Research Article
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PES PLANUS SEVERITY AND LOWER EXTREMITY FUNCTIONAL PERFORMANCE IN YOUNG ADULTS
Abstract
Purpose: To examine the relationship between pes planus severity and lower extremity functional performance in young adults with pes planus.
Methods: Volunteers with asymptomatic flexible pes planus aged between 18-25 years were included, and 53 (32 Females) individuals with a mean age of 20.19±1.93 years were evaluated in this study. Navicular drop (ND) test was used to decide the presence and severity of pes planus. Balance and jump tests were used for assessing lower extremity functional performance. Balance performance was evaluated with the Y balance test and jump performance was evaluated with the single leg jump test (SLJ) using the Opto Jump system (Microgate, Bolzano, Italy).
Results: On the dominant side, a negative and weak correlation was found between ND values and balance results in anterior and posteromedial directions (p=0.014; r=-0.336, p=0.046; r=-0.276, respectively). On the non-dominant side, a negative and weak correlation was found between ND values and balance results in the anterior direction (p=0.040; r=-0.284). There was no correlation between ND values and SLJ heights in both extremities (p>0.05).
Conclusions: In young adults with asymptomatic flexible pes planus, insufficient dynamic balance performance was observed as the severity of pes planus increased, but the severity of pes planus did not affect vertical jump distance. This result suggests that interventions for pes planus severity may also have an effect on balance performance.
References
- Hösl M, Böhm H, Multerer C, Döderlein L. Does excessive flatfoot deformity affect function? A comparison between symptomatic and asymptomatic flatfeet using the Oxford Foot Model. Gait Posture. 2014;39(1):23-8.
- Dabholkar T, Agarwal A. Quality of life in adult population with flat feet. Int J Health Sci Res. 2020;10(8).
- Bhoir M, Anap D, Diwate A. Prevalence of flat foot among 18 -25 years old physiotherapy students: cross sectional study. Indian J. Basic Appl. Med. Res. 2014;3:272-8.
- Cote KP, Brunet ME, Gansneder BM, Shultz SJ. Effects of pronated and supinated foot postures on static and dynamic postural stability. J. Athl. Train. 2005;40(1):41.
- Sung PS. Kinematic analysis of ankle stiffness in subjects with and without flat foot. The Foot. 2016;26:58-63.
- Al Abdulwahab SS, Kachanathu SJ. The effect of various degrees of foot posture on standing balance in a healthy adult population. Somatosens. Mot. Res. 2015;32(3):172-6.
- Vulcano E, Deland JT, Ellis SJ. Approach and treatment of the adult acquired flatfoot deformity. Curr. Rev. Musculoskelet 2013;6(4):294-303.
- Krkeljas Z. Changes in gait and posture as factors of dynamic stability during walking in pregnancy. Hum. Mov. Sci. 2018;58:315-20.
- El-Shamy FF, Ghait AS. Effect of flexible pes planus on postural stability in adolescent females. Int J Sci Res. 2014;5:6.
- Justine M, Ruzali D, Hazidin E, Said A, Bukry SA, Manaf H. Range of motion, muscle length, and balance performance in older adults with normal, pronated, and supinated feet. J. Phys. Ther. Sci. 2016;28(3):916-22.
- Telfer S, Abbott M, Steultjens M, Rafferty D, Woodburn J. Dose–response effects of customised foot orthoses on lower limb muscle activity and plantar pressures in pronated foot type. Gait Posture. 2013;38(3):443-9.
- Brooks ER, Benson AC, Bruce LM. Novel technologies found to be valid and reliable for the measurement of vertical jump height with jump-and-reach testing. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2018;32(10):2838-45.
- Contarlı N, Çankaya T. Effect of the pes planus on vertical jump height and lower extremity muscle activation in gymnasts. Turk. J. Sports Med. 2022;24(1):81-9.
- Fu FQ, Wang S, Shu Y, Li JS, Popik S, Gu YD, editors. A comparative biomechanical analysis the vertical jump between flatfoot and normal foot. J. Biomim. Biomater. Biomed. Eng. 2016; 48: 26–35.
- Zhao X, Tsujimoto T, Kim B, Tanaka K. Association of arch height with ankle muscle strength and physical performance in adult men. Biol. Sport. 2017;34(2):119-26.
- Kheyrandish I, Hadadnejad M, Shojaedin S. Comparison of functional lower extremity evaluation scores in active adolescents with normal and flexible flat foot. J Rehabil Med. 2018;7(4):198-207.
