Research Article
Year 2024,
Volume: 41 Issue: 1, 132 - 137, 29.03.2024
Abstract
Studies dealing with secondary exposure to a particular stressor have concluded that participants exhibit high rates of secondary traumatic stress symptoms. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of media exposure to the 6th February Kahramanmaras Earthquake on traumatic stress symptoms. 182 physicians and medical school students who accessed online platforms were included in the study, and data were collected using self-report forms. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) and the Impact of Events Scale (IES) were used as assessment instruments. According to data analysis, 64.3% of the participants were female (n=117) and 35.7% were male (n=65). The mean age was 28.1±6.2. 57.1% of the participants reported being exposed to news or images about the event through television or social media for more than 12 hours a week, 14.3% for 4-12 hours, 28.6% for less than 4 hours. The study concluded that 46.2% of the participants experienced traumatic symptoms. A significant positive correlation was found between the trauma scores of the participants and their levels of anxiety, depression, and stress. Both exposure to traumatic images for more than 12 hours a week and having a relative injured in the earthquake may be associated with secondary traumatic stress. Future studies are needed to elucidate the effect of exposure to traumatic images through media on traumatic stress.
Keywords
Ethical Statement
The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Medicine (E-2023000092-1 2023/92). The consent form was sent online to all participants and their consent was obtained. Our study complies with the Declaration of Helsinki as revised in 2013
Supporting Institution
The study has been conducted without any external funding or financial support.
Thanks
We would like to thank all our participants who filled out our study forms.
References
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- İlhan B, Küpeli İ. Secondary traumatic stress, anxiety, and depression among emergency healthcare workers in the middle of the COVID-19 outbreak: A cross-sectional study. Am J Emerg Med. 2022;52:99-104.
- Lovibond PF, Lovibond SH. The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behav Res Ther. 1995;33(3):335-343.
- Antony MM, Bieling PJ, Cox BJ, Enns MW, Swinson RP. Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychol Assess. 1998;10(2):176-181.
- Saricam H. The psychometric properties of Turkish Version of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) in community and clinical samples. JCBPR. 2018;7:19-30.
- Horowitz M, Wilner N, Alvarez W. Impact of Event Scale: a measure of subjective stress. Psychosom Med. 1979;41(3):209-218.
- Weiss DS, Marmar CR. The Impact of Event Scale—Revised. Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD. New York, NY, US: The Guilford Press. 1997; 399-411.
- Çorapçıoğlu A, Yargıç İ, Geyran P, Kocabaşoğlu N. Olayların Etkisi Ölçeği (IES-R) Türkçe Versiyonunun geçerlilik ve güvenilirliği. New Semposium: psikiyatri, nöroloji ve davranış bilimleri dergisi. 2996;44(1):14-22.
- Motlagh H. Impact of event scale-revised. J Physiother. 2010;56(3):203.
- Nishi D, Koido Y, Nakaya N, Sone T, Noguchi H, Hamazaki K, et al. Peritraumatic distress, watching television, and posttraumatic stress symptoms among rescue workers after the Great East Japan Earthquake. PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e35248.
- Auxéméry Y. Post-traumatic psychiatric disorders: PTSD is not the only diagnosis. La Presse Médicale. 2018;47(5):423-430.
- Kar N, Samantaray NN, Kar S, Kar B. Anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress a month after 2019 Cyclone Fani in Odisha, India. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2022;16(2):670-677.
- Propper RE, Stickgold R, Keeley R, Christman SD. Is television traumatic?: Dreams, stress, and media exposure in the aftermath of September 11, 2001. Psychol Sci. 2007;18(4):334-340.
Year 2024,
Volume: 41 Issue: 1, 132 - 137, 29.03.2024
Abstract
References
- Sputnik, "AFAD: Depremde hayatını kaybedenlerin sayısı 50 bin 399" [Internet] 2023 [cited 2023 May 9] Available from: https://sputniknews.com.tr/20230320/afad-depremde-hayatini-kaybedenlerin-sayisi-50-bin-96--1068507815.html.
- Cumhuriyet, "AFAD duyurdu: 2 ayda 24 bin 927 deprem meydana geldi". [Internet] 2023 [cited 2023 May 9] Available from: https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/turkiye/afad-duyurdu-2-ayda-24-bin-927-deprem-meydana-geldi-2068839.
- T24, "Deprem bölgesindeki 830 bin binada hasar tespit çalışması; 105 bini ağır hasarlı" [Internet] 2023 [cited 2023 May 9] Available from: https://t24.com.tr/haber/deprem-bolgesindeki-830-bin-binada-hasar-tespit-calismasi-105-bini-agir-hasarli,1093300.
- Galea S, Nandi A, Vlahov D. The epidemiology of post-traumatic stress disorder after disasters. Epidemiologic Reviews. 2005;27(1):78-91.
