ÇOCUK VE ADÖLESAN KAYAK SPORCULARINDA AĞRI İLE İLİŞKİLİ AKTİVİTE PATERNLERİNE GÖRE STRES VE KAYGI DÜZEYLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ
Abstract
Amaç: Kronik ağrı, bireylerin genel aktivite ve fiziksel aktivite düzeylerini etkilemektedir. Kronik ağrısı olan bireyler arasında genelde üç aktivite modeli gözlenmektedir (kaçınma, aşırıya kaçma, düzene sokma). Bu araştırmanın amacı, ağrıya karşı geliştirilen üç aktivite modelini sergileyen çocuk ve adölesan kayak sporcularının stres ve kaygı düzeyleri karşılaştırmaktır.
Yöntem: Kesitsel türde yürütülen bu çalışma, Google Forms üzerinden çevrimiçi anket yöntemi ile gerçekleştirildi. Araştırma evrenini, Erzurum ilinde lisanslı olarak kayak sporu yapan 8-19 yaş aralığında, 3 aydan uzun süredir kas iskelet sistemi ağrısı yaşayan, 21 erkek ve 15 kadın toplam 36 kayak sporcusu oluşturdu. Son 6 ayda spor yapmasına engel olacak bir sakatlık geçiren ve farklı bir spor branşı ile de profesyonel olarak ilgilenenler çalışmadan dışlandı. Araştırmaya katılan bireylerin demografik bilgileri kaydedildi. Araştırma verilerinin toplanmasında; Ağrı-Aktivite Paternleri Ölçeği (AAPÖ), Spor Kaygı Ölçeği-2 (SKÖ-2) ve Algılanan Stres Ölçeği (ASÖ) kullanıldı.
Bulgular: Araştırmaya katılan 36 katılımcının ortalama yaşı 14.91±3.09 yıl (kadın=14.26±3.10 yıl, erkek=15.38±2.97 yıl) olarak belirlendi. AAPÖ sonuçlarına göre 10 katılımcı “kaçınma” grubuna, 10 katılımcı “aşırıya kaçma” grubuna 16 katılımcı “düzene sokma” grubuna atandı. 3 gruptaki katılımcıların kaygı ve stres düzeyleri karşılaştırıldığında SKÖ-2’nin endişe alt boyutunda anlamlı fark tespit edilirken (p<0.05), somatik kaygı ve konsantrasyon alt başlıklarında anlamlı fark bulunamadı (p>0.05). 3 grup arasında stres düzeyleri karşılaştırıldığında gruplar arasında anlamlı fark bulunamadı (p>0.05). SKÖ-2’nin endişe alt boyutu için ikili grup karşılaştırması yapıldığında “aşırıya kaçma” grubunun endişe düzeylerinin “düzene sokma” ve “kaçınma” grubundan anlamlı derecede yüksek olduğu bulundu (p<0.05).
Sonuç: Çalışma sonucunda, endişe düzeyinin “aşırıya kaçma” olarak tanımlanan ağrı varlığında antrenmana devam etme davranışı gösteren sporcularda kaçınma ve düzene sokma davranışı gösteren sporculara göre anlamlı derecede yüksek olduğu bulundu. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları, kronik ağrı yaşayan sporcularda fiziksel aktivite paternlerinin doğasının anlaşılmasına katkı sağlayabilir.
Keywords
Supporting Institution
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Project Number
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References
- Andrews, N. E., ve ark. (2012). "Activity pacing, avoidance, endurance, and associations with patient functioning in chronic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 93(11): 2109-2121. e2107.
- Cane, D., ve ark. (2007). "Development and preliminary evaluation of a measure of three pain-related patterns of activity." Pain Res Manag 12: 124.
- Cane, D., ve ark. (2013). "Pain-related activity patterns: measurement, interrelationships, and associations with psychosocial functioning." The Clinical journal of pain 29(5): 435-442.
- Cavallerio, F., ve ark. (2016). "Understanding overuse injuries in rhythmic gymnastics: A 12-month ethnographic study." Psychology of sport and exercise 25: 100-109.
