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EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE FACTORS ON REACTIVE AGILITY IN PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL PLAYERS

Year 2023, Volume: 34 Issue: 3, 313 - 320, 19.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.21653/tjpr.1070463

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın birincil amacı futbolcularda fiziksel ve kognitif faktörlerin reaktif çeviklik üzerine etkisini incelemek; ikincil amacı ise futbolda alt ekstremite yaralanma riski düşük olan ve yüksek olan futbolcularda reaktif çeviklik parametrelerini karşılaştırmaktır.
Yöntem: Çalışmaya 30 profesyonel futbol oyuncusu dahil edildi. Tüm katılımcılara fiziksel ve kognitif değerlendirmeler uygulandı. Reaktif çeviklik değerlendirmesinde görsel uyaran ve fotoselli kapılar içeren Reaktif Çeviklik Testi (RÇT) kullanıldı. Tablet temelli sağ/sol diskriminasyonu, Dikey Sıçrama Testi, T Çeviklik Testi (T-Test), Y Denge Testi (Y-Denge), 20 m Sprint Testi ve Hamstring Eksentrik Kuvveti değerlendirildi. Yaralanma risk analizi için ise Tuck Jump Testi kullanıldı.
Sonuçlar: Çalışmamızda RÇT hareket süresi parametresi ile Y-Denge testi komposit, posteromedial ve posterolateral uzanma skoru ve sağ/sol diskriminasyonu doğruluk oranı arasında negatif yönde; T-Test ile pozitif yönde bir ilişki vardı (p<0,05). Ayrıca, RÇT tepki süresi parametresi ile sağ/sol diskriminasyonu test süresi arasında negatif yönde, T-Test sonucu ile pozitif yönde orta düzeyde ilişki gözlendi (p<0,05). Yaralanma riski düşük olan ve yüksek olan sporcular arasında yapılan karşılaştırmalarda gruplar arasında RÇT hareket, tepki ve karar verme süresi parametrelerinde fark yoktu (p>0,05).
Tartışma: Futbolcularda reaktif çevikliğin dinamik denge ve çeviklik gibi fiziksel parametrelerle ve sağ/sol diskriminasyonu gibi kognitif faktörlerle ilişkili olduğu gözlenmiştir. Bu nedenle özellikle futbolcular ile çalışan spor fizyoterapistlerinin reaktif çeviklik performansını değerlendirmesi ve rehabilitasyon aşamasında reaktif çeviklik ile ilişkili fiziksel ve kognitif faktörleri göz önüne almalarını önermekteyiz.

