Research Article
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The Effect of Two Different Virtual Reality Videos on Pain, Fear, And Anxiety During a Venous Blood Draw in Children: A Randomized Controlled Study

Year 2023, Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 164 - 170, 15.10.2023

Abstract

Aims: This study evaluated the effects of two different virtual reality (VR) methods on pain, fear, and anxiety during a venous blood draw in children.
Methods: This randomised controlled experimental study was conducted with 153 children aged 7-12 years and their parents who applied to the pediatric blood collection unit of a training and research hospital. Research data were collected with the Wong-Baker Faces Pain Scale (WBFPS); Children’s Anxiety Meter-State (CAM-S) scale; Children’s Fear Scale (CFS) and Information Form. The two VR methods used were VR-Water Skiing and VR-Walking in Nature.
Results: The children’s mean WBFPS score during the venous blood draw was 1.29±1.11 with the VR-Water Skiing; 1.28±1.16 with the VR-Walking in Nature; and 4.34±1.41 (p<0.001) in the control group. The children’s mean CAS-D score during the procedure was 0.82±1.01 with the VR-Water Skiing; 0.79±1.26 with the VR-Walking in Nature; and 6.57±2.08 (p<0.001) in the control group. The children’s mean CFS score during the procedure was 0.58±0.77 with the VR-Water Skiing, 0.53±0.78 with the VR-Walking in Nature; and 3.17±0.92(p<0.001) in the control group. The children’s WBFPS, CFS, and CAM-S mean scores in the VR-Walking in Nature and VR-Water Skiing groups were similar (p>0.05).
Conclusions: Two different VR videos were more effective than standard care in reducing pain, fear, and anxiety during a venous blood draw. There was no significant difference in pain, anxiety and fear levels in the two different VR groups. Therefore, the use of VR goggles is recommended to reduce pain, anxiety, and fear during blood collection in children aged 7-12 years old.

Ethical Statement

The research was confirmed the essential approvals from the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the hospital (Date:08.06.2022 No:69-2022) and the institutional.

