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Noncommunicable Diseases as A New Urban Epidemic

Year 2019, Volume: 13 Issue: 1, 75 - 84, 11.03.2019

Gülay Yılmazel Fevziye Çetinkaya Melis Naçar Zeynep Baykan

https://doi.org/10.21763/tjfmpc.528035
Cited By: 1

Abstract

Prevalence of
non-communicable diseases has shown an increase in rapidly urbanizing
population. It introduces us with a new urban epidemic which shapes by
lifestyle and working patterns of urban residents. Physical inactivity,
unhealthy diet, smoking and alcohol consumption are four key risk factors which
lead the development of non-communicable diseases. Socio-economic,
environmental and occupational influence which are brought together with urban
settlement increases the impacts of these factors. Air pollution,
problems in the food system, lack of green space and living in poor
neighbourhoods are important urban features which can trigger noncommunicable
diseases. Type 2 diabetes, cardio-vascular diseases, depression, anxiety,
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer, and arthritis are among the
noncommuncable disease which can be associated with urban features. Improving
urban features, strengthening the city's residents, ensuring community involvement,
adapting urban planning and primary health care according to these
interventions and implementation of the multi-sectoral strategy may be useful
for control and prevention of these diseases.


Bulaşıcı olmayan hastalıkların
prevalansı hızla kentleşen nüfusta artış göstermektedir. Bu durum kent sakinlerinin yaşam biçimi ve çalışma örüntüsü ile
şekillenen yeni bir kentsel epidemiyi karşımıza çıkarmaktadır. Bulaşıcı olmayan
hastalıkların gelişiminde öncülük eden dört temel risk faktörü; fiziksel
inaktivite, sağlıksız beslenme, sigara içimi ve alkol tüketimidir. Kentsel
yerleşimin beraberinde getirdiği sosyo-ekonomik, çevresel ve mesleksel etkiler
bu risk faktörlerinin etkisini artırmaktadır. Hava kirliliği, gıda sistemindeki
sorunlar, yeşil alanların azlığı ve yoksul semtlerde yaşam bulaşıcı olmayan
hastalıkları tetikleyebilen önemli kentsel özelliklerdendir. Tip 2 Diyabet,
kardiyo-vasküler hastalıklar, depresyon, anksiyete, kronik obstrüktif
akciğer hastalığı (KOAH),
kanserler ve artritler kentsel özellikler ile ilişkili olabilen bulaşıcı olmayan
hastalıklardandır. Bu hastalıkların kontrolü ve önlenmesinde sürdürülebilir
kalkınma hedefleri doğrultusunda kentsel özelliklerin iyileştirilmesi, kent
sakinlerinin güçlendirilmesi, toplumsal katılımın sağlanması,  kentsel planlamanın ve birinci basamak sağlık
hizmetlerinin bu müdahale alanlarına göre uyarlanması ile çok sektörlü
stratejilerin uygulanması yararlı olabilir.

Keywords

Urban epidemic non-communicable disease

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Year 2019, Volume: 13 Issue: 1, 75 - 84, 11.03.2019

