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تأثير المكاسب الاقتصادية على الأدوات الأمنية للدول الهشة: حالتي مالي والنيجر

Year 2022, Volume: 14 Issue: 3, 293 - 321, 25.04.2023

Serhat Güzel Güngör Şahin

https://doi.org/10.47932/ortetut.1248831

Abstract

في الدراسة ، سيتم تحليل دولتين في منطقة الساحل في إفريقيا ، والنيجر ومالي ، ضمن نطاق الدول الهشة. يعتبر أن البلدين اللذين نالتا استقلالهما بعد انتهاء الحرب العالمية الثانية لم يتمكنا من ترسيخ شرعيتهما بشكل فعال داخل حدودهما. تهدف الدراسة إلى الكشف عن الارتباط المتبادل بين المؤشرات الاقتصادية والأمنية لدول النيجر ومالي منذ عام 2006 وما إذا كانت المؤشرات الاقتصادية لها تأثير على الأدوات الأمنية ضمن نطاق النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها من هذا الارتباط. في الدراسة ، تم استخدام نظرية النظم العالمية لإيمانويل والرشتاين كإطار نظري. سيغطي القيد التاريخي السنوات 2006-2022 باستخدام طرق البحث النوعي في المقالة. بالإضافة إلى ذلك ، تم البحث في الوثائق ذات الصلة مثل مؤشرات صندوق السلام والبنك الدولي ومؤشر الإرهاب العالمي والمؤلفات. على الرغم من حقيقة أن هشاشة الدول تُقاس عمومًا باستخدام معايير مختلفة وتقليديًا ، يُنظر إلى أن المكاسب الاقتصادية لها تأثير إيجابي على كل دولة ، فقد وجد أن الرأي العام لولايتي النيجر ومالي يسير في الاتجاه المعاكس. وبالتالي فإن المكاسب الاقتصادية وحدها لن تكون كافية للحصول على عامل الأمن.