References

  • Kirkendall DT. Evolution of soccer as a research topic. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2020;63(6):723-9.
  • Atalay Güzel N. Fiziksel aktivite, egzersiz ve spor. Sporcu sağlığı (Atalay Güzel N, Kafa N, ed.), 1‘inci baskı. Ankara, Hipokrat Kitap Evi. 2017; p. 2-6.
  • Köklü Y, Alemdaroğlu U, Özkan A, Koz M, Ersoz G. The relationship between sprint ability, agility and vertical jump performance in young soccer players. Science & Sports. 2014;30.
  • Michailidis Y, Tabouris A, Metaxas T. Effects of plyometric and directional training on physical fitness parameters in youth soccer players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2019;14(3):392-8.
  • Hoffman JR. Evaluation of a Reactive Agility Assessment Device in Youth Football Players. J Strength Cond Res. 2020;34(12):3311-5.
  • Krolo A, Gilic B, Foretic N, Pojskic H, Hammami R, Spasic M, et al. Agility Testing in Youth Football (Soccer)Players; Evaluating Reliability, Validity, and Correlates of Newly Developed Testing Protocols. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(1).
  • Križaj J. Relationship between agility, linear sprinting, and vertical jumping performance in Slovenian elite women football players. Human Movement. 2020;21(2):78-84.
  • Trajković N, Sporiš G, Krističević T, Madić DM, Bogataj Š. The Importance of Reactive Agility Tests in Differentiating Adolescent Soccer Players. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(11):3839.
  • Tunay VB. Return to Sport Activities. In: Doral MN, editor. Sports Injuries: Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2012. p. 1145-55.
  • Hsu C-J, Meierbachtol A, George SZ, Chmielewski TL. Fear of reinjury in athletes: implications for rehabilitation. Sports health. 2017;9(2):162-7.
  • Rodriguez C, Echegoyen S, Aoyama T. The effects of “Prevent Injury and Enhance Performance Program” in a female soccer team. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2018;58(05):659-63.
  • Al Attar WSA, Alshehri MA. A meta‐analysis of meta‐analyses of the effectiveness of FIFA injury prevention programs in soccer. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2019;29(12):1846-55.
  • Taylor JB, Waxman JP, Richter SJ, Shultz SJ. Evaluation of the effectiveness of anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention programme training components: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49(2):79.
  • Wilderman DR, Ross SE, Padua DA. Thigh muscle activity, knee motion, and impact force during side-step pivoting in agility-trained female basketball players. J Athl Train. 2009;44(1):14-25.
  • Sekulic D, Spasic M, Esco MR. Predicting agility performance with other performance variables in pubescent boys: a multiple-regression approach. Percept Mot Skills. 2014;118(2):447-61.
  • Pojskic H, Aslin E, Krolo A, Jukic I, Uljevic O, Spasic M, et al. Importance of Reactive Agility and Change of Direction Speed in Differentiating Performance Levels in Junior Soccer Players: Reliability and Validity of Newly Developed Soccer-Specific Tests. Front Physiol. 2018;9:506.
  • Moseley, G. Lorimer, et al. The graded motor imagery handbook. Noigroup publications, 2012; p. 68
  • Moir G, Button C, Glaister M, Stone MH. Influence of familiarization on the reliability of vertical jump and acceleration sprinting performance in physically active men. J Strength Cond Res. 2004;18(2):276-80.
  • Pauole K, Madole K, Garhammer J, Lacourse M, Rozenek R. Reliability and Validity of the T-Test as a Measure of Agility, Leg Power, and Leg Speed in College-Aged Men and Women. J Strength Cond Res. 2000;14.
  • Gonell AC, Romero JAP, Soler LM. Relationship Between the Y Balance Test Scores and Soft Tissue Injury Incidence in a Soccer Team. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2015;10(7):955-66.
  • Altmann S, Ringhof S, Neumann R, Woll A, Rumpf MC. Validity and reliability of speed tests used in soccer: A systematic review. PloS one. 2019;14(8):e0220982.
  • Lee JWY, Li C, Yung PSH, Chan KM. The reliability and validity of a video-based method for assessing hamstring strength in football players. J Exerc Sci Fit. 2017;15(1):18-21.
  • Herrington L, Myer GD, Munro A. Intra and inter-tester reliability of the tuck jump assessment. Phys Ther Sport. 2013;14(3):152-5.
  • Hayran O. Sağlık bilimlerinde araştırma ve istatistik yöntemler: Nobel Tıp Kitabevi; 2012; p. 105-115.
  • Stirling L, Eke C, Cain SM. Examination of the perceived agility and balance during a reactive agility task. PLoS One. 2018;13(6):e0198875.
  • Dola, K. Reactive agility, core strength, balance, and soccer performance. 2013. PhD Thesis. Ithaca College. 2013.
  • Wajon A. Recognise (TM) Hands app for graded motor imagery training in chronic pain. J Physiother. 2014;60:117.
  • Wilkerson GB, Nabhan DC, Crane RT. Concussion History and Neuromechanical Responsiveness Asymmetry. J Athl Train. 2020;55(6):594-600.
  • Gabbett TJ, Kelly JN, Sheppard JM. Speed, change of direction speed, and reactive agility of rugby league players. J Strength Cond Res. 2008;22(1):174-81.
  • Scanlan A, Humphries B, Tucker PS, Dalbo V. The influence of physical and cognitive factors on reactive agility performance in men basketball players. J Sports Sci. 2014;32(4):367-74.
  • Holmberg P. Agility Training for Experienced Athletes. Strength Cond J. 2015;37:93-8.
  • Matlak J, Tihanyi J, Racz L. Relationship Between Reactive Agility and Change of Direction Speed in Amateur Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res. 2016;30(6):1547-52.
  • Gabbett TJ, Sheppard JM, Pritchard-Peschek KR, Leveritt MD, Aldred MJ. Influence of closed skill and open skill warm-ups on the performance of speed, change of direction speed, vertical jump, and reactive agility in team sport athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2008;22(5):1413-5.
  • Henry GJ, Dawson B, Lay BS, Young WB. Relationships Between Reactive Agility Movement Time and Unilateral Vertical, Horizontal, and Lateral Jumps. J Strength Cond Res. 2016;30(9):2514-21.
  • Freeman B, Young W, Smyth A, Talpey S, Pane C, Carlon T. The effects of sprint training and the Nordic hamstring exercise on eccentric hamstring strength and sprint performance in adolescent athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2018;59.
  • Bisciotti GN, Chamari K, Cena E, Carimati G, Bisciotti A, Bisciotti A, et al. Hamstring Injuries Prevention in Soccer: A Narrative Review of Current Literature. Joints. 2020.
  • Spiteri T, Nimphius S, Hart NH, Specos C, Sheppard JM, Newton RU. Contribution of strength characteristics to change of direction and agility performance in female basketball athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28(9):2415-23.

