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Discrimination and Violence against Transgender People

Year 2024, Volume: 16 Issue: 4, 731 - 739

Pelin Göksel

https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1417609

Abstract

Violence against transgender individuals is pervasive across many sectors, yet discourse on the issue remains limited to a few platforms, with minimal action taken to address it. This inaction contributes significantly to public health problems. Transgender individuals often face myriad forms of violence, including familial ostracization, physical abuse, emotional neglect, school bullying, unemployment, and discrimination in public arenas. Such experiences hinder their social integration and infringe on their personal rights. Research indicates that violence against transgender people has detrimental effects on their mental health, and the rates of reporting such incidents are distressingly low. Factors like stigma, misunderstandings by authorities, fear of transphobic reactions, unequal legal protections, and the risk of unjust arrest discourage seeking help. These challenges increase the vulnerability of transgender people to violence. This review will analyze the existing literature on violence against transgender individuals and explore the societal underpinnings of such violent behaviors.

Keywords

discrimination violence transgender

References

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Trans Cinsiyetlilere Yönelik Ayrımcılık ve Şiddet

Year 2024, Volume: 16 Issue: 4, 731 - 739

Pelin Göksel

https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1417609

Abstract

Trans cinsiyetlilere yönelik şiddet ile pek çok alanda karşılaşılmakta ancak sınırlı platformlarda konuşulmakta ve önlemek amacıyla neredeyse hiçbir şey yapılmamaktadır. Bu tepkisizlik halk sağlığı açısından önemli sorunlara yol açmaktadır. Aileden uzaklaşmaya zorlanmak, fiziksel şiddet, duygusal ihmal, okulda zorbalık maruziyeti, işsiz bırakılmak, kamusal alanda uygulanan ayrımcılık bu şiddet olaylarının birkaçıdır ve bu durum trans cinsiyetlilerin toplumsal hayata entegre olmalarını ve kişisel haklarından yararlanmalarını engellemektedir. Yapılan çalışmalar transların deneyimledikleri şiddet olaylarının olumsuz ruh sağlığı sonuçlarına yol açtığını, bu vakaların bildirilme oranlarının çok düşük olduğunu, yardım arama davranışlarının damgalanma, yetkililerce anlaşılmama, transfobik tutumlarla karşılaşma korkusu, eşit olmayan yasal düzenlemeler, nedensizce tutuklanma korkusu gibi nedenlerle engellendiğini, tüm bu engellerin transları şiddete daha savunmasız hale getirdiğini göstermektedir. Bu gözden geçirmede trans cinsiyetlilere yönelik şiddet olaylarıyla ilgili literatür incelenecek, şiddet davranışlarının toplumsal temelleri tartışılacaktır.

Keywords

ayrımcılık şiddet trans cinsiyet

Thanks

Konuyla ilgili merakımı artıran, çalışmalarımda destek olan Prof. Dr. Ömer Böke'ye teşekkürlerimi sunarım.