Keywords

دولة هشة مالي النيجر

References

  • “Francois Hollande’s African Adventures”, The Economist, 21 July 2014.
  • “Mali mutiny ‘topples’ President Toure”, Aljazeera News, 22 March 2012.
  • “Mali President, PM Resign After Arrest, Confirming 2nd Coup in 9 Months”, VOA News, 26 May 2021.
  • “Mali’de askeri darbe hakkında neler biliniyor?”, BBC News, 19 Ağustos 2020.
  • “Niger suffers deadliest raids by suspected jihadist”, BBC News, 23 March 2021.
  • “Niger’s Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as president after failed coup”, BBC News, 2 April 2021.
  • “Niger-2010 Coup”, Global Security, 2020.
  • “République du Mali”, L’amenagement linguistique dans le monde, 9 December 2020.
  • “Resolution 2085”, United Nations Securtiy Council, 20 December 2012.
  • Boas, Morten, Jennings, Kathleen M. “Failed States' and 'State Failure': Threats or Opportunities?.” Globalizations, no.4 (4) (2007): 475-485.
  • Brooks, Rosa Ehrenreich. “Failed States, or the State as Failure?.”, The University of Chicago Law Review, no.72 (4) (2005):1159-1196.
  • Christopher Van Der Perre, Benoit Tessier, “French Troops in Mali anti-jihadist campaign mired in mud and mistrust”, Reuters, 13 August 2019.
  • Clayton Besaw, “Mali celebrates after president’s ouster-but there are few ‘good coups’”, The Conversation, 18 August 2020.
  • Cojanu, Valentin and Popescu, Alina Irina. “Analysis of Failed States: Some Problems of Definition and Measurement.” The Romanian Economic Journal, Year 10, no.25 (2007):113-132.
  • Comparative Analyses, Mali and Niger, The Fund For Peace, 2022.
  • Country Dashboard /Mali, The Fund For Peace, 2022.
  • Country Dashboard/Niger, The Fund For Peace, 2022.
  • Data Extract From World Development Indicators Mali GDP Growth Rates, The World Bank, 10 Aralık 2022.
  • Data Extract From World Development Indicators Mali GNI Per Capita, Atlas Method, The World Bank, 10 Aralık 2022.
  • Data Extract From World Development Indicators Niger GDP Growth Rates, The World Bank, 2022.
  • Data Extract From World Development Indicators Niger GNI Per Capita, Atlas Method, The World Bank, 2022.
  • Fragile State Index (C-1 Security Aparatus), The Fund For Peace, 2022.
  • Fragile State Index (C-2 Factionalized Elites), The Fund For Peace, 2022.
  • Fragile State Index (C-3 Group Grievance), The Fund For Peace, 2022.
  • Fragile State Index (E-1 Economic Decline and Poverty), The Fund For Peace, 2022.
  • Fragile State Index Methodology and Cast Framework, The Fund For Peace, 13 May 2017.
  • Fragile State Index, (E-2 Uneven Economic Development), The Fund For Peace, 2022.
  • Fragile State Index, (E-3 Human Flight and Brain Drain), The Fund For Peace, 2022.
  • Helman, Gerald Bernard, Ratner, Steven Richard. “Saving Failed States.” Foreign Policy, no.89 (1992/1993, Kış): 3-20.
  • Küçük, Mustafa. “Uluslararası İlişkilere Giriş: Tarih, Teori, Kavram ve Konular,” içinde Marksist Teoriler, ed. Şaban Kardaş, Ali Balcı, İstanbul: Küre Yayınları, 2014
  • Mace Celian, “Au Mali, le refus du neocolonialisme”, Liberation, 19 December 2019.
  • Maxime H. A. Larive, “Welcome to France’s New War On Terror in Africa: Operation Barkhane”, National Interest, 7 August 2014.
  • Mete Sohtaoğlu, “Afrika’nın fakirliğinin sebebi: Afrika’nın zenginliği”, Mücerret, 27 Mayıs 2018.
  • Milliken, Jennifer and Krause, Keith. “State Failure, State Collapse and State Reconstruction: Concepts, Lessons and Strategies,” Development and Change 33. no.5 (2002):753-774.
  • Newman, Edward. “Failed States and International Order: Constructing a Post-Westphalian World.” Contemporary Security Policy, no. 30 (3) (2009): 421-443.
  • Özlük, Erdem. Uluslararası İlişkilerde Devlet: Tanım, Teori ve Devlet İstisnacılığı. Konya:Çizgi Kitabevi,2. Baskı, 2014 Par Paul Lorgerie, “Au Mali, la sentiment antifraçais gagne du terrain”, Le Monde, 11 January 2020.
  • Rotberg, Robert Irwin. “State Failure and State Weakness in a Time of Terror.” içinde Failed States, Collapse States, Weak States: Causes and Indicators, ed. Robert I. Rotberg, Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2003
  • Tiemoko Diallo, “Mali President resigns after detention by military, deepening crisis”, Reuters, 18 August 2020.
  • Wallerstein, Immanuel. “Dünya Sistemi- Beş Yüzyıllıkmı, Beş Binyıllıkmı?.” içinde Dünya-Sistemleri Kavramına Karşı Dünya-Sistemi Kavramı: Bir Eleştiri, ed. Andre Gunder Frank, Barry K. Gills, çev. Esin Soğancılar, Ankara: İmge Kitabevi,2003
  • Wallerstein, Immanuel. Dünya Sistemleri Analizi. çev. E. Abadoğlu, N. Ersoy. İstanbul: BGST Yayınları,2001
  • Wallerstein, Immanuel. Modern Dünya Sistemi: Merkantilizm ve Doğu Avrupa Ekonomisinin Güçlendirilmesi 1600-1750 (Cilt 2). çev. Latif Boyacı. İstanbul: Yarın Yayınları, 2012
  • Wallerstein, Immanuel. Tarihsel Kapitalizm. çev. Necmiye Alpay. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları, 1992 World Development Indicators Databank, The World Bank, 2022.
  • Zartman, Ira William. “Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority.” içinde Introduction: Posing the Problem of State Collapse, ed. I. William Zartman, London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1995