- Norris FH, Friedman MJ, Watson PJ, Byrne CM, Diaz E, Kaniasty K. 60,000 disaster victims speak: Part I. An empirical review of the empirical literature, 1981-2001. Psychiatry. 2002;65(3):207-239.
- Kaye-Kauderer HP, Levine J, Takeguchi Y, Machida M, Sekine H, Taku K, et al. Post-traumatic growth and resilience among medical students after the March 2011 Disaster in Fukushima, Japan. Psychiatr Q. 2019;90(3):507-518.
- Önder E, Tural Ü, Aker T, Kılıç C, Erdoğan S. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders three years after the 1999 Earthquake in Turkey: Marmara Earthquake Survey (MES). Soc Psychiatr Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2006;41(11):868-874.
- Neria Y, Nandi A, Galea S. Post-traumatic stress disorder following disasters: A systematic review. Psychol Med. 2008;38(4):467-480.
- Creamer TL, Liddle BJ. Secondary traumatic stress among disaster mental health workers responding to the September 11 Attacks. J Trauma Stress. 2005;18(1):89-96.
- Živanović M, Vukčević Marković M. Latent structure of secondary traumatic stress, its precursors, and effects on people working with refugees. PLoS One. 2020;15(10):e0241545.
- Ratrout HF, Hamdan-Mansour AM. Secondary traumatic stress among emergency nurses: Prevalence, predictors, and consequences. Int J Nurs Pract. 2020;26(1):e12767.
- Kellogg MB, Knight M, Dowling JS, Crawford SL. Secondary traumatic stress in pediatric nurses. J Pediatr Nurs. 2018;43:97-103.
- Bernstein KT, Ahern J, Tracy M, Boscarino JA, Vlahov D, Galea S. Television watching and the risk of incident probable posttraumatic stress disorder: A prospective evaluation. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2007;195(1):41-47.
- Ahern J, Galea S, Resnick H, Vlahov D. Television images and probable posttraumatic stress disorder after September 11: The Role of background characteristics, event exposures, and perievent panic. J Nerv Ment. 2004;192(3):217-226.
- Naeem F, Taj R, Khan A, Ayub M. Can watching traumatic events on TV cause PTSD symptoms? Evidence from Pakistan. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2012;126(1):79-80.
- Uğur K, Kartal F, Mete B, Tamam L, Demirkol ME. The relationship between peritraumatic dissociation and anxiety level, perceived stress, anxiety sensitivity and coping with earthquake stress in post-earthquake acute stress disorder patients. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2021;32(4):253-260.
- Kar N, Bastia BK. Post-traumatic stress disorder, depression and generalised anxiety disorder in adolescents after a natural disaster: A study of comorbidity. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment. 2006;2(1):17.
- İlhan B, Küpeli İ. Secondary traumatic stress, anxiety, and depression among emergency healthcare workers in the middle of the COVID-19 outbreak: A cross-sectional study. Am J Emerg Med. 2022;52:99-104.
- Lovibond PF, Lovibond SH. The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behav Res Ther. 1995;33(3):335-343.
- Antony MM, Bieling PJ, Cox BJ, Enns MW, Swinson RP. Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychol Assess. 1998;10(2):176-181.
- Saricam H. The psychometric properties of Turkish Version of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) in community and clinical samples. JCBPR. 2018;7:19-30.
- Horowitz M, Wilner N, Alvarez W. Impact of Event Scale: a measure of subjective stress. Psychosom Med. 1979;41(3):209-218.
- Weiss DS, Marmar CR. The Impact of Event Scale—Revised. Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD. New York, NY, US: The Guilford Press. 1997; 399-411.
- Çorapçıoğlu A, Yargıç İ, Geyran P, Kocabaşoğlu N. Olayların Etkisi Ölçeği (IES-R) Türkçe Versiyonunun geçerlilik ve güvenilirliği. New Semposium: psikiyatri, nöroloji ve davranış bilimleri dergisi. 2996;44(1):14-22.
- Motlagh H. Impact of event scale-revised. J Physiother. 2010;56(3):203.
- Nishi D, Koido Y, Nakaya N, Sone T, Noguchi H, Hamazaki K, et al. Peritraumatic distress, watching television, and posttraumatic stress symptoms among rescue workers after the Great East Japan Earthquake. PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e35248.
- Auxéméry Y. Post-traumatic psychiatric disorders: PTSD is not the only diagnosis. La Presse Médicale. 2018;47(5):423-430.
- Kar N, Samantaray NN, Kar S, Kar B. Anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress a month after 2019 Cyclone Fani in Odisha, India. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2022;16(2):670-677.
- Propper RE, Stickgold R, Keeley R, Christman SD. Is television traumatic?: Dreams, stress, and media exposure in the aftermath of September 11, 2001. Psychol Sci. 2007;18(4):334-340.
There are 29 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Psychiatry |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | March 29, 2024 |
| Submission Date | December 18, 2023 |
| Acceptance Date | December 28, 2023 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2024 Volume: 41 Issue: 1 |
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