FİZİKSEL VE BİLİŞSEL FAKTÖRLERİN PROFESYONEL FUTBOL OYUNCULARINDA REAKTİF ÇEVİKLİK ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ

Year 2023, Volume: 34 Issue: 3, 313 - 320, 19.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.21653/tjpr.1070463

Abstract

Purpose: The primary aim of this study is to examine the effects of physical and cognitive factors on reactive agility in football players; the secondary aim is to compare reactive agility parameters in football players with low and high risk of lower extremity injury in football.
Methods: Thirty professional football players were included. All participants underwent physical and cognitive assessments. Reactive Agility Test (RAT), tablet-based right/left discrimination, Vertical Jump Test, T Agility Test (T-Test), Y Balance Test (YBT), 20 m sprint test and hamstring eccentric strength were evaluated. Tuck Jump assesment (TJ) was used for injury risk analysis.
Results: In our study, there was a negative correlation between RCT movement time parameter and Y-Balance test composite, posteromedial and posterolateral reach scores and right/left discrimination accuracy; there was a positive correlation with the T-Test (p<0.05). In addition, there was a negative correlation between the RAT response time parameter and the right/left discrimination test time, and a positive moderate correlation with the T-Test result (p<0.05). In the comparisons between the athletes with low and high risk of injury, there was no difference between the groups in the parameters of RAT movement, reaction and decision-making time (p>0.05).
Conclusion: Reactive agility in football players is associated with physical parameters such as dynamic balance and agility, and cognitive factors such as right/left discrimination. We suggest that sports physiotherapists working with football players should evaluate the reactive agility performance and consider the physical and cognitive factors associated with reactive agility during the rehabilitation.