References

  • Akande M, Farno AD, Adrian H, Fogwell NT, Johnson DM, Zlotnick C et al. (2023) ‘Sometimes, we don’t know if we’re getting abused’: Discussions of intimate partner violence and HIV risk among transgender women. Cult Health Sex, 25:1101-1115.
  • Akgül GY, Ayaz AB (2021) Çocuk ve ergenlerde cinsiyet hoşnutsuzluğu. İstanbul Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 84(Suppl 1 ):S4-S10.
  • Almeida GS (2010) Reflexões iniciais sobre o processo transexualizador no SUS a partir de uma experiência de atendimento. In: Arila M, Lapa TS, Pisaneschi TC, organizadores. Transexualidade, travestilidade e direito à saúde. São Paulo: Oficina Editorial, 117-148.
  • Austin A, Craig SL, D’Souza S, MClnroy LB (2022) Suicidality among transgender youth: Elucidating the role of interpersonal risk factors. J Interpers Violence, 37:NP2696–NP2718.
  • Aypar G, Tanyaş B (2017) İstanbul’da yaşayan transların dışlanma ve ayrımcılık deneyimleri üzerine nitel bir çalışma. Aurum Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2:71-99.
  • Baral S, Poteat T, Strömdahl S, Wirtz AL, Guadamuz TE, Beyrer C (2013) Worldwide burden of HIV in transgender women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis, 13:214–222.
  • Barnes R (2008) ‘I still sort of flounder around in a sea of non-language’: The constraints of language and labels in women’s accounts of woman-to-woman partner abuse. In Gender and Interpersonal Violence (Eds ):. Palgrave Macmillan, London.
  • Barragan-Medero F, Perez-Jorge D (2020) Erratum: 'Erratum to "Combating homophobia, lesbophobia, biphobia and transphobia: A liberating and subversive educational alternative for desires". Heliyon, 6:e05473.
  • Becasen JS, Denard CL, Mullins MM, Higa DH, Sipe TA (2019) Estimating the prevalence of HIV and sexual behaviors among the US transgender population: A systematic review and meta-analysis, 2006-2017.” Am J Public Health, 109:e1-e8.
  • Bem SL (1981) Gender schema theory: A cognitive account of sex typing. Psychol Rev, 88:354-364.
  • Bettcher TM (2007) Evil deceivers and make‐believers: On transphobic violence and the politics of illusion. Hypatia, 22:43-65.
  • Bourne A, Amos N, Donovan C, Carman M, Parsons M, Lusby S et al. (2023) Naming and recognition of intimate partner violence and family of origin violence among LGBTQ communities in Australia. J Interpers Violence, 38:4589-4615.
  • Brandon J, Hafez S, Cohesion CFS (2008) Crimes of the Community: Honour-based Violence in the UK, 2nd ed. London, UK, Centre for Social Cohesion.
  • Breiding M, Basile KC, Smith SG, Black MC, Mahendra RR (2015) Intimate Partner Violence Surveillance: Uniform Definitions and Recommended Data Elements. Version 2.0. Atlanta, GA, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Injury Prevention and Control
  • Brennan J, Kuhns LM, Johnson AK, Belzer M, Wilson EC, Garofalo R et al. (2012) Syndemic theory and HIV-related risk among young transgender women: the role of multiple, co-occurring health problems and social marginalization. Am J Public Health, 102:1751–1757.
  • Brown N (2011) Holding Tensions Of Victimization And Perpetration: Partner Abuse In Trans Communities. In Intimate Partner Violence in LGBTQ Lives (Ed JL Ristock):153-168. London, UK, Routledge.
  • Budge SL, Adelson JL, Howard KA (2013) Anxiety and depression in transgender individuals: The roles of transition status, loss, social support, and coping. J Consult Clin Psychol, 81:545-557.
  • Butler J (2004) Undoing Gender. New York, Psychology Press.
  • Casey LS, Reisner SL, Findling MG, Blendon RJ, Benson JM, Sayde JM et al. (2019) Discrimination in the United States: Experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer Americans. Health Serv Res, 54:454-466.
  • Chan A, Pullen Sansfaçon A, Saewyc E (2023) Experiences of discrimination or violence and health outcomes among Black, Indigenous and People of Colour trans and/or nonbinary youth. J Adv Nurs, 79:2004–2013.
  • Cingöz Ulu B, Sayılan G (2016) Kadın şiddet mağdurlarına yönelik tutumlarda mağdurun trans kimliğinin etkisi. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 19:94-104.
  • Dinno A (2017) Homicide rates of transgender ındividuals in the United States: 2010-2014. Am J Public Health, 107:1441–1447.
  • Dolan C (2015) Letting go of the gender binary: Charting new pathways for humanitarian interventions on gender-based violence. Int Rev Red Cross, 96:485-501.