- Kızılcı H, Erbahçeci F. Pes planus olan ve olmayan erkeklerde fiziksel uygunluğun değerlendirilmesi. Fiz. Rehabil. 2016;27(2):25-33.
- Güvener O, Dağ F, Çimen ÖB, Özçakar L. Ultrasound assessment of distal femoral cartilage thickness measurements after walking/jogging in subjects with pes planus. The Knee. 2022;39:161-7.
- Taş S, Aktaş A, Dikici TF, Çekok FK. Achilles tendon, patellar tendon, and femoral cartilage thickness in control vs asymptomatic flatfoot young adults. Foot Ankle Int. 2022:10711007221136137.
- Ünver B, Yıldırım T, Bek N. Pes Planusun Distal Ve Proksimal Alt Ekstremite Biyomekanik Parametreleri Ve Bel Ağrısı Üzerine Etkilerinin İncelenmesi. Turk J Physiother Rehabil. 2019; 30(2), 119 - 125.
- Hoang N-T-T, Chen S, Chou L-W. The Impact of foot orthoses and exercises on pain and navicular drop for adult flatfoot: a network meta-analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2021;18(15):8063.
- Okamura K, Egawa K, Ikeda T, Fukuda K, Kanai S. Relationship between foot muscle morphology and severity of pronated foot deformity and foot kinematics during gait: a preliminary study. Gait Posture. 2021;86:273-7.
- Alam F, Raza S, Moiz JA, Bhati P, Anwer S, Alghadir A. Effects of selective strengthening of tibialis posterior and stretching of iliopsoas on navicular drop, dynamic balance, and lower limb muscle activity in pronated feet: A randomized clinical trial. Phys Sportsmed. 2019;47(3):301-11.
- Plisky PJ, Gorman PP, Butler RJ, Kiesel KB, Underwood FB, Elkins B. The reliability of an instrumented device for measuring components of the star excursion balance test. N Am J Sports Phys Ther 2009;4(2):92-99.
- Shaffer SW, Teyhen DS, Lorenson CL, Warren RL, Koreerat CM, Straseske CA, et al. Y-balance test: a reliability study involving multiple raters. Mil. Med.. 2013;178(11):1264-70.
- Glatthorn JF, Gouge S, Nussbaumer S, Stauffacher S, Impellizzeri FM, Maffiuletti NA. Validity and reliability of Optojump photoelectric cells for estimating vertical jump height. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2011;25(2):556-60.
- Çınarlı FS, Kafkas ME, Bastık C, Çimen O. Türkiye masa tenisi genç milli takım aday sporcularının vücut kompozisyonu ve biyomotor performans parametrelerinin incelenmesi. İnönü Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. 2017;4(3):22-39.
- Lee D-K, Kim G-M, Ha S-M, Oh J-S. Correlation of the Y-balance test with lower-limb strength of adult women. J. Phys. Ther. Sci.2014;26(5):641-3.
- Musavi sh, Ghasemi b, Faramarzi m. The Relationship between Internal Longitudinal Foot Arch with Static and Dynamic Balance of 12-14 years Male Students. J. Sports Sci. Med 2009;1(2):107-231.
- Dancey CP, Reidy J. Statistics without maths for psychology: Pearson, London; 2017.
- Dabholkar A, Shah A, Yardi S. Comparison of dynamic balance between flat feet and normal individuals using star excursion balance test. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther. 2012;6(3):33-7.
- Kothari A, Dixon P, Stebbins J, Zavatsky A, Theologis T. The relationship between quality of life and foot function in children with flexible flatfeet. Gait Posture. 2015;41(3):786-90.
- Tudor A, Ruzic L, Sestan B, Sirola L, Prpić T. Flat-footedness is not a disadvantage for athletic performance in children aged 11 to 15 years. Pediatrics. 2009;123(3):e386-e92.
- Hu Y. The relationship between foot arch height and two-legged standing vertical jump height in male college-age students. Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Illinois, USA: Master of Science (Kinesiology). 2016.
- Ho M, Kong PW, Chong LJ-Y, Lam W-K. Foot orthoses alter lower limb biomechanics but not jump performance in basketball players with and without flat feet. J. Foot Ankle Res.. 2019;12(1):1-14.
- David E, Joseph B, Mohammad H, Joseph M, Elina S. Correlation of navicular drop to vertical and broad jump measurements in young adults. J Rehab Therapy. 2020;2(1):1-5.