- Charlesworth, H., ve ark. (2004). "Sporting bodies, damaged selves: Sociological studies of sports-related injuries."
- Cohen, S., ve ark. (1983). "A global measure of perceived stress." Journal of health and social behavior: 385-396.
- Creighton, D. W., ve ark. (2010). "Return-to-play in sport: a decision-based model." Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 20(5): 379-385. Eskin, M., ve ark. (2013). Algılanan stres ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması: güvenirlik ve geçerlik analizi. New/Yeni Symposium Journal.
- Esteve, R., ve ark. (2016). "Development and initial validation of the activity patterns scale in patients with chronic pain." The Journal of Pain 17(4): 451-461.
- Fordyce, W. E. (1988). "Pain and suffering: A reappraisal." American Psychologist 43(4): 276.
- Garcia-Campayo, J., ve ark. (2007). "Coping with fibromialgia: usefulness of the Chronic Pain Coping Inventory-42." Pain 132: S68-S76.
- Griffin, D. W. (2013). Towards an understanding of physical activity in people with chronic low back pain, Limerick, Ireland: University of Limerick Institutional Repository (Doctoral ….
- Hagel, B. (2005). "Skiing and snowboarding injuries." Epidemiology of Pediatric Sports Injuries 48: 74-119.
- Howe, D. (2003). Sport, professionalism and pain: Ethnographies of injury and risk, Routledge.
- Hunter, R. E. (1999). "Skiing Injuries." The American Journal of Sports Medicine 27(3): 381-389.
- Junge, A. (2000). "The influence of psychological factors on sports injuries." The American Journal of Sports Medicine 28(5_suppl): 10-15.
- Karadağ, D. ve F. Aşçı (2015). The reliability and validity of the Sport Anxiety Scale-2 for adolescent athletes. 3nd International Exercise and Sport Psychology Congress, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Kindermans, H. P., ve ark. (2011). "Being” in pain: the role of self-discrepancies in the emotional experience and activity patterns of patients with chronic low back pain." PAIN® 152(2): 403-409.
- Kindermans, H. P., ve ark. (2011). "Activity patterns in chronic pain: underlying dimensions and associations with disability and depressed mood." The Journal of Pain 12(10): 1049-1058.
- Linton, S. J. (2000). "A review of psychological risk factors in back and neck pain." Spine 25(9): 1148-1156.
- Luthi, F., ve ark. (2018). "Avoidance, pacing, or persistence in multidisciplinary functional rehabilitation for chronic musculoskeletal pain: An observational study with cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses." PLoS One 13(9): e0203329.
- Malfliet, A., ve ark. (2017). "Modern pain neuroscience in clinical practice: applied to post-cancer, paediatric and sports-related pain." Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy 21(4): 225-232.
- Nielson, W. R., ve ark. (2001). "An activity pacing scale for the chronic pain coping inventory: development in a sample of patients with fibromyalgia syndrome." Pain 89(2-3): 111-115.
- Nixon, H. L. (1993). "Accepting the risks of pain and injury in sport: Mediated cultural influences on playing hurt." Sociology of sport journal 10(2): 183-196.
- Philips, H. (1987). "The effects of behavioural treatment on chronic pain." Behaviour research and therapy 25(5): 365-377.
- Philips, H. ve M. Jahanshahi (1986). "The components of pain behaviour report." Behaviour research and therapy 24(2): 117-125.
- Philips, H. ve S. Rachman (1996). "The role of activity pacing." The Psychological Management of Chronic Pain: A Treatment Manual. New York, NY: Springer: 174-184.
- Phillips, H. ve S. Rachman (1996). "The Psychological Management of Chronic Pain, Patients Manual." England.
- Provance, A. J., ve ark. (2018). "Pediatric and adolescent injury in skiing." Research in sports medicine 26(sup1): 150-165.
- Shrier, I., ve ark. (2015). "Validating the three‐step return‐to‐play decision model." Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 25(2): e231-e239.
- Smith, R. E., ve ark. (2006). "Measurement of multidimensional sport performance anxiety in children and adults: The Sport Anxiety Scale-2." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 28(4): 479-501.
