WHAT SHOULD BE EXPECTED SUCCESS WITH COCHLEAR IMPLANT IN SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN WHO HAVE EARLY AND LATE INTERVENTION?

Nuriye Yıldırım Gökay; Esra Yücel

Research Article

ERKEN VE GEÇ MÜDAHALE ALAN OKUL ÇAĞI KOKLEAR İMPLANTLI ÇOCUKLARDA BEKLENEN BAŞARI NE OLMALIDIR?

Year 2022, Volume: 5 Issue: 3, 70 - 77, 31.12.2022

Nuriye Yıldırım Gökay Esra Yücel

Abstract

Amaç: Koklear implantlı çocuklarda dil becerilerinin alt bileşenlerini değerlendirmek ve erken tanı ve müdahalenin önemini vurgulamak bu çalışmanın temel amacıdır.
Materyal ve metot: Bu çalışmaya 48 ile 107 ay (n = 70) arasında yaşları olan koklear implantlı çocuklar dahil edilmiştir. Çocuklar tanı-müdahale zamanlamalarına göre 6 aydan önce işitme cihazı kullananlar ve işitsel rehabilitasyona başlayanlar ve 24 aydan önce koklear implantasyon geçirenler (erken grup) ile 6 aydan sonra işitme cihazı ve rehabilitasyon başlangıç yaşı olup, 24 aydan sonra koklear implantasyon geçirenler (geç grup) olmak üzere iki gruba ayrıldı. Dil alt bileşen becerilerini ve işitsel algıyı değerlendirmek için “Türkçe Okul Çağı Dil Gelişimi Testi” ve “Konuşma Seslerini Tanıma Testi” nin Türkçe versiyonu kullanılmıştır.
Bulgular: Erken gruptaki çocuklar dile ilişkin tüm alt testlerde geç gruptaki çocuklara göre daha iyi performans göstermiştir. Ayrıca; konuşma seslerini tanıma becerileri ile kelime tanımlama, fonemik analiz ve artikülasyon becerileri arasında istatistiksel olarak pozitif korelasyonlar bulunmuştur.
Sonuç: Bu çalışma, işitme kaybı için erken tanı-müdahalenin önemini ve koklear implantın asıl başarısının dilin tüm bileşenlerinde olması gerektiğini göstermektedir.