- Sajedi H, Salari N, Alanag SA, Akalan C. Comparison of vertical jumping height in primary school boys and girls with and without flat foot. Sports Sci.. 2018:7-10.
- Kumala MS, Tinduh D, Poerwandari D. Comparison of lower extremities physical performance on male young adult athletes with normal foot and flatfoot. Surabaya Phys. Med. Rehabil. J. 2019;1(1):6-13.
- Karartı C, Bilgin S, Büyükturan Ö, Büyükturan B. Arka ayaktaki pronasyon artışının fiziksel performans üzerine etkisi. Hacettepe University Faculty of Health Sci. J. 2018;5(1):1-10.
Year 2023,
Volume: 34 Issue: 3, 304 - 312, 19.12.2023
Abstract
Amaç: Pes planuslu genç erişkinlerde pes planus şiddeti ile alt ekstremite fonksiyonel performansı arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir.
Yöntem: Çalışmaya 18-25 yaş aralığında, asemptomatik esnek pes planusu olan gönüllüler dahil edildi. Çalışmamıza 20,19±1,93 yaş ortalamasına sahip 53 (32 Kadın) birey katıldı. Pes planus varlığını ve şiddetini belirlemek için naviküler düşme (ND) testi kullanıldı. Alt ekstremite fonksiyonel performansı için denge ve sıçrama testleri seçildi. Denge performansı Y balans denge testi ile, sıçrama performansı ise OptoJump sistemi kullanılarak tek ayak sıçrama testi (TAS) ile değerlendirildi.
Sonuçlar: Dominant tarafta ND değerleri ile anterior ve posteriomedial yönde denge sonuçları arasında negatif yönlü zayıf derecede bir korelasyon bulundu (sırasıyla p=0,014; r=-0,336, p=0,046; r=-0,276). Nondominant tarafta ise ND değerleri ile anterior yönde denge sonuçları arasında negatif yönde zayıf derecede bir ilişki bulundu (p=0,040; r=-0,284). Her iki ekstremitede de ND değerleri ile TAS yükseklikleri arasında anlamlı bir ilişkiye rastlanmadı (p>0,05).
Tartışma: Asemptomatik esnek pes planuslu genç erişkinlerde pes planus şiddeti arttıkça yetersiz dinamik denge performansı gözlendi, ancak pes planus şiddeti dikey sıçrama mesafesini etkilemedi. Bu sonuç pes planus şiddetine yönelik uygulamaların denge performansı üzerinde de etkili olabileceğini düşündürmektedir.
Keywords
References
- Hösl M, Böhm H, Multerer C, Döderlein L. Does excessive flatfoot deformity affect function? A comparison between symptomatic and asymptomatic flatfeet using the Oxford Foot Model. Gait Posture. 2014;39(1):23-8.
- Dabholkar T, Agarwal A. Quality of life in adult population with flat feet. Int J Health Sci Res. 2020;10(8).
- Bhoir M, Anap D, Diwate A. Prevalence of flat foot among 18 -25 years old physiotherapy students: cross sectional study. Indian J. Basic Appl. Med. Res. 2014;3:272-8.
- Cote KP, Brunet ME, Gansneder BM, Shultz SJ. Effects of pronated and supinated foot postures on static and dynamic postural stability. J. Athl. Train. 2005;40(1):41.
- Sung PS. Kinematic analysis of ankle stiffness in subjects with and without flat foot. The Foot. 2016;26:58-63.
- Al Abdulwahab SS, Kachanathu SJ. The effect of various degrees of foot posture on standing balance in a healthy adult population. Somatosens. Mot. Res. 2015;32(3):172-6.
- Vulcano E, Deland JT, Ellis SJ. Approach and treatment of the adult acquired flatfoot deformity. Curr. Rev. Musculoskelet 2013;6(4):294-303.
- Krkeljas Z. Changes in gait and posture as factors of dynamic stability during walking in pregnancy. Hum. Mov. Sci. 2018;58:315-20.
- El-Shamy FF, Ghait AS. Effect of flexible pes planus on postural stability in adolescent females. Int J Sci Res. 2014;5:6.
- Justine M, Ruzali D, Hazidin E, Said A, Bukry SA, Manaf H. Range of motion, muscle length, and balance performance in older adults with normal, pronated, and supinated feet. J. Phys. Ther. Sci. 2016;28(3):916-22.
- Telfer S, Abbott M, Steultjens M, Rafferty D, Woodburn J. Dose–response effects of customised foot orthoses on lower limb muscle activity and plantar pressures in pronated foot type. Gait Posture. 2013;38(3):443-9.