- Suygun, E. T. ve S. T. Celenay (2022). "Turkish translation of the patterns of activity measure-pain in patients with chronic low back and neck pain: Validity and reliability." Pain Management Nursing 23(2): 231-236.
- Vlaeyen, J. W. ve S. Morley (2004). "Active despite pain: the putative role of stop-rules and current mood." Pain 110(3): 512-516.
EXAMINATION OF STRESS AND ANXIETY LEVELS IN CHILD AND ADOLESCENT SKI ATHLETES ACCORDING TO PAİN RELATED PATTERNS OF ACTIVITY
Abstract
Aim: Chronic pain affects the general activity and physical activity levels of individuals. Three activity patterns are generally observed among individuals with chronic pain (avoidance, overdoing, pacing). The aim of this study was to compare the stress and anxiety levels of child and adolescent ski athletes who showed three activity patterns in response to pain
Method: This cross-sectional study was conducted with an online survey method via Google Forms. The study population consisted of 36 licensed ski athletes in Erzurum province, 21 males and 15 females, aged between 8-19 years, who had musculoskeletal pain for more than 3 months. Those who had an injury that would prevent them from doing sports in the last 6 months and those who were professionally involved in a different sports branch were excluded from the study. Demographic information of the individuals participating in the study was recorded. Patterns of Activity Measure-Pain (POAM-P), Sports Anxiety Scale-2 (SAS-2) and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) were used to collect the data.
Findings: The mean age of the 36 participants was 14.91±3.09 years (female=14.26±3.10 years, male=15.38±2.97 years). According to the results of the POAM-P 0 participants were assigned to the "avoidance" group, 10 participants to the "overdoing" group and 16 participants to the "pacing" group. As a result of the comparison of the anxiety and stress levels of the participants in the 3 groups, a significant difference was found in the anxiety sub-dimension of SAS-2 (p<0.05), but no significant difference was found in the somatic anxiety and concentration sub-headings (p>0.05). When the stress levels of the 3 groups were compared, no significant difference was found between the groups (p>0.05). As a result of pairwise group comparison for the anxiety subdimension of SAS-2, it was found that the anxiety levels of the "overdoing" group were significantly higher than the "pacing" and "avoiding" groups (p<0.05).
Conclusion: As a result of the study, it was found that the level of anxiety was significantly higher in athletes who showed the behaviour of continuing training in the presence of pain, defined as "overdoing", than in athletes who showed the behaviour of avoiding and pacing.The results of this study may contribute to understanding the nature of physical activity patterns in athletes with chronic pain.
Keywords: Anxiety, kinesiophobia, pain, skiing, stress
Keywords
Project Number
yoktur
References
- Andrews, N. E., ve ark. (2012). "Activity pacing, avoidance, endurance, and associations with patient functioning in chronic pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis." Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation 93(11): 2109-2121. e2107.
- Cane, D., ve ark. (2007). "Development and preliminary evaluation of a measure of three pain-related patterns of activity." Pain Res Manag 12: 124.
- Cane, D., ve ark. (2013). "Pain-related activity patterns: measurement, interrelationships, and associations with psychosocial functioning." The Clinical journal of pain 29(5): 435-442.
- Cavallerio, F., ve ark. (2016). "Understanding overuse injuries in rhythmic gymnastics: A 12-month ethnographic study." Psychology of sport and exercise 25: 100-109.
- Charlesworth, H., ve ark. (2004). "Sporting bodies, damaged selves: Sociological studies of sports-related injuries."
- Cohen, S., ve ark. (1983). "A global measure of perceived stress." Journal of health and social behavior: 385-396.
- Creighton, D. W., ve ark. (2010). "Return-to-play in sport: a decision-based model." Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 20(5): 379-385. Eskin, M., ve ark. (2013). Algılanan stres ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması: güvenirlik ve geçerlik analizi. New/Yeni Symposium Journal.
- Esteve, R., ve ark. (2016). "Development and initial validation of the activity patterns scale in patients with chronic pain." The Journal of Pain 17(4): 451-461.