Supporting Institution

None

References

  • 1. Akarsu Ö, Semerci R, Kılınç D. The effect of 2 different distraction methods on pain, fear, and anxiety levels during venous blood draw in children in a pediatric emergency unit. J Nurs Care Qual 2023;38(4):E51-E58.
  • 2. Ayran G, Köse S, Çelebioğlu A. The effect of virtual reality on pain and anxiety during blood draw in children: A randomized controlled study. Gevher Nesibe Journal of Medical & Health Sciences 2023;8(3):469-477.
  • 3. Cozzi G, Valerio P, Kennedy R. A narrative review with practical advice on how to decrease pain and distress during venepuncture and peripheral intravenous cannulation. Acta Paediatr 2021;110(2):423–432.
  • 4. Koç T, Polat F. The effect of virtual reality and kaleidoscope on pain and anxiety levels during venipuncture in children. J PeriAnesth Nurs 2019;35(2):206-211.
  • 5. Özalp Gerçeker G, Binay Ş, Bilsin E, Kahraman A, Yılmaz HB. Effects of virtual reality and external cold and vibration on pain in 7- to 12-year-old children during phlebotomy: A randomized controlled trial. J PeriAnesth Nurs 2018;33:981–989.
  • 6. Ferraz-Torres M, Martín-Rodríguez LS, García-Vivar C, Soto-Ruiz N, Escalada-Hernández P. Passive or interactive virtual reality? The effectiveness for pain and anxiety reduction in pediatric patients. Virtual Reality 2022;26(4):1307-1316.
  • 7. Sivri BB, Balci S, Dolgun G. The effect of 3 methods (buzzy, shotblocker, and distraction cards) used while taking blood samples from children with pain and anxiety. Pediatr Emerg Care 2022;39(8):600-607.
  • 8. Erdogan B, Özdemir AA. The effect of three different methods on venipuncture pain and anxiety in children: distraction cards, virtual reality, and Buzzy® (Randomized Controlled Trial). J Pediatr Nurs 2021;58:e54-e62.
  • 9. Semerci R, Kostak MA. The efficacy of distraction cards and kaleidoscope for reducing pain during phlebotomy: a randomized controlled trial. J PeriAnesth Nurs 2020;35(4):397-402.
  • 10. Alemdar DK, Aktaş YY. The use of the buzzy, jet lidokaine, bubble-blowing and aromatherapy for reducing pediatric pain, stress and fear associated with phlebotomy. J Pediatr Nurs 2019;45:e64-e72.
  • 11. Binay Ş, Bilsin E, Gerçeker GÖ, Kahraman A, Bal-Yılmaz H. Comparison of the effectiveness of two different methods of decreasing pain during phlebotomy in children: a randomized controlled trial. J PeriAnesth Nurs 2019;34(4):749-756.
  • 12. Gold JI, Mahrer NE. Is virtual reality ready for prime time in the medical space? A randomized control trial of pediatric virtual reality for acute procedural pain management. J Pediatr Psychol 2018;43:266–275.
  • 13. Gao Y, Xu YW, Liu N, Fan L. Effectiveness of virtual reality intervention on reducing the pain, anxiety and fear of needle‐related procedures in paediatric patients: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. J Adv Nurs 2022;79(1):15-30.
  • 14. Eijlers R, Utens EM, Staals LM, et al. Meta-analysis: Systematic review and meta-analysis of virtual reality in pediatrics: Effects on pain and anxiety. Anesth Analg 2019;129(5):1344- 1353.
  • 15. Czech O, Wrzeciono A, Rutkowska A, Guzik A, Kiper P, Rutkowski S. Virtual reality ınterventions for needle-related procedural pain, fear and anxiety-A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med 2021;10(15):3248.
  • 16. Özalp Gerçeker, G., Ayar, D., Özdemir, E. Z., & Bektaş, M. (2020). Effects of virtual reality on pain, fear and anxiety during blood draw in children aged 5–12 years old: A randomized controlled study. J Clin Nurs 29:1151–1161.
  • 17. Yıldırım B, Gerçeker GÖ. The effect of virtual reality and buzzy on first ınsertion success, procedure-related fear, anxiety, and pain in children during ıntravenous ınsertion in the pediatric emergency unit: A randomized controlled trial. J Emerg Nurs 2023;49(1):62-74.
  • 18. Goktas N, Avci D. The effect of visual and/or auditory distraction techniques on children’s pain, anxiety and medical fear in invasive procedures: A randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr Nurs doi: 10.1016/j.pedn.2023.07.005
  • 19. Wong-Baker FACES Foundation. (2016). Wong-Baker FACES® Pain Rating Scale. Retrieved from http://www.WongBakerFACES.org
  • 20. McMurtry CM, Noel M, Chambers CT, McGrath PJ. Children's fear during procedural pain: preliminary investigation of the Children's Fear Scale. Health Psychol 2011;30(6):780-788.
  • 21. Özalp Gerçeker G, Ayar D, Özdemir Z, Bektaş M. Gaining of children’s state anxiety and children’s fear scale to Turkish language. E-Journal of Dokuz Eylul University Nursing Faculty 2018;11(1): 9-13.
  • 22. Ersig AL, Kleiber C, McCarthy AM, Hanrahan K. Validation of a clinically useful measure of children's state anxiety before medical procedures. J Spec Pediatr Nurs 2013;18(4):311-319.
  • 23. Bansal A, Jain S, Tyagi P, Jain A. Effect of virtual reality headset using smart phone device on pain and anxiety levels during local anesthetic injection in children with 6-10 years of age. Paripex-Indian J Res 2018;7(6):47-50.
  • 24. Birnie KA, Kulandaivelu Y, Jibb L, et al. Usability testing of an interactive virtual reality distraction intervention to reduce procedural pain in children and adolescents with cancer. J Pediatr Oncol Nurs 2018;35(6):406-416.
  • 25. Chad R, Emaan S, Jillian O. Effect of virtual reality headset for pediatric fear and pain distraction during immunization. Pain Manag 2018;8:175–179.
  • 26. Ryu JH, Park SJ, Park JW, et al. Randomized clinical trial of immersive virtual reality tour of the operating theatre in children before anaesthesia. Br J Surg 2017;104(12):1628–1633.
  • 27. Semerci R, Akgün Kostak M, Eren T, Avci G. Effects of virtual reality on pain during venous port access in pediatric oncology patients: A randomized controlled study. J Pediatr Oncol Nurs 2021;38(2):142-151.
  • 28. Palaz ZH, Palaz E, Akal N. Süt molar diş çekimi sırasında 3D video gözlük kullanımının çocuklarda ağrı ve anksiyete üzerine etkisi. Acta Odontologica Turcica 2020;37(3):71–77.
  • 29. Aydın İA, Özyazıcıoğlu N. Using a virtual reality headset to decrease pain felt during a venipuncture procedure in children. J PeriAnesth Nurs 2019;34(6):1215-1221.
  • 30. Dumoulin S, Bouchard S, Ellis J, et al. A randomized controlled trial of the use of virtual reality for needle-related procedures in children and adolescents in the emergency department. Games Health J 2019;8(4):285–293.
  • 31. Inangil D, Şendir M, Büyükyılmaz F. Efficacy of cartoon viewing devices during phlebotomy in children: A randomized controlled trial. J PeriAnesth Nurs 2020;35(4):407-412.
  • 32. Piskorz J, Czub M. Effectiveness of a virtual reality intervention to minimize pediatric stress and pain intensity during venipuncture. J Spec Pediatr Nurs 2018;23(1):1-6.
  • 33. Matsangidou M, Ang CS, Sakel M. Clinical utility of virtual reality in pain management: A comprehensive research review. Br J Neurosci Nurs 2017;13(3):133-143.