Keywords

çocuklar, koklear implant, erken müdahale, dil

References

Akçakaya, H., Doğan, M., Gürkan, S., Koçak, Ö., & Yücel, E. (2019). Early cochlear implantation: Verbal working memory, vocabulary, speech intelligibility and participant variables. Cochlear implants international, 20(2), 62-73.
Aslan, F., & Yücel, E. (2019). Auditory reasoning skills of cochlear implant users. The journal of international advanced otology, 15(1), 70.
Barajas, C., González-Cuenca, A. M., & Carrero, F. (2016). Comprehension of texts by deaf elementary school students: The role of grammatical understanding. Research in developmental disabilities, 59, 8-23.
Bedoin, N., Besombes, A.-M., Escande, E., Dumont, A., Lalitte, P., & Tillmann, B. (2018). Boosting syntax training with temporally regular musical primes in children with cochlear implants. Annals of physical and rehabilitation medicine, 61(6), 365-371.
Buell, S. J., & Coleman, P. D. (1979). Dendritic growth in the aged human brain and failure of growth in senile dementia. Science, 206(4420), 854-856.
Bush, M. L., Burton, M., Loan, A., & Shinn, J. B. (2013). Timing discrepancies of early intervention hearing services in urban and rural cochlear implant recipients. Otology & neurotology: official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology, 34(9).
Ching, T. Y., Cupples, L., & Marnane, V. (2019). Early cognitive predictors of 9-year-old spoken language in children with mild to severe hearing loss using hearing aids. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 2180.
Ching, T. Y., Dillon, H., Button, L., Seeto, M., Van Buynder, P., Marnane, V., . . . Leigh, G. (2017). Age at intervention for permanent hearing loss and 5-year language outcomes. Pediatrics, 140(3), e20164274.
Clark, H. H., & Clark, E. V. (1977). Psychology and language.
Colin, S., Ecalle, J., Truy, E., Lina-Granade, G., & Magnan, A. (2017). Effect of age at cochlear implantation and at exposure to Cued Speech on literacy skills in deaf children. Research in developmental disabilities, 71, 61-69.
Cupples, L., Ching, T. Y., Crowe, K., Day, J., & Seeto, M. (2014). Predictors of early reading skill in 5‐year‐old children with hearing loss who use spoken language. Reading Research Quarterly, 49(1), 85-104.
de Hoog, B. E., Langereis, M. C., van Weerdenburg, M., Keuning, J., Knoors, H., & Verhoeven, L. (2016). Auditory and verbal memory predictors of spoken language skills in children with cochlear implants. Research in developmental disabilities, 57, 112-124.
Delage, H., & Tuller, L. (2007). Language development and mild-to-moderate hearing loss: Does language normalize with age? Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research.
Di Nardo, W., Schinaia, L., Anzivino, R., De Corso, E., Ciacciarelli, A., & Paludetti, G. (2015). Musical training software for children with cochlear implants. Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica, 35(4), 249.
DiNino, M., & Arenberg, J. G. (2018). Age-related performance on vowel identification and the spectral-temporally modulated ripple test in children with normal hearing and with cochlear implants. Trends in hearing, 22, 2331216518770959.
Gallego, C., Martín-Aragoneses, M. T., López-Higes, R., & Pisón, G. (2016). Semantic and syntactic reading comprehension strategies used by deaf children with early and late cochlear implantation. Research in developmental disabilities, 49, 153-170.
Geers, A. E., & Hayes, H. (2011). Reading, writing, and phonological processing skills of adolescents with 10 or more years of cochlear implant experience. Ear and hearing, 32(1), 49S.
Golestani, S. D., Jalilevand, N., & Kamali, M. (2018). A comparison of morpho-syntactic abilities in deaf children with cochlear implant and 5-year-old normal-hearing children. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology, 110, 27-30.
Grunwell, P. (1988). Phonological assessment, evaluation and explanation of speech disorders in children. Clinical linguistics & phonetics, 2(3), 221-252.
Halliday, L. F., Tuomainen, O., & Rosen, S. (2017). Language development and impairment in children with mild to moderate sensorineural hearing loss. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 60(6), 1551-1567.
Holt, C. M., Lee, K. Y., Dowell, R. C., & Vogel, A. P. (2018). Perception of Cantonese lexical tones by pediatric cochlear implant users. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 61(1), 174-185.
Katz, J., Chasin, M., English, K. M., Hood, L. J., & Tillery, K. L. (1978). Handbook of clinical audiology (Vol. 428): Williams & Wilkins Baltimore.
Katz, J., & Tillery, K. (2004). Central auditory processing. Classification of developmental language disorders: Theoretical issues and clinical implications, 191-208.
Kurien, G., Hwang, E., Smilsky, K., Smith, L., Lin, V. Y., Nedzelski, J., & Chen, J. M. (2019). The Benefit of a Wireless Contralateral Routing of Signals (CROS) Microphone in Unilateral Cochlear Implant Recipients. Otology & Neurotology, 40(2), e82-e88.
Küçükünal, I. (2012). Konuşma sesleri tanıma testi (kstt) Türkçe geçerlik güvenirlik çalışması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Lahey, M., & Bloom, L. (1988). Language disorders and language development.