References

  • Kirkendall DT. Evolution of soccer as a research topic. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2020;63(6):723-9.
  • Atalay Güzel N. Fiziksel aktivite, egzersiz ve spor. Sporcu sağlığı (Atalay Güzel N, Kafa N, ed.), 1‘inci baskı. Ankara, Hipokrat Kitap Evi. 2017; p. 2-6.
  • Köklü Y, Alemdaroğlu U, Özkan A, Koz M, Ersoz G. The relationship between sprint ability, agility and vertical jump performance in young soccer players. Science & Sports. 2014;30.
  • Michailidis Y, Tabouris A, Metaxas T. Effects of plyometric and directional training on physical fitness parameters in youth soccer players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2019;14(3):392-8.
  • Hoffman JR. Evaluation of a Reactive Agility Assessment Device in Youth Football Players. J Strength Cond Res. 2020;34(12):3311-5.
  • Krolo A, Gilic B, Foretic N, Pojskic H, Hammami R, Spasic M, et al. Agility Testing in Youth Football (Soccer)Players; Evaluating Reliability, Validity, and Correlates of Newly Developed Testing Protocols. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(1).
  • Križaj J. Relationship between agility, linear sprinting, and vertical jumping performance in Slovenian elite women football players. Human Movement. 2020;21(2):78-84.
  • Trajković N, Sporiš G, Krističević T, Madić DM, Bogataj Š. The Importance of Reactive Agility Tests in Differentiating Adolescent Soccer Players. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(11):3839.
  • Tunay VB. Return to Sport Activities. In: Doral MN, editor. Sports Injuries: Prevention, Diagnosis, Treatment and Rehabilitation. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2012. p. 1145-55.
  • Hsu C-J, Meierbachtol A, George SZ, Chmielewski TL. Fear of reinjury in athletes: implications for rehabilitation. Sports health. 2017;9(2):162-7.
  • Rodriguez C, Echegoyen S, Aoyama T. The effects of “Prevent Injury and Enhance Performance Program” in a female soccer team. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2018;58(05):659-63.
  • Al Attar WSA, Alshehri MA. A meta‐analysis of meta‐analyses of the effectiveness of FIFA injury prevention programs in soccer. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2019;29(12):1846-55.
  • Taylor JB, Waxman JP, Richter SJ, Shultz SJ. Evaluation of the effectiveness of anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention programme training components: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49(2):79.
  • Wilderman DR, Ross SE, Padua DA. Thigh muscle activity, knee motion, and impact force during side-step pivoting in agility-trained female basketball players. J Athl Train. 2009;44(1):14-25.
  • Sekulic D, Spasic M, Esco MR. Predicting agility performance with other performance variables in pubescent boys: a multiple-regression approach. Percept Mot Skills. 2014;118(2):447-61.
  • Pojskic H, Aslin E, Krolo A, Jukic I, Uljevic O, Spasic M, et al. Importance of Reactive Agility and Change of Direction Speed in Differentiating Performance Levels in Junior Soccer Players: Reliability and Validity of Newly Developed Soccer-Specific Tests. Front Physiol. 2018;9:506.
  • Moseley, G. Lorimer, et al. The graded motor imagery handbook. Noigroup publications, 2012; p. 68
  • Moir G, Button C, Glaister M, Stone MH. Influence of familiarization on the reliability of vertical jump and acceleration sprinting performance in physically active men. J Strength Cond Res. 2004;18(2):276-80.
  • Pauole K, Madole K, Garhammer J, Lacourse M, Rozenek R. Reliability and Validity of the T-Test as a Measure of Agility, Leg Power, and Leg Speed in College-Aged Men and Women. J Strength Cond Res. 2000;14.
  • Gonell AC, Romero JAP, Soler LM. Relationship Between the Y Balance Test Scores and Soft Tissue Injury Incidence in a Soccer Team. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2015;10(7):955-66.
  • Altmann S, Ringhof S, Neumann R, Woll A, Rumpf MC. Validity and reliability of speed tests used in soccer: A systematic review. PloS one. 2019;14(8):e0220982.
  • Lee JWY, Li C, Yung PSH, Chan KM. The reliability and validity of a video-based method for assessing hamstring strength in football players. J Exerc Sci Fit. 2017;15(1):18-21.
  • Herrington L, Myer GD, Munro A. Intra and inter-tester reliability of the tuck jump assessment. Phys Ther Sport. 2013;14(3):152-5.
  • Hayran O. Sağlık bilimlerinde araştırma ve istatistik yöntemler: Nobel Tıp Kitabevi; 2012; p. 105-115.
  • Stirling L, Eke C, Cain SM. Examination of the perceived agility and balance during a reactive agility task. PLoS One. 2018;13(6):e0198875.
  • Dola, K. Reactive agility, core strength, balance, and soccer performance. 2013. PhD Thesis. Ithaca College. 2013.
  • Wajon A. Recognise (TM) Hands app for graded motor imagery training in chronic pain. J Physiother. 2014;60:117.
  • Wilkerson GB, Nabhan DC, Crane RT. Concussion History and Neuromechanical Responsiveness Asymmetry. J Athl Train. 2020;55(6):594-600.
  • Gabbett TJ, Kelly JN, Sheppard JM. Speed, change of direction speed, and reactive agility of rugby league players. J Strength Cond Res. 2008;22(1):174-81.
  • Scanlan A, Humphries B, Tucker PS, Dalbo V. The influence of physical and cognitive factors on reactive agility performance in men basketball players. J Sports Sci. 2014;32(4):367-74.
  • Holmberg P. Agility Training for Experienced Athletes. Strength Cond J. 2015;37:93-8.
  • Matlak J, Tihanyi J, Racz L. Relationship Between Reactive Agility and Change of Direction Speed in Amateur Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res. 2016;30(6):1547-52.
  • Gabbett TJ, Sheppard JM, Pritchard-Peschek KR, Leveritt MD, Aldred MJ. Influence of closed skill and open skill warm-ups on the performance of speed, change of direction speed, vertical jump, and reactive agility in team sport athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2008;22(5):1413-5.
  • Henry GJ, Dawson B, Lay BS, Young WB. Relationships Between Reactive Agility Movement Time and Unilateral Vertical, Horizontal, and Lateral Jumps. J Strength Cond Res. 2016;30(9):2514-21.
  • Freeman B, Young W, Smyth A, Talpey S, Pane C, Carlon T. The effects of sprint training and the Nordic hamstring exercise on eccentric hamstring strength and sprint performance in adolescent athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2018;59.
  • Bisciotti GN, Chamari K, Cena E, Carimati G, Bisciotti A, Bisciotti A, et al. Hamstring Injuries Prevention in Soccer: A Narrative Review of Current Literature. Joints. 2020.
  • Spiteri T, Nimphius S, Hart NH, Specos C, Sheppard JM, Newton RU. Contribution of strength characteristics to change of direction and agility performance in female basketball athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;28(9):2415-23.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Rehabilitation
Journal Section Araştırma Makaleleri
Authors