Ekonomik Kazanımların Kırılgan Devletlerin Güvenlik Araçları Üzerindeki Etkisi: Mali ve Nijer Örnekleri

Year 2022, Volume: 14 Issue: 3, 293 - 321, 25.04.2023

Serhat Güzel Güngör Şahin

https://doi.org/10.47932/ortetut.1248831

Abstract

Çalışmada Afrika’nın Sahel Bölgesi’nde bulunan iki devlet olan Nijer ve Mali’nin kırılgan devletler kapsamında analizleri yapılacaktır. İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nın bitmesine müteakip bağımsızlıklarını kazanan iki ülkenin sınırları dâhilinde meşruiyetlerini etkin olarak tesis edemedikleri değerlendirilmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı Nijer ve Mali devletlerinin 2006 yılından itibaren ekonomik ve güvenlik indekslerinin karşılıklı olarak korelasyonu ve bu korelasyondan çıkan sonuçlar kapsamında ekonomik göstergelerin güvenlik araçları üstündeki etkisi olup olmadığını ortaya çıkarmaktır. Çalışmada teorik çerçeve olarak Immanuel Wallerstein’ın Dünya Sistemleri Teorisi’nden faydalanılmıştır. Makalede nitel araştırma yöntemleri kullanılarak, tarihsel sınırlılık 2006-2022 yılları arasını kapsayacaktır. Ayrıca Barış Fonu (Fund For Peace) indekslerinden ve Dünya Bankası ve Küresel Terörizm Endeksi gibi ilgili belgeler ile literatür taranmıştır. Devletlerin kırılganlık durumları genel olarak farklı parametreler kullanılarak ölçülmesi ve teamül olarak ekonomik kazanımların her devlet için olumlu bir etkisinin olduğu algısına rağmen çalışmada Nijer ve Mali devletlerinin genel kanının aksi yönde bir davranış gösterdiği, dolayısıyla ekonomik kazanımların güvenlik unsurunun elde edilmesi için tek başına yeterli olmayacağı bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır.