Lu, X., & Qin, Z. (2018). Auditory and language development in Mandarin-speaking children after cochlear implantation. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology, 107, 183-189.
Marshall, C., Jones, A., Fastelli, A., Atkinson, J., Botting, N., & Morgan, G. (2018). Semantic fluency in deaf children who use spoken and signed language in comparison with hearing peers. International journal of language & communication disorders, 53(1), 157-170.
Martins, C. I. S., Queiroga, B. A. M. d., Rosal, A. G. C., & Cordeiro, A. A. d. A. (2018). Comparative analysis of cognitive-linguistic evaluation in normal hearing schoolchildren and users of cochlear implants. Paper presented at the CoDAS.
McCreery, R. W., Walker, E., Spratford, M., Lewis, D., & Brennan, M. (2019). Auditory, cognitive, and linguistic factors predict speech recognition in adverse listening conditions for children with hearing loss. Frontiers in neuroscience, 13, 1093.
Mitchell, R. M., Christianson, E., Ramirez, R., Onchiri, F. M., Horn, D. L., Pontis, L., . . . Sie, K. C. (2019). Auditory comprehension outcomes in children who receive a cochlear implant before 12 months of age. The Laryngoscope.
Molis, M. R., & Leek, M. R. (2011). Vowel identification by listeners with hearing impairment in response to variation in formant frequencies. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research.
Monshizadeh, L., Vameghi, R., Sajedi, F., Yadegari, F., Hashemi, S. B., Kirchem, P., & Kasbi, F. (2018). Comparison of Social Interaction between Cochlear-Implanted Children with Normal Intelligence Undergoing Auditory Verbal Therapy and Normal-Hearing Children: A Pilot Study. The journal of international advanced otology, 14(1), 34.
Nerbonne, M., & Show, R. (2002). Introduction to audiologic rehabilitation: Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Newcomer, P. L., & Hammill, D. D. (1988). Test of language development-primary: Pro-ed.
Niparko, J. K. (2009). Cochlear implants: Principles & practices: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Nittrouer, S., Muir, M., Tietgens, K., Moberly, A. C., & Lowenstein, J. H. (2018). Development of phonological, lexical, and syntactic abilities in children with cochlear implants across the elementary grades. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 61(10), 2561-2577.
Novogrodsky, R., Meir, N., & Michael, R. (2018). Morphosyntactic abilities of toddlers with hearing impairment and normal hearing: evidence from a sentence‐repetition task. International journal of language & communication disorders, 53(4), 811-824.
Park, M.-H., Won, J. H., Horn, D. L., & Rubinstein, J. T. (2015). Acoustic temporal modulation detection in normal-hearing and cochlear implanted listeners: Effects of hearing mechanism and development. Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology, 16(3), 389-399.
Penke, M., & Wimmer, E. (2018). Deficits in comprehending wh-questions in children with hearing loss–the contribution of phonological short-term memory and syntactic complexity. Clinical linguistics & phonetics, 32(3), 267-284.
Percy-Smith, L., Hallstrøm, M., Josvassen, J. L., Mikkelsen, J. H., Nissen, L., Dieleman, E., & Cayé-Thomasen, P. (2018). Differences and similarities in early vocabulary development between children with hearing aids and children with cochlear implant enrolled in 3-year auditory verbal intervention. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology, 108, 67-72.
Pickles, J. (2013). An introduction to the physiology of hearing: Brill.
Pooresmaeil, E., Mohamadi, R., Ghorbani, A., & Kamali, M. (2019). The relationship between comprehension of syntax and reading comprehension in cochlear implanted and hearing children. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology, 121, 114-119.
Roman, S., Rochette, F., Triglia, J.-M., Schön, D., & Bigand, E. (2016). Auditory training improves auditory performance in cochlear implanted children. Hearing research, 337, 89-95.
Scarabello, E. M., Lamônica, D. A. C., Morettin-Zupelari, M., Tanamati, L. F., Campos, P. D., Alvarenga, K. d. F., & Moret, A. L. M. (2020). Language evaluation in children with pre-lingual hearing loss and cochlear implant☆,☆☆. Brazilian journal of otorhinolaryngology, 86, 91-98.
Schmitt, N., Winkler, A., Boretzki, M., & Holube, I. (2016). A phoneme perception test method for high-frequency hearing aid fitting. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 27(5), 367-379.
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Tomblin, J. B., Oleson, J. J., Ambrose, S. E., Walker, E., & Moeller, M. P. (2014). The influence of hearing aids on the speech and language development of children with hearing loss. JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, 140(5), 403-409.
Topbaş, S., & Güven, O. (2017). Türkçe Okul Çağı Dil Gelişim Testi (TODİL). Ankara: Detay Yayınlar ı.
Tuz, D., Aslan, F., Böke, B., & Yücel, E. (2020). Assessment of temporal processing functions in early period cochlear implantation. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, 277(7), 1939-1947.
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WHAT SHOULD BE EXPECTED SUCCESS WITH COCHLEAR IMPLANT IN SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN WHO HAVE EARLY AND LATE INTERVENTION?