Çocuklarda Venöz Kan Alma İşlemi Sırasında Kullanılan İki Farklı Sanal Gerçeklik Videosunun Ağrı, Korku ve Anksiyete Üzerine Etkisi: Randomize Kontrollü Çalışma

Year 2023, Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 164 - 170, 15.10.2023

Abstract

Amaç: Bu araştımanın amacı iki farklı sanal gerçeklik (VR) videosunun çocuklarda venöz kan alma işlemi sırasında oluşan ağrı, korku, anksiyete düzeyine olan etkisini değerlendirmektir.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu randomize kontrollü deneysel araştırma bir eğitim ve araştırma hastanesinin çocuk kan alma birimine başvuru yapan 7-12 yaş arasındaki 153 çocuk ve ebeveynleri ile yürütüldü. Araştırma verileri Wong Baker Yüzler Ağrı Ölçeği (WBFPS), Çocuk Korku Ölçeği (ÇKÖ) ve Çocuk Anksiyete Skalası-Durumluluk Ölçeği (ÇAS-D), Tanıtıcı Bilgi Formu ile toplandı.
Bulgular: Araştırmada venöz kan örneği alma işlemi sırasında çocukların WBFPS puan ortalaması VR-Su kayağı grubunda 1.29±1.11, VR-Doğada Yürüyüş 1.28±1.16, kontrol grubunda 4.34±1.41 idi. (p<0.001). İşlem sırasında çocukların ÇKÖ puan ortalaması VR-Su kayağı grubunda 0.58±0.77, VR-Doğada yürüyüş 0.53±0.78, kontrol grubunda 3.17±0.92 idi (p<0.001). İşlem sırasında çocukların ÇAS-D puan ortalaması VR-Su kayağı grubunda 0.82±1.01, VR-Doğada yürüyüş 6.57±2.08, kontrol grubunda 0.79±1.26 idi (p<0.001). VR-Su kayağı ve VR-Doğada yürüyüş grubundaki çocukların WBFPS, ÇKÖ, ÇAS-D puan ortalamaları benzerdi (p>0.05).
Sonuç: Çocuklarda sanal gerçeklik gözlüğü ile izletilen iki farklı videonun, venöz kan alma işlemi sırasında çocukların yaşadığı ağrı, anksiyete ve korku düzeyini azaltmada, standard bakıma göre daha etkili olduğu belirlendi. İki farklı sanal gerçeklik grubunda ise ağrı, anksiyete, korku düzeylerinde anlamlı bir fark olmadığı belirlendi. Bu doğrultuda, 7-12 yaş çocuklarda kan alma işlemi sırasında ağrı, anksiyete ve korkuyu azaltmak amacıyla sanal gerçeklik gözlüğünün kullanılması önerilmektedir.