Keywords

Kırılgan Devlet Mali Nijer Güvenlik Afrika

References

  • “Francois Hollande’s African Adventures”, The Economist, 21 July 2014.
  • “Mali mutiny ‘topples’ President Toure”, Aljazeera News, 22 March 2012.
  • “Mali President, PM Resign After Arrest, Confirming 2nd Coup in 9 Months”, VOA News, 26 May 2021.
  • “Mali’de askeri darbe hakkında neler biliniyor?”, BBC News, 19 Ağustos 2020.
  • “Niger suffers deadliest raids by suspected jihadist”, BBC News, 23 March 2021.
  • “Niger’s Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as president after failed coup”, BBC News, 2 April 2021.
  • “Niger-2010 Coup”, Global Security, 2020.
  • “République du Mali”, L’amenagement linguistique dans le monde, 9 December 2020.
  • “Resolution 2085”, United Nations Securtiy Council, 20 December 2012.
  • Boas, Morten, Jennings, Kathleen M. “Failed States' and 'State Failure': Threats or Opportunities?.” Globalizations, no.4 (4) (2007): 475-485.
  • Brooks, Rosa Ehrenreich. “Failed States, or the State as Failure?.”, The University of Chicago Law Review, no.72 (4) (2005):1159-1196.
  • Christopher Van Der Perre, Benoit Tessier, “French Troops in Mali anti-jihadist campaign mired in mud and mistrust”, Reuters, 13 August 2019.
  • Clayton Besaw, “Mali celebrates after president’s ouster-but there are few ‘good coups’”, The Conversation, 18 August 2020.
  • Cojanu, Valentin and Popescu, Alina Irina. “Analysis of Failed States: Some Problems of Definition and Measurement.” The Romanian Economic Journal, Year 10, no.25 (2007):113-132.
  • Comparative Analyses, Mali and Niger, The Fund For Peace, 2022.
  • Country Dashboard /Mali, The Fund For Peace, 2022.
  • Country Dashboard/Niger, The Fund For Peace, 2022.
  • Data Extract From World Development Indicators Mali GDP Growth Rates, The World Bank, 10 Aralık 2022.
  • Data Extract From World Development Indicators Mali GNI Per Capita, Atlas Method, The World Bank, 10 Aralık 2022.
  • Data Extract From World Development Indicators Niger GDP Growth Rates, The World Bank, 2022.
  • Data Extract From World Development Indicators Niger GNI Per Capita, Atlas Method, The World Bank, 2022.
  • Fragile State Index (C-1 Security Aparatus), The Fund For Peace, 2022.
  • Fragile State Index (C-2 Factionalized Elites), The Fund For Peace, 2022.
  • Fragile State Index (C-3 Group Grievance), The Fund For Peace, 2022.
  • Fragile State Index (E-1 Economic Decline and Poverty), The Fund For Peace, 2022.
  • Fragile State Index Methodology and Cast Framework, The Fund For Peace, 13 May 2017.
  • Fragile State Index, (E-2 Uneven Economic Development), The Fund For Peace, 2022.
  • Fragile State Index, (E-3 Human Flight and Brain Drain), The Fund For Peace, 2022.
  • Helman, Gerald Bernard, Ratner, Steven Richard. “Saving Failed States.” Foreign Policy, no.89 (1992/1993, Kış): 3-20.
  • Küçük, Mustafa. “Uluslararası İlişkilere Giriş: Tarih, Teori, Kavram ve Konular,” içinde Marksist Teoriler, ed. Şaban Kardaş, Ali Balcı, İstanbul: Küre Yayınları, 2014
  • Mace Celian, “Au Mali, le refus du neocolonialisme”, Liberation, 19 December 2019.
  • Maxime H. A. Larive, “Welcome to France’s New War On Terror in Africa: Operation Barkhane”, National Interest, 7 August 2014.
  • Mete Sohtaoğlu, “Afrika’nın fakirliğinin sebebi: Afrika’nın zenginliği”, Mücerret, 27 Mayıs 2018.
  • Milliken, Jennifer and Krause, Keith. “State Failure, State Collapse and State Reconstruction: Concepts, Lessons and Strategies,” Development and Change 33. no.5 (2002):753-774.
  • Newman, Edward. “Failed States and International Order: Constructing a Post-Westphalian World.” Contemporary Security Policy, no. 30 (3) (2009): 421-443.
  • Özlük, Erdem. Uluslararası İlişkilerde Devlet: Tanım, Teori ve Devlet İstisnacılığı. Konya:Çizgi Kitabevi,2. Baskı, 2014 Par Paul Lorgerie, “Au Mali, la sentiment antifraçais gagne du terrain”, Le Monde, 11 January 2020.
  • Rotberg, Robert Irwin. “State Failure and State Weakness in a Time of Terror.” içinde Failed States, Collapse States, Weak States: Causes and Indicators, ed. Robert I. Rotberg, Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2003
  • Tiemoko Diallo, “Mali President resigns after detention by military, deepening crisis”, Reuters, 18 August 2020.
  • Wallerstein, Immanuel. “Dünya Sistemi- Beş Yüzyıllıkmı, Beş Binyıllıkmı?.” içinde Dünya-Sistemleri Kavramına Karşı Dünya-Sistemi Kavramı: Bir Eleştiri, ed. Andre Gunder Frank, Barry K. Gills, çev. Esin Soğancılar, Ankara: İmge Kitabevi,2003
  • Wallerstein, Immanuel. Dünya Sistemleri Analizi. çev. E. Abadoğlu, N. Ersoy. İstanbul: BGST Yayınları,2001
  • Wallerstein, Immanuel. Modern Dünya Sistemi: Merkantilizm ve Doğu Avrupa Ekonomisinin Güçlendirilmesi 1600-1750 (Cilt 2). çev. Latif Boyacı. İstanbul: Yarın Yayınları, 2012
  • Wallerstein, Immanuel. Tarihsel Kapitalizm. çev. Necmiye Alpay. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları, 1992 World Development Indicators Databank, The World Bank, 2022.
  • Zartman, Ira William. “Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority.” içinde Introduction: Posing the Problem of State Collapse, ed. I. William Zartman, London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1995