Year 2022, Volume: 5 Issue: 3, 70 - 77, 31.12.2022

Nuriye Yıldırım Gökay Esra Yücel

Abstract

Aim: To evaluate sub-components of language skills in children with cochlear implant and to emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and intervention.
Methods: Cochlear implanted children aged 48 to 107 months (n = 70) were included in this study. The children were divided into two groups based on their diagnosis-intervention timing: those who used hearing aids and were enrolled in auditory rehabilitation before 6 months, as well as those who had cochlear implants before 24 months, were in the early group, while the others were in the late group. The Turkish versions of the “Test of Language Development Primary Fourth Edition (TOLD-P: 4)” and the “Phoneme Recognition Test (PRT)” were used to assess language sub-component skills.
Results: The early group's language performance was considerably higher than the late group's. The statistically positive correlations between PRT and Word Identification, Phonemic Analysis, Articulation tests were found.
Conclusion: This study demonstrates the importance of early diagnosis-intervention for hearing loss and that the main success of cochlear implant should be in all components of language.

Keywords

children, cochlear implant, early intervention, language

References

Akçakaya, H., Doğan, M., Gürkan, S., Koçak, Ö., & Yücel, E. (2019). Early cochlear implantation: Verbal working memory, vocabulary, speech intelligibility and participant variables. Cochlear implants international, 20(2), 62-73.
Aslan, F., & Yücel, E. (2019). Auditory reasoning skills of cochlear implant users. The journal of international advanced otology, 15(1), 70.
Barajas, C., González-Cuenca, A. M., & Carrero, F. (2016). Comprehension of texts by deaf elementary school students: The role of grammatical understanding. Research in developmental disabilities, 59, 8-23.
Bedoin, N., Besombes, A.-M., Escande, E., Dumont, A., Lalitte, P., & Tillmann, B. (2018). Boosting syntax training with temporally regular musical primes in children with cochlear implants. Annals of physical and rehabilitation medicine, 61(6), 365-371.
Buell, S. J., & Coleman, P. D. (1979). Dendritic growth in the aged human brain and failure of growth in senile dementia. Science, 206(4420), 854-856.
Bush, M. L., Burton, M., Loan, A., & Shinn, J. B. (2013). Timing discrepancies of early intervention hearing services in urban and rural cochlear implant recipients. Otology & neurotology: official publication of the American Otological Society, American Neurotology Society [and] European Academy of Otology and Neurotology, 34(9).
Ching, T. Y., Cupples, L., & Marnane, V. (2019). Early cognitive predictors of 9-year-old spoken language in children with mild to severe hearing loss using hearing aids. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 2180.
Ching, T. Y., Dillon, H., Button, L., Seeto, M., Van Buynder, P., Marnane, V., . . . Leigh, G. (2017). Age at intervention for permanent hearing loss and 5-year language outcomes. Pediatrics, 140(3), e20164274.
Clark, H. H., & Clark, E. V. (1977). Psychology and language.
Colin, S., Ecalle, J., Truy, E., Lina-Granade, G., & Magnan, A. (2017). Effect of age at cochlear implantation and at exposure to Cued Speech on literacy skills in deaf children. Research in developmental disabilities, 71, 61-69.
Cupples, L., Ching, T. Y., Crowe, K., Day, J., & Seeto, M. (2014). Predictors of early reading skill in 5‐year‐old children with hearing loss who use spoken language. Reading Research Quarterly, 49(1), 85-104.
de Hoog, B. E., Langereis, M. C., van Weerdenburg, M., Keuning, J., Knoors, H., & Verhoeven, L. (2016). Auditory and verbal memory predictors of spoken language skills in children with cochlear implants. Research in developmental disabilities, 57, 112-124.
Delage, H., & Tuller, L. (2007). Language development and mild-to-moderate hearing loss: Does language normalize with age? Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research.
Di Nardo, W., Schinaia, L., Anzivino, R., De Corso, E., Ciacciarelli, A., & Paludetti, G. (2015). Musical training software for children with cochlear implants. Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica, 35(4), 249.
DiNino, M., & Arenberg, J. G. (2018). Age-related performance on vowel identification and the spectral-temporally modulated ripple test in children with normal hearing and with cochlear implants. Trends in hearing, 22, 2331216518770959.