  • Earnshaw VA, Menino DD, Sava LM, Perrotti J, Barnes TN, Humphrey DL et al. (2020) LGBTQ bullying: A qualitative investigation of student and school health professional perspectives. J LGBT Youth, 17:280-297.
  • Eisenberg ME, Gower AL, Nic Rider G, McMorris BJ, Coleman E (2019) At the intersection of sexual orientation and gender identity: Variations in emotional distress and bullying experience in a large population-based sample of U.S. adolescents. J LGBT Youth, 16:235-254.
  • Fried ST, Teixeria A (2014) International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission input memo to the UN Secretary-General’s Study on Violence against women. New York, NY, International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission.
  • Garnett BR, Masyn KE, Austin SB, Miller M, Williams DR, Viswanath K ( (2014) The intersectionality of discrimination attributes and bullying among youth: an applied latent class analysis. J Youth Adolesc, 43:1225-1239.
  • Goffman E (2009) Stigma: Notes on The Management of Spoiled Identity. New York, Simon and Schuster.
  • Goldenberg T, Jadwin-Cakmak L, Harper GW (2018) Intimate partner violence among transgender youth: Associations with intrapersonal and structural factors. Violence Gender, 5:19-25.
  • Goldenberg T, Kahle EM, Stephenson R (2020) Stigma, resilience, and health care use among transgender and other gender diverse youth in the United States. Transgend Health, 5:173-181.
  • Goodrich KM (2012) Lived experiences of college‐age transsexual individuals. J Coll Couns, 15:215-232.
  • Gower AL, Rider GN, Del Río-González AM, Erickson PJ, Thomas D, Russell ST et al. (2023). Application of an intersectional lens to bias-based bullying among LGBTQ+ youth of color in the United States. Stigma Health, 8:363-371.
  • Göçmen İ, Yılmaz V (2017) Exploring perceived discrimination among LGBT individuals in Turkey in education, employment, and health care: Results of an online survey. J Homosex, 64:1052-1068.
  • Grant JM, Mottet LA, Tanis J, Harrison J, Herman JL, Keisling M (2011) Injustice at Every Turn. A Report of The National. 2nd ed. Washington, DC, National Center for Transgender Equality,
  • Greenberg K (2012) Still hidden in the closet: Trans women and domestic violence. Berkeley J Gend Law Justice, 27:2.
  • Hall W (2017) The effectiveness of policy interventions for school bullying: A Systematic Review. J Soc Soc Work Res, 8:45-69.
  • Henderson ER, Sang JM, Louth-Marquez W, Egan JE, Espelage D, Friedman M et al. (2022) "Words aren't supposed to hurt, but they do": Sexual and gender minority youth's bullying experiences. J Interpers Violence, 37:NP8747–NP8766.
  • Hendricks ML, Testa RJ (2012) A conceptual framework for clinical work with transgender and gender nonconforming clients: An adaptation of the minority stress model. Prof Psychol Res Pract, 43:460-467.
  • Hill DB, Willoughby BLB (2005) the development and validation of the Genderism and Transphobia Scale. Sex Roles, 53:531-544.
  • Home Office (2012) Cross-Government Definition of Domestic Violence – A Consultation Summary of Responses.London, Uk, Home Office.
  • James S, Herman J, Rankin S, Keisling M, Mottet L, Anafi MA (2016). The report of the 2015 US transgender survey. Washington, DC, National Center for Transgender Equality,
  • Kattari SK, Bakko M, Hecht HK, Kattari L (2020) Correlations between healthcare provider interactions and mental health among transgender and nonbinary adults. SSM Popul Health, 10:100525.
  • Kattari SK, Bakko M, Langenderfer-Magruder L, Holloway BT (2021). Transgender and nonbinary experiences of victimization in health care. J Interpers Violence, 36:NP13054-NP13076.
  • Kenagy GP (2005) Transgender health: Findings from two needs assessment studies in Philadelphia. Health Soc Work, 30:19-26.
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There are 89 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Psychiatry
Journal Section Review
Authors

Pelin Göksel 0000-0002-6328-2557

Publication Date
Submission Date January 10, 2024
Acceptance Date April 3, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 16 Issue: 4

Cite

AMA Göksel P. Discrimination and Violence against Transgender People. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry. 16(4):731-739. doi:10.18863/pgy.1417609

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Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.