The Impact of Economic Gains on the Security Instruments of Fragile States: The Cases of Mali and Niger

Year 2022, Volume: 14 Issue: 3, 293 - 321, 25.04.2023

Serhat Güzel Güngör Şahin

https://doi.org/10.47932/ortetut.1248831

Abstract

In the study, two states in the Sahel Region of Africa, Niger and Mali, will be analyzed within the scope of fragile states. It is considered that the two countries that gained their independence following the end of the Second World War could not effectively establish their legitimacy within their borders. The aim of the study is to reveal the mutual correlation of economic and security indexes of Niger and Mali states since 2006 and whether economic indicators have an effect on security instruments within the scope of the results obtained from this correlation. In the study, Immanuel Wallerstein's World Systems Theory was used as a theoretical framework. The historical limitation will cover the years 2006-2022 by using qualitative research methods in the article. In addition, related documents such as the Fund for Peace indexes and the World Bank and Global Terrorism Index and literature were searched. Despite the perception that states' fragility is generally measured by using different parameters and that economic gains have a positive effect for each state, it has been found in the study that the general opinion of the states of Niger and Mali behaves in the opposite direction, therefore, economic gains alone will not be sufficient to obtain the security factor.

Keywords

Fragile State Niger Security Africa

References

  • “Francois Hollande’s African Adventures”, The Economist, 21 July 2014.
  • “Mali mutiny ‘topples’ President Toure”, Aljazeera News, 22 March 2012.
  • “Mali President, PM Resign After Arrest, Confirming 2nd Coup in 9 Months”, VOA News, 26 May 2021.
  • “Mali’de askeri darbe hakkında neler biliniyor?”, BBC News, 19 Ağustos 2020.
  • “Niger suffers deadliest raids by suspected jihadist”, BBC News, 23 March 2021.
  • “Niger’s Mohamed Bazoum sworn in as president after failed coup”, BBC News, 2 April 2021.
  • “Niger-2010 Coup”, Global Security, 2020.
  • “République du Mali”, L’amenagement linguistique dans le monde, 9 December 2020.
  • “Resolution 2085”, United Nations Securtiy Council, 20 December 2012.
  • Boas, Morten, Jennings, Kathleen M. “Failed States' and 'State Failure': Threats or Opportunities?.” Globalizations, no.4 (4) (2007): 475-485.
  • Brooks, Rosa Ehrenreich. “Failed States, or the State as Failure?.”, The University of Chicago Law Review, no.72 (4) (2005):1159-1196.
  • Christopher Van Der Perre, Benoit Tessier, “French Troops in Mali anti-jihadist campaign mired in mud and mistrust”, Reuters, 13 August 2019.
  • Clayton Besaw, “Mali celebrates after president’s ouster-but there are few ‘good coups’”, The Conversation, 18 August 2020.
  • Cojanu, Valentin and Popescu, Alina Irina. “Analysis of Failed States: Some Problems of Definition and Measurement.” The Romanian Economic Journal, Year 10, no.25 (2007):113-132.
  • Comparative Analyses, Mali and Niger, The Fund For Peace, 2022.
  • Country Dashboard /Mali, The Fund For Peace, 2022.
  • Country Dashboard/Niger, The Fund For Peace, 2022.
  • Data Extract From World Development Indicators Mali GDP Growth Rates, The World Bank, 10 Aralık 2022.
  • Data Extract From World Development Indicators Mali GNI Per Capita, Atlas Method, The World Bank, 10 Aralık 2022.
  • Data Extract From World Development Indicators Niger GDP Growth Rates, The World Bank, 2022.
  • Data Extract From World Development Indicators Niger GNI Per Capita, Atlas Method, The World Bank, 2022.