Gallego, C., Martín-Aragoneses, M. T., López-Higes, R., & Pisón, G. (2016). Semantic and syntactic reading comprehension strategies used by deaf children with early and late cochlear implantation. Research in developmental disabilities, 49, 153-170.
Geers, A. E., & Hayes, H. (2011). Reading, writing, and phonological processing skills of adolescents with 10 or more years of cochlear implant experience. Ear and hearing, 32(1), 49S.
Golestani, S. D., Jalilevand, N., & Kamali, M. (2018). A comparison of morpho-syntactic abilities in deaf children with cochlear implant and 5-year-old normal-hearing children. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology, 110, 27-30.
Grunwell, P. (1988). Phonological assessment, evaluation and explanation of speech disorders in children. Clinical linguistics & phonetics, 2(3), 221-252.
Halliday, L. F., Tuomainen, O., & Rosen, S. (2017). Language development and impairment in children with mild to moderate sensorineural hearing loss. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 60(6), 1551-1567.
Holt, C. M., Lee, K. Y., Dowell, R. C., & Vogel, A. P. (2018). Perception of Cantonese lexical tones by pediatric cochlear implant users. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 61(1), 174-185.
Katz, J., Chasin, M., English, K. M., Hood, L. J., & Tillery, K. L. (1978). Handbook of clinical audiology (Vol. 428): Williams & Wilkins Baltimore.
Katz, J., & Tillery, K. (2004). Central auditory processing. Classification of developmental language disorders: Theoretical issues and clinical implications, 191-208.
Kurien, G., Hwang, E., Smilsky, K., Smith, L., Lin, V. Y., Nedzelski, J., & Chen, J. M. (2019). The Benefit of a Wireless Contralateral Routing of Signals (CROS) Microphone in Unilateral Cochlear Implant Recipients. Otology & Neurotology, 40(2), e82-e88.
Küçükünal, I. (2012). Konuşma sesleri tanıma testi (kstt) Türkçe geçerlik güvenirlik çalışması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Lahey, M., & Bloom, L. (1988). Language disorders and language development.
Lu, X., & Qin, Z. (2018). Auditory and language development in Mandarin-speaking children after cochlear implantation. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology, 107, 183-189.
Marshall, C., Jones, A., Fastelli, A., Atkinson, J., Botting, N., & Morgan, G. (2018). Semantic fluency in deaf children who use spoken and signed language in comparison with hearing peers. International journal of language & communication disorders, 53(1), 157-170.
Martins, C. I. S., Queiroga, B. A. M. d., Rosal, A. G. C., & Cordeiro, A. A. d. A. (2018). Comparative analysis of cognitive-linguistic evaluation in normal hearing schoolchildren and users of cochlear implants. Paper presented at the CoDAS.
McCreery, R. W., Walker, E., Spratford, M., Lewis, D., & Brennan, M. (2019). Auditory, cognitive, and linguistic factors predict speech recognition in adverse listening conditions for children with hearing loss. Frontiers in neuroscience, 13, 1093.
Mitchell, R. M., Christianson, E., Ramirez, R., Onchiri, F. M., Horn, D. L., Pontis, L., . . . Sie, K. C. (2019). Auditory comprehension outcomes in children who receive a cochlear implant before 12 months of age. The Laryngoscope.
Molis, M. R., & Leek, M. R. (2011). Vowel identification by listeners with hearing impairment in response to variation in formant frequencies. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research.
Monshizadeh, L., Vameghi, R., Sajedi, F., Yadegari, F., Hashemi, S. B., Kirchem, P., & Kasbi, F. (2018). Comparison of Social Interaction between Cochlear-Implanted Children with Normal Intelligence Undergoing Auditory Verbal Therapy and Normal-Hearing Children: A Pilot Study. The journal of international advanced otology, 14(1), 34.
Nerbonne, M., & Show, R. (2002). Introduction to audiologic rehabilitation: Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Newcomer, P. L., & Hammill, D. D. (1988). Test of language development-primary: Pro-ed.
Niparko, J. K. (2009). Cochlear implants: Principles & practices: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Nittrouer, S., Muir, M., Tietgens, K., Moberly, A. C., & Lowenstein, J. H. (2018). Development of phonological, lexical, and syntactic abilities in children with cochlear implants across the elementary grades. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 61(10), 2561-2577.
