocyte-derived insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 stimulates endocytic processing and extracellular release of neuron-bound Aβ oligomers. Mol Biol Cell. 2017; 28(20): 2623–2636.
  • Hölscher C. Insulin signaling impairment in the brain as a risk factor in Alzheimer’s disease. Front Aging Neurosci. 2019;11: 88.
  • Arnold SE, Arvanitakis Z, Macauley-Rambach SL, Koenig AM, Wang HY, Ahima RS, et al. Brain insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer disease: concepts and conundrums. Nat Rev Neurol. 2018 Mar; 14(3): 168–181.
  • Stollery B, Christian L. Glucose improves object-location binding in visual-spatial working memory. Psychopharmacol (Berl) 2016;233:529–547.
  • Benedict C, Kern W, Schultes B, Born J, Hallschmid M. Differential sensitivity of men and women to anorexigenic and memory-improving effects of intranasal insulin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:1339–1344.
  • Krug R, Benedict C, Born J, Hallschmid M. Comparable sensitivity of postmenopausal and young women to the effects of intranasal insulin on food intake and working memory. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:E468–E472.
  • Craft S, Claxton A, Baker LD, Hanson AJ, Cholerton B, Trittschuh EH, et al. Effects of regular and long-acting insulin on cognition and alzheimer’s disease biomarkers: a pilot clinical trial. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 2017;57:1325–1334.
  • Reger MA, Watson GS, Frey WH, Baker LD, Cholerton B, Fishel MA, Plymate,SR, et al. Effects of intranasal insulin on cognition in memory-impaired older adults: modulation by APOE genotype. Neurobiol Aging. 2006;27:451–458.
  • Reger MA, Watson GS, Green PS, Baker LD, Cholerton B, Fishel MA et al. Intranasal insulin administration dose-dependently modulates verbal memory and plasma amyloid-β in memory-impaired older adults. J Alzheimers Dis. 2008;13:323–331.
  • Nilsson M, Jensen N, Gejl M, Bergmann ML, Storgaard H, Zander M, at al Experimental non-severe hypoglycaemia substantially impairs cognitive function in type 2 diabetes: a randomised crossover trial. Diabetologia. 2019 Oct;62(10):1948-1958.
  • Shibata M, Suzuki N. Exploring the role of microglia in cortical spreading depression in neurological disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2017 Apr; 37(4): 1182–1191.
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Central Nervous System
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Fatma Yılmaz Can 0000-0003-0995-4911

Ufuk Ergün 0000-0002-2664-1549

Levent İnan 0000-0002-2441-0624

Gökmen Gök 0000-0002-3420-6192

Asli Devrim Lanpir 0000-0002-4267-9950

Project Number There is not
Publication Date March 29, 2024
Submission Date July 19, 2023
Acceptance Date December 20, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 41 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Yılmaz Can, F., Ergün, U., İnan, L., Gök, G., et al. (2024). Investigation of food preference in Alzheimer patients; Assessment of glycemic index and glycemic load of their diet. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 41(1), 28-33.
AMA Yılmaz Can F, Ergün U, İnan L, Gök G, Devrim Lanpir A. Investigation of food preference in Alzheimer patients; Assessment of glycemic index and glycemic load of their diet. J. Exp. Clin. Med. March 2024;41(1):28-33.
Chicago Yılmaz Can, Fatma, Ufuk Ergün, Levent İnan, Gökmen Gök, and Asli Devrim Lanpir. “Investigation of Food Preference in Alzheimer Patients; Assessment of Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load of Their Diet”. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine 41, no. 1 (March 2024): 28-33.
EndNote Yılmaz Can F, Ergün U, İnan L, Gök G, Devrim Lanpir A (March 1, 2024) Investigation of food preference in Alzheimer patients; Assessment of glycemic index and glycemic load of their diet. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine 41 1 28–33.
IEEE F. Yılmaz Can, U. Ergün, L. İnan, G. Gök, and A. Devrim Lanpir, “Investigation of food preference in Alzheimer patients; Assessment of glycemic index and glycemic load of their diet”, J. Exp. Clin. Med., vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 28–33, 2024.
ISNAD Yılmaz Can, Fatma et al. “Investigation of Food Preference in Alzheimer Patients; Assessment of Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load of Their Diet”. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine 41/1 (March 2024), 28-33.
JAMA Yılmaz Can F, Ergün U, İnan L, Gök G, Devrim Lanpir A. Investigation of food preference in Alzheimer patients; Assessment of glycemic index and glycemic load of their diet. J. Exp. Clin. Med. 2024;41:28–33.
MLA Yılmaz Can, Fatma et al. “Investigation of Food Preference in Alzheimer Patients; Assessment of Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load of Their Diet”. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, vol. 41, no. 1, 2024, pp. 28-33.
Vancouver Yılmaz Can F, Ergün U, İnan L, Gök G, Devrim Lanpir A. Investigation of food preference in Alzheimer patients; Assessment of glycemic index and glycemic load of their diet. J. Exp. Clin. Med. 2024;41(1):28-33.
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