  • Fragile State Index (C-1 Security Aparatus), The Fund For Peace, 2022.
  • Fragile State Index (C-2 Factionalized Elites), The Fund For Peace, 2022.
  • Fragile State Index (C-3 Group Grievance), The Fund For Peace, 2022.
  • Fragile State Index (E-1 Economic Decline and Poverty), The Fund For Peace, 2022.
  • Fragile State Index Methodology and Cast Framework, The Fund For Peace, 13 May 2017.
  • Fragile State Index, (E-2 Uneven Economic Development), The Fund For Peace, 2022.
  • Fragile State Index, (E-3 Human Flight and Brain Drain), The Fund For Peace, 2022.
  • Helman, Gerald Bernard, Ratner, Steven Richard. “Saving Failed States.” Foreign Policy, no.89 (1992/1993, Kış): 3-20.
  • Küçük, Mustafa. “Uluslararası İlişkilere Giriş: Tarih, Teori, Kavram ve Konular,” içinde Marksist Teoriler, ed. Şaban Kardaş, Ali Balcı, İstanbul: Küre Yayınları, 2014
  • Mace Celian, “Au Mali, le refus du neocolonialisme”, Liberation, 19 December 2019.
  • Maxime H. A. Larive, “Welcome to France’s New War On Terror in Africa: Operation Barkhane”, National Interest, 7 August 2014.
  • Mete Sohtaoğlu, “Afrika’nın fakirliğinin sebebi: Afrika’nın zenginliği”, Mücerret, 27 Mayıs 2018.
  • Milliken, Jennifer and Krause, Keith. “State Failure, State Collapse and State Reconstruction: Concepts, Lessons and Strategies,” Development and Change 33. no.5 (2002):753-774.
  • Newman, Edward. “Failed States and International Order: Constructing a Post-Westphalian World.” Contemporary Security Policy, no. 30 (3) (2009): 421-443.
  • Özlük, Erdem. Uluslararası İlişkilerde Devlet: Tanım, Teori ve Devlet İstisnacılığı. Konya:Çizgi Kitabevi,2. Baskı, 2014 Par Paul Lorgerie, “Au Mali, la sentiment antifraçais gagne du terrain”, Le Monde, 11 January 2020.
  • Rotberg, Robert Irwin. “State Failure and State Weakness in a Time of Terror.” içinde Failed States, Collapse States, Weak States: Causes and Indicators, ed. Robert I. Rotberg, Washington D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2003
  • Tiemoko Diallo, “Mali President resigns after detention by military, deepening crisis”, Reuters, 18 August 2020.
  • Wallerstein, Immanuel. “Dünya Sistemi- Beş Yüzyıllıkmı, Beş Binyıllıkmı?.” içinde Dünya-Sistemleri Kavramına Karşı Dünya-Sistemi Kavramı: Bir Eleştiri, ed. Andre Gunder Frank, Barry K. Gills, çev. Esin Soğancılar, Ankara: İmge Kitabevi,2003
  • Wallerstein, Immanuel. Dünya Sistemleri Analizi. çev. E. Abadoğlu, N. Ersoy. İstanbul: BGST Yayınları,2001
  • Wallerstein, Immanuel. Modern Dünya Sistemi: Merkantilizm ve Doğu Avrupa Ekonomisinin Güçlendirilmesi 1600-1750 (Cilt 2). çev. Latif Boyacı. İstanbul: Yarın Yayınları, 2012
  • Wallerstein, Immanuel. Tarihsel Kapitalizm. çev. Necmiye Alpay. İstanbul: Metis Yayınları, 1992 World Development Indicators Databank, The World Bank, 2022.
  • Zartman, Ira William. “Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority.” içinde Introduction: Posing the Problem of State Collapse, ed. I. William Zartman, London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1995
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Political Science
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Serhat Güzel 0000-0001-6569-9041

Güngör Şahin 0000-0001-6296-8568

Early Pub Date April 12, 2023
Publication Date April 25, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 14 Issue: 3

Cite

Chicago Güzel, Serhat, and Güngör Şahin. “Ekonomik Kazanımların Kırılgan Devletlerin Güvenlik Araçları Üzerindeki Etkisi: Mali Ve Nijer Örnekleri”. Ortadoğu Etütleri 14, no. 3 (April 2023): 293-321. https://doi.org/10.47932/ortetut.1248831.
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