Novogrodsky, R., Meir, N., & Michael, R. (2018). Morphosyntactic abilities of toddlers with hearing impairment and normal hearing: evidence from a sentence‐repetition task. International journal of language & communication disorders, 53(4), 811-824.
Park, M.-H., Won, J. H., Horn, D. L., & Rubinstein, J. T. (2015). Acoustic temporal modulation detection in normal-hearing and cochlear implanted listeners: Effects of hearing mechanism and development. Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology, 16(3), 389-399.
Penke, M., & Wimmer, E. (2018). Deficits in comprehending wh-questions in children with hearing loss–the contribution of phonological short-term memory and syntactic complexity. Clinical linguistics & phonetics, 32(3), 267-284.
Percy-Smith, L., Hallstrøm, M., Josvassen, J. L., Mikkelsen, J. H., Nissen, L., Dieleman, E., & Cayé-Thomasen, P. (2018). Differences and similarities in early vocabulary development between children with hearing aids and children with cochlear implant enrolled in 3-year auditory verbal intervention. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology, 108, 67-72.
Pickles, J. (2013). An introduction to the physiology of hearing: Brill.
Pooresmaeil, E., Mohamadi, R., Ghorbani, A., & Kamali, M. (2019). The relationship between comprehension of syntax and reading comprehension in cochlear implanted and hearing children. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology, 121, 114-119.
Roman, S., Rochette, F., Triglia, J.-M., Schön, D., & Bigand, E. (2016). Auditory training improves auditory performance in cochlear implanted children. Hearing research, 337, 89-95.
Scarabello, E. M., Lamônica, D. A. C., Morettin-Zupelari, M., Tanamati, L. F., Campos, P. D., Alvarenga, K. d. F., & Moret, A. L. M. (2020). Language evaluation in children with pre-lingual hearing loss and cochlear implant☆,☆☆. Brazilian journal of otorhinolaryngology, 86, 91-98.
Schmitt, N., Winkler, A., Boretzki, M., & Holube, I. (2016). A phoneme perception test method for high-frequency hearing aid fitting. Journal of the American Academy of Audiology, 27(5), 367-379.
Sharma, S. D., Cushing, S. L., Papsin, B. C., & Gordon, K. A. (2020). Hearing and speech benefits of cochlear implantation in children: A review of the literature. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology, 133, 109984.
Shojaei, E., Jafari, Z., & Gholami, M. (2016). Effect of early intervention on language development in hearing-impaired children. Iranian journal of otorhinolaryngology, 28(84), 13.
Smiley, L. R., & Goldstein, P. A. (1998). Language delays and disorders: From research to practice: Singular Pub Group.
Soleymani, Z., Mahmoodabadi, N., & Nouri, M. M. (2016). Language skills and phonological awareness in children with cochlear implants and normal hearing. International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology, 83, 16-21.
Thai-Van, H., Veuillet, E., Norena, A., Guiraud, J., & Collet, L. (2010). Plasticity of tonotopic maps in humans: influence of hearing loss, hearing aids and cochlear implants. Acta oto-laryngologica, 130(3), 333-337.
Tomblin, J. B., Oleson, J. J., Ambrose, S. E., Walker, E., & Moeller, M. P. (2014). The influence of hearing aids on the speech and language development of children with hearing loss. JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, 140(5), 403-409.
Topbaş, S., & Güven, O. (2017). Türkçe Okul Çağı Dil Gelişim Testi (TODİL). Ankara: Detay Yayınlar ı.
Tuz, D., Aslan, F., Böke, B., & Yücel, E. (2020). Assessment of temporal processing functions in early period cochlear implantation. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, 277(7), 1939-1947.
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Details

Primary Language	English
Subjects	Audiology
Journal Section	Research Articles
Authors	Nuriye Yıldırım Gökay 0000-0003-2161-6579 Esra Yücel 0000-0002-0597-6358
Publication Date	December 31, 2022
Submission Date	October 28, 2022
Published in Issue	Year 2022 Volume: 5 Issue: 3

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APA	Yıldırım Gökay, N., & Yücel, E. (2022). WHAT SHOULD BE EXPECTED SUCCESS WITH COCHLEAR IMPLANT IN SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN WHO HAVE EARLY AND LATE INTERVENTION?. Türk Odyoloji Ve İşitme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(3), 70-77.

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