References

  • 1. Akarsu Ö, Semerci R, Kılınç D. The effect of 2 different distraction methods on pain, fear, and anxiety levels during venous blood draw in children in a pediatric emergency unit. J Nurs Care Qual 2023;38(4):E51-E58.
  • 2. Ayran G, Köse S, Çelebioğlu A. The effect of virtual reality on pain and anxiety during blood draw in children: A randomized controlled study. Gevher Nesibe Journal of Medical & Health Sciences 2023;8(3):469-477.
  • 3. Cozzi G, Valerio P, Kennedy R. A narrative review with practical advice on how to decrease pain and distress during venepuncture and peripheral intravenous cannulation. Acta Paediatr 2021;110(2):423–432.
  • 4. Koç T, Polat F. The effect of virtual reality and kaleidoscope on pain and anxiety levels during venipuncture in children. J PeriAnesth Nurs 2019;35(2):206-211.
  • 5. Özalp Gerçeker G, Binay Ş, Bilsin E, Kahraman A, Yılmaz HB. Effects of virtual reality and external cold and vibration on pain in 7- to 12-year-old children during phlebotomy: A randomized controlled trial. J PeriAnesth Nurs 2018;33:981–989.
  • 6. Ferraz-Torres M, Martín-Rodríguez LS, García-Vivar C, Soto-Ruiz N, Escalada-Hernández P. Passive or interactive virtual reality? The effectiveness for pain and anxiety reduction in pediatric patients. Virtual Reality 2022;26(4):1307-1316.
  • 7. Sivri BB, Balci S, Dolgun G. The effect of 3 methods (buzzy, shotblocker, and distraction cards) used while taking blood samples from children with pain and anxiety. Pediatr Emerg Care 2022;39(8):600-607.
  • 8. Erdogan B, Özdemir AA. The effect of three different methods on venipuncture pain and anxiety in children: distraction cards, virtual reality, and Buzzy® (Randomized Controlled Trial). J Pediatr Nurs 2021;58:e54-e62.
  • 9. Semerci R, Kostak MA. The efficacy of distraction cards and kaleidoscope for reducing pain during phlebotomy: a randomized controlled trial. J PeriAnesth Nurs 2020;35(4):397-402.
  • 10. Alemdar DK, Aktaş YY. The use of the buzzy, jet lidokaine, bubble-blowing and aromatherapy for reducing pediatric pain, stress and fear associated with phlebotomy. J Pediatr Nurs 2019;45:e64-e72.
  • 11. Binay Ş, Bilsin E, Gerçeker GÖ, Kahraman A, Bal-Yılmaz H. Comparison of the effectiveness of two different methods of decreasing pain during phlebotomy in children: a randomized controlled trial. J PeriAnesth Nurs 2019;34(4):749-756.
  • 12. Gold JI, Mahrer NE. Is virtual reality ready for prime time in the medical space? A randomized control trial of pediatric virtual reality for acute procedural pain management. J Pediatr Psychol 2018;43:266–275.
  • 13. Gao Y, Xu YW, Liu N, Fan L. Effectiveness of virtual reality intervention on reducing the pain, anxiety and fear of needle‐related procedures in paediatric patients: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. J Adv Nurs 2022;79(1):15-30.
  • 14. Eijlers R, Utens EM, Staals LM, et al. Meta-analysis: Systematic review and meta-analysis of virtual reality in pediatrics: Effects on pain and anxiety. Anesth Analg 2019;129(5):1344- 1353.
  • 15. Czech O, Wrzeciono A, Rutkowska A, Guzik A, Kiper P, Rutkowski S. Virtual reality ınterventions for needle-related procedural pain, fear and anxiety-A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Med 2021;10(15):3248.
  • 16. Özalp Gerçeker, G., Ayar, D., Özdemir, E. Z., & Bektaş, M. (2020). Effects of virtual reality on pain, fear and anxiety during blood draw in children aged 5–12 years old: A randomized controlled study. J Clin Nurs 29:1151–1161.
  • 17. Yıldırım B, Gerçeker GÖ. The effect of virtual reality and buzzy on first ınsertion success, procedure-related fear, anxiety, and pain in children during ıntravenous ınsertion in the pediatric emergency unit: A randomized controlled trial. J Emerg Nurs 2023;49(1):62-74.