Mustafa Siyah 0000-0003-1018-8089

Tuğba Şanlı 0000-0001-6004-1734

Elif Turgut 0000-0002-2006-9617

Publication Date December 19, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 34 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Siyah, M., Şanlı, T., & Turgut, E. (2023). EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE FACTORS ON REACTIVE AGILITY IN PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL PLAYERS. Türk Fizyoterapi Ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi, 34(3), 313-320. https://doi.org/10.21653/tjpr.1070463
AMA Siyah M, Şanlı T, Turgut E. EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE FACTORS ON REACTIVE AGILITY IN PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL PLAYERS. Turk J Physiother Rehabil. December 2023;34(3):313-320. doi:10.21653/tjpr.1070463
Chicago Siyah, Mustafa, Tuğba Şanlı, and Elif Turgut. “EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE FACTORS ON REACTIVE AGILITY IN PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL PLAYERS”. Türk Fizyoterapi Ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi 34, no. 3 (December 2023): 313-20. https://doi.org/10.21653/tjpr.1070463.
EndNote Siyah M, Şanlı T, Turgut E (December 1, 2023) EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE FACTORS ON REACTIVE AGILITY IN PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL PLAYERS. Türk Fizyoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi 34 3 313–320.
IEEE M. Siyah, T. Şanlı, and E. Turgut, “EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE FACTORS ON REACTIVE AGILITY IN PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL PLAYERS”, Turk J Physiother Rehabil, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 313–320, 2023, doi: 10.21653/tjpr.1070463.
ISNAD Siyah, Mustafa et al. “EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE FACTORS ON REACTIVE AGILITY IN PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL PLAYERS”. Türk Fizyoterapi ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi 34/3 (December 2023), 313-320. https://doi.org/10.21653/tjpr.1070463.
JAMA Siyah M, Şanlı T, Turgut E. EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE FACTORS ON REACTIVE AGILITY IN PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL PLAYERS. Turk J Physiother Rehabil. 2023;34:313–320.
MLA Siyah, Mustafa et al. “EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE FACTORS ON REACTIVE AGILITY IN PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL PLAYERS”. Türk Fizyoterapi Ve Rehabilitasyon Dergisi, vol. 34, no. 3, 2023, pp. 313-20, doi:10.21653/tjpr.1070463.
Vancouver Siyah M, Şanlı T, Turgut E. EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL AND COGNITIVE FACTORS ON REACTIVE AGILITY IN PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL PLAYERS. Turk J Physiother Rehabil. 2023;34(3):313-20.