- Fordyce, W. E. (1988). "Pain and suffering: A reappraisal." American Psychologist 43(4): 276.
- Garcia-Campayo, J., ve ark. (2007). "Coping with fibromialgia: usefulness of the Chronic Pain Coping Inventory-42." Pain 132: S68-S76.
- Griffin, D. W. (2013). Towards an understanding of physical activity in people with chronic low back pain, Limerick, Ireland: University of Limerick Institutional Repository (Doctoral ….
- Hagel, B. (2005). "Skiing and snowboarding injuries." Epidemiology of Pediatric Sports Injuries 48: 74-119.
- Howe, D. (2003). Sport, professionalism and pain: Ethnographies of injury and risk, Routledge.
- Hunter, R. E. (1999). "Skiing Injuries." The American Journal of Sports Medicine 27(3): 381-389.
- Junge, A. (2000). "The influence of psychological factors on sports injuries." The American Journal of Sports Medicine 28(5_suppl): 10-15.
- Karadağ, D. ve F. Aşçı (2015). The reliability and validity of the Sport Anxiety Scale-2 for adolescent athletes. 3nd International Exercise and Sport Psychology Congress, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Kindermans, H. P., ve ark. (2011). "Being” in pain: the role of self-discrepancies in the emotional experience and activity patterns of patients with chronic low back pain." PAIN® 152(2): 403-409.
- Kindermans, H. P., ve ark. (2011). "Activity patterns in chronic pain: underlying dimensions and associations with disability and depressed mood." The Journal of Pain 12(10): 1049-1058.
- Linton, S. J. (2000). "A review of psychological risk factors in back and neck pain." Spine 25(9): 1148-1156.
- Luthi, F., ve ark. (2018). "Avoidance, pacing, or persistence in multidisciplinary functional rehabilitation for chronic musculoskeletal pain: An observational study with cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses." PLoS One 13(9): e0203329.
- Malfliet, A., ve ark. (2017). "Modern pain neuroscience in clinical practice: applied to post-cancer, paediatric and sports-related pain." Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy 21(4): 225-232.
- Nielson, W. R., ve ark. (2001). "An activity pacing scale for the chronic pain coping inventory: development in a sample of patients with fibromyalgia syndrome." Pain 89(2-3): 111-115.
- Nixon, H. L. (1993). "Accepting the risks of pain and injury in sport: Mediated cultural influences on playing hurt." Sociology of sport journal 10(2): 183-196.
- Philips, H. (1987). "The effects of behavioural treatment on chronic pain." Behaviour research and therapy 25(5): 365-377.
- Philips, H. ve M. Jahanshahi (1986). "The components of pain behaviour report." Behaviour research and therapy 24(2): 117-125.
- Philips, H. ve S. Rachman (1996). "The role of activity pacing." The Psychological Management of Chronic Pain: A Treatment Manual. New York, NY: Springer: 174-184.
- Phillips, H. ve S. Rachman (1996). "The Psychological Management of Chronic Pain, Patients Manual." England.
- Provance, A. J., ve ark. (2018). "Pediatric and adolescent injury in skiing." Research in sports medicine 26(sup1): 150-165.
- Shrier, I., ve ark. (2015). "Validating the three‐step return‐to‐play decision model." Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 25(2): e231-e239.
- Smith, R. E., ve ark. (2006). "Measurement of multidimensional sport performance anxiety in children and adults: The Sport Anxiety Scale-2." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 28(4): 479-501.
- Suygun, E. T. ve S. T. Celenay (2022). "Turkish translation of the patterns of activity measure-pain in patients with chronic low back and neck pain: Validity and reliability." Pain Management Nursing 23(2): 231-236.
- Vlaeyen, J. W. ve S. Morley (2004). "Active despite pain: the putative role of stop-rules and current mood." Pain 110(3): 512-516.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Sports Medicine, Sports and Recreation, Sports Science and Exercise (Other) |
| Journal Section | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Authors | |
| Project Number | yoktur |
| Early Pub Date | June 16, 2023 |
| Publication Date | June 30, 2023 |
| Acceptance Date | June 16, 2023 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023 Volume: 5 Issue: 1 |
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