  • 18. Goktas N, Avci D. The effect of visual and/or auditory distraction techniques on children’s pain, anxiety and medical fear in invasive procedures: A randomized controlled trial. J Pediatr Nurs doi: 10.1016/j.pedn.2023.07.005
  • 19. Wong-Baker FACES Foundation. (2016). Wong-Baker FACES® Pain Rating Scale. Retrieved from http://www.WongBakerFACES.org
  • 20. McMurtry CM, Noel M, Chambers CT, McGrath PJ. Children's fear during procedural pain: preliminary investigation of the Children's Fear Scale. Health Psychol 2011;30(6):780-788.
  • 21. Özalp Gerçeker G, Ayar D, Özdemir Z, Bektaş M. Gaining of children’s state anxiety and children’s fear scale to Turkish language. E-Journal of Dokuz Eylul University Nursing Faculty 2018;11(1): 9-13.
  • 22. Ersig AL, Kleiber C, McCarthy AM, Hanrahan K. Validation of a clinically useful measure of children's state anxiety before medical procedures. J Spec Pediatr Nurs 2013;18(4):311-319.
  • 23. Bansal A, Jain S, Tyagi P, Jain A. Effect of virtual reality headset using smart phone device on pain and anxiety levels during local anesthetic injection in children with 6-10 years of age. Paripex-Indian J Res 2018;7(6):47-50.
  • 24. Birnie KA, Kulandaivelu Y, Jibb L, et al. Usability testing of an interactive virtual reality distraction intervention to reduce procedural pain in children and adolescents with cancer. J Pediatr Oncol Nurs 2018;35(6):406-416.
  • 25. Chad R, Emaan S, Jillian O. Effect of virtual reality headset for pediatric fear and pain distraction during immunization. Pain Manag 2018;8:175–179.
  • 26. Ryu JH, Park SJ, Park JW, et al. Randomized clinical trial of immersive virtual reality tour of the operating theatre in children before anaesthesia. Br J Surg 2017;104(12):1628–1633.
  • 27. Semerci R, Akgün Kostak M, Eren T, Avci G. Effects of virtual reality on pain during venous port access in pediatric oncology patients: A randomized controlled study. J Pediatr Oncol Nurs 2021;38(2):142-151.
  • 28. Palaz ZH, Palaz E, Akal N. Süt molar diş çekimi sırasında 3D video gözlük kullanımının çocuklarda ağrı ve anksiyete üzerine etkisi. Acta Odontologica Turcica 2020;37(3):71–77.
  • 29. Aydın İA, Özyazıcıoğlu N. Using a virtual reality headset to decrease pain felt during a venipuncture procedure in children. J PeriAnesth Nurs 2019;34(6):1215-1221.
  • 30. Dumoulin S, Bouchard S, Ellis J, et al. A randomized controlled trial of the use of virtual reality for needle-related procedures in children and adolescents in the emergency department. Games Health J 2019;8(4):285–293.
  • 31. Inangil D, Şendir M, Büyükyılmaz F. Efficacy of cartoon viewing devices during phlebotomy in children: A randomized controlled trial. J PeriAnesth Nurs 2020;35(4):407-412.
  • 32. Piskorz J, Czub M. Effectiveness of a virtual reality intervention to minimize pediatric stress and pain intensity during venipuncture. J Spec Pediatr Nurs 2018;23(1):1-6.
  • 33. Matsangidou M, Ang CS, Sakel M. Clinical utility of virtual reality in pain management: A comprehensive research review. Br J Neurosci Nurs 2017;13(3):133-143.
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Paediatrics (Other), Pediatric Health and Illnesses Nursing
Journal Section Original Articles
Authors

Özlem Akarsu 0000-0001-7150-7683

Mahmut Caner Us 0000-0003-1120-3498

Remziye Semerci 0000-0003-1999-9179

Özge Bayrak 0009-0006-3344-9156

Dilan Damar 0009-0004-7240-0772

Dilay Mecihan 0009-0009-5780-2315

Publication Date October 15, 2023
Acceptance Date September 12, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 11 Issue: 3

Cite

Vancouver Akarsu Ö, Us MC, Semerci R, Bayrak Ö, Damar D, Mecihan D. The Effect of Two Different Virtual Reality Videos on Pain, Fear, And Anxiety During a Venous Blood Draw in Children: A Randomized Controlled Study. pediatr pract res. 2023;11(3):164-70.