Gülay Yılmazel Fevziye Çetinkaya Melis Naçar Zeynep Baykan

https://doi.org/10.21763/tjfmpc.528035
Cited By: 1

Abstract

References

  • 1. World Health Organization. Our cities, our health, our future. Acting on social determinants for health equity in urban settings. World Health Organization, 2016. Erişim: http://www.who.int/social_determinants/ publications/urbanization/en/. Erişim tarihi:22.12.2017.
  • 2. World Health Organization. Global report on urban health: equitable, healthier cities for sustainable development. World Health Organization, 2016. Erişim: http://www.who.int/kobe_ centre/ measuring/urban-global-report/en/. Erişim tarihi:22.12.2017
  • 3. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı ve Hacettepe Nüfus Etütleri Enstitüsü. Ulusal Hastalık Yükü Çalışması 2013. Erişim: http://www.hips.hacettepe.edu.tr/UHYCSunumu_ 06122016.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 22.12.2017.
  • 4. UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Urbanization Prospects, the 2011 Revision. Erişim: http://esa.un.org/unup/. Erişim tarihi:22.12.2017.
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  • 6. Snyder RE, Rajan JV, Costa F, Lima H, Calcagno JL, Couto RD, et al. Differences in the prevalence of non-communicable disease between slum dwellers and the general population in a large urban area in Brazil. Trop Med Infect Dis 2017; 47 (2):1-12.
  • 7. World Health Organization. Urban Health. Erişim: http://www.who. int/mediacentre/ news/releases/ 2010 / urban_ health_ 20100407/en/. Erişim tarihi: 22.12.2017.
  • 8. Htet AS, Bjertness MB, Sherpa LY, Kjøllesdal MK, Oo WM, Meyer HE, et al. Urban-rural differences in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases risk factors among 25–74 years old citizens in Yangon Region, Myanmar: a cross sectional study. BMC Public Health 2016; 16: 1225.
  • 9. Oommen AM, Abraham VJ, George K, Jose VJ. Prevalence of risk factors for non-communicable diseases in rural & urban Tamil Nadu. Indian J Med Res 2016; 144: 460-71.
  • 10. World Health Organization. Erişim: http://www.who.int/gho/ncd/risk_factors/ blood_pressure_prevalence_text/en/. Erişim Tarihi: 14.06.2018.
  • 11. Sarkar C, Webster C, Gallacher J. Neighbourhood walkability and incidence of hypertension: Findings from the study of 429,334 UK Biobank participants. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2018;221(3):458-468.
  • 12. Giorgini P, Di Giosia P, Grassi D, Rubenfire M, Brook RD, Ferri C. Air pollution exposure and blood pressure: an updated review of the literature. Current Pharmaceutical Design 2016; 22(1): 28-51.
  • 13. Leal C, Chaix B. The influence of geographic life environments on cardiometabolic risk factors: a systematic review, a methodological assessment and a research agenda. Obes Rev 2011; 12(3): 217-230. 14. Grasser G, Van Dyck D, Titze S, Stronegger W. Objectively measured walkability and active transport and weight-related outcomes in adults: a systematic review. Int J Public Health 2013; 58(4): 615-625.
  • 15. De Bourdeaudhuij I, Van Dyck D, Salvo D, Davey R, Reis RS, Schofield G, et al. International study of perceived neighbourhood environmental attributes and Body Mass Index: IPEN Adult study in 12 countries. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2015; 12: 62.
  • 16. Feng J, Glass TA, Curriero FC, Stewart WF, Schwartz BS. The built environment and obesity: a systematic review of the epidemiologic evidence. Health Place 2010; 16(2): 175-190.
  • 17. Müller-Riemenschneider F, Pereira G, Villanueva K, Christian H, Knuiman M, Giles-Corti B, et al. Neighborhood walkability and cardiometabolic risk factors in Australian adults: an observational study. BMC Public Health 2013; 13: 755.
  • 18. Paquet C, Coffee NT, Haren MT, Howard NJ, Adams RJ, Taylor AW, et al. Food environment, walkability, and public open spaces are associated with incident development of cardiometabolic risk factors in a biomedical cohort. Health Place 2014; 28: 173-176.
  • 19. Cooper R, Boyko CT, Cooper C. Design for health: the relationship between design and noncommunicable diseases. J Health Commun 2011; 16 (Suppl 2): 134-157.
  • 20. Grasser G, Van Dyck D, Titze S, Stronegger W. Objectively measured walkability and active transport and weight-related outcomes in adults: a systematic review. Int J Public Health 2013; 58(4): 615-625.