- Brooks ER, Benson AC, Bruce LM. Novel technologies found to be valid and reliable for the measurement of vertical jump height with jump-and-reach testing. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2018;32(10):2838-45.
- Contarlı N, Çankaya T. Effect of the pes planus on vertical jump height and lower extremity muscle activation in gymnasts. Turk. J. Sports Med. 2022;24(1):81-9.
- Fu FQ, Wang S, Shu Y, Li JS, Popik S, Gu YD, editors. A comparative biomechanical analysis the vertical jump between flatfoot and normal foot. J. Biomim. Biomater. Biomed. Eng. 2016; 48: 26–35.
- Zhao X, Tsujimoto T, Kim B, Tanaka K. Association of arch height with ankle muscle strength and physical performance in adult men. Biol. Sport. 2017;34(2):119-26.
- Kheyrandish I, Hadadnejad M, Shojaedin S. Comparison of functional lower extremity evaluation scores in active adolescents with normal and flexible flat foot. J Rehabil Med. 2018;7(4):198-207.
- Kızılcı H, Erbahçeci F. Pes planus olan ve olmayan erkeklerde fiziksel uygunluğun değerlendirilmesi. Fiz. Rehabil. 2016;27(2):25-33.
- Güvener O, Dağ F, Çimen ÖB, Özçakar L. Ultrasound assessment of distal femoral cartilage thickness measurements after walking/jogging in subjects with pes planus. The Knee. 2022;39:161-7.
- Taş S, Aktaş A, Dikici TF, Çekok FK. Achilles tendon, patellar tendon, and femoral cartilage thickness in control vs asymptomatic flatfoot young adults. Foot Ankle Int. 2022:10711007221136137.
- Ünver B, Yıldırım T, Bek N. Pes Planusun Distal Ve Proksimal Alt Ekstremite Biyomekanik Parametreleri Ve Bel Ağrısı Üzerine Etkilerinin İncelenmesi. Turk J Physiother Rehabil. 2019; 30(2), 119 - 125.
- Hoang N-T-T, Chen S, Chou L-W. The Impact of foot orthoses and exercises on pain and navicular drop for adult flatfoot: a network meta-analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2021;18(15):8063.
- Okamura K, Egawa K, Ikeda T, Fukuda K, Kanai S. Relationship between foot muscle morphology and severity of pronated foot deformity and foot kinematics during gait: a preliminary study. Gait Posture. 2021;86:273-7.
- Alam F, Raza S, Moiz JA, Bhati P, Anwer S, Alghadir A. Effects of selective strengthening of tibialis posterior and stretching of iliopsoas on navicular drop, dynamic balance, and lower limb muscle activity in pronated feet: A randomized clinical trial. Phys Sportsmed. 2019;47(3):301-11.
- Plisky PJ, Gorman PP, Butler RJ, Kiesel KB, Underwood FB, Elkins B. The reliability of an instrumented device for measuring components of the star excursion balance test. N Am J Sports Phys Ther 2009;4(2):92-99.
- Shaffer SW, Teyhen DS, Lorenson CL, Warren RL, Koreerat CM, Straseske CA, et al. Y-balance test: a reliability study involving multiple raters. Mil. Med.. 2013;178(11):1264-70.
- Glatthorn JF, Gouge S, Nussbaumer S, Stauffacher S, Impellizzeri FM, Maffiuletti NA. Validity and reliability of Optojump photoelectric cells for estimating vertical jump height. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2011;25(2):556-60.
- Çınarlı FS, Kafkas ME, Bastık C, Çimen O. Türkiye masa tenisi genç milli takım aday sporcularının vücut kompozisyonu ve biyomotor performans parametrelerinin incelenmesi. İnönü Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. 2017;4(3):22-39.
- Lee D-K, Kim G-M, Ha S-M, Oh J-S. Correlation of the Y-balance test with lower-limb strength of adult women. J. Phys. Ther. Sci.2014;26(5):641-3.
- Musavi sh, Ghasemi b, Faramarzi m. The Relationship between Internal Longitudinal Foot Arch with Static and Dynamic Balance of 12-14 years Male Students. J. Sports Sci. Med 2009;1(2):107-231.
- Dancey CP, Reidy J. Statistics without maths for psychology: Pearson, London; 2017.
- Dabholkar A, Shah A, Yardi S. Comparison of dynamic balance between flat feet and normal individuals