  • 21. Lachowycz K, Jones AP. Greenspace and obesity: a systematic review of the evidence. Obes Rev 2011; 12(5): e183-189
  • 22. McCormack GR, Shiell A. In search of causality: a systematic review of the relationship between the built environment and physical activity among adults. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2011; 8: 125.
  • 23. Sugiyama T, Neuhaus M, Cole R, Giles-Corti B, Owen N. Destination and route attributes associated with adults' walking: a review. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012; 44(7): 1275-1286.
  • 24. Van Holle V, Deforche B, Van Cauwenberg J, Goubert L, Maes L, Van de Weghe N, et al. Relationship between the physical environment and different domains of physical activity in European adults: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2012; 12: 807
  • 25. Bryden A, Roberts B, Petticrew M, McKee M. A systematic review of the influence of community level social factors on alcohol use. Health Place 2013; 21: 70-85.
  • 26. Gmel G, Holmes J, Studer J. Are alcohol outlet densities strongly associated with alcohol-related outcomes? A critical review of recent evidence. Drug Alcohol Rev 2016; 35(1):40-54.
  • 27. Bowie C, Beere P, Griffin E, Campbell M, Kingham S. Variation in health and social equity in the spaces where we live: a review of previous literature from the GeoHealth Laboratory. New Zealand Sociology 2013; 28(3): 164.
  • 28. Lipperman-Kreda S, Mair C, Grube JW, Friend KB, Jackson P, Watson D. Density and proximity of tobacco outlets to homes and schools: relations with youth cigarette smoking. Prev Sci 2014; 15(5):738-744.
  • 29. Marashi-Pour S, Cretikos M, Lyons C, Rose N, Jalaludin B, Smith J. The association between the density of retail tobacco outlets, individual smoking status, neighbourhood socioeconomic status and school locations in New South Wales, Australia. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol 2015; 12: 1-7.
  • 30. Pearce J, Rind E, Shortt N, Tisch C, Mitchell R. Tobacco retail environments and social inequalities in individual-level smoking and cessation among Scottish adults. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18(2): 138-146.
  • 31. Shortt NK, Tisch C, Pearce J, Richardson EA, Mitchell R. The density of tobacco retailers in home and school environments and relationship with adolescent smoking behaviours in Scotland. Tob Control 2016; 25(1): 75-82.
  • 32. Astell-Burt T, Feng X, Kolt GS. Neighbourhood green space and the odds of having skin cancer: multilevel evidence of survey data from 267 072 Australians. J Epidemiol Community Health 2014; 68(4): 370-374.
  • 33. Lin EY, Witten K, Casswell S, You RQ. Neighbourhood matters: perceptions of neighbourhood cohesiveness and associations with alcohol, cannabis and tobacco use. Drug Alcohol Rev 2012; 31(4): 402-412.
  • 34. Chandra PS, Shiva L, Nanjundaswamy MH. The impact of urbanization on mental health in India. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2018;31 (3):276-281.
  • 35. Bozkurt H, Şahin S, Zoroğlu S. İnternet Bağımlılığı: Güncel Bir Gözden Geçirme. Journal Of Contemporary Medicine 2016;6(3):235-247.
  • 36. Bodicoat DH, O'Donovan G, Dalton AM, Gray LJ, Yates T, Edwardson C, et al. The association between neighbourhood greenspace and type 2 diabetes in a large cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2014; 4(12): e006076.
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There are 73 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects ​Internal Diseases
Journal Section Review
Authors

Gülay Yılmazel

Fevziye Çetinkaya

Melis Naçar

Zeynep Baykan

Publication Date March 11, 2019
Submission Date May 15, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 13 Issue: 1

Cite

Vancouver Yılmazel G, Çetinkaya F, Naçar M, Baykan Z. Noncommunicable Diseases as A New Urban Epidemic. TJFMPC. 2019;13(1):75-84.

Cited By

40 YAŞ ÜSTÜ BİREYLERİN KARDİYOVASKÜLER HASTALIKLAR RİSK FAKTÖRLERİ BİLGİ DÜZEYLERİ VE BAZI DEĞİŞKENLERLE İLİŞKİSİ
Acta Medica Nicomedia
https://doi.org/10.53446/actamednicomedia.886242
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English or Turkish manuscripts from authors with new knowledge to contribute to understanding and improving health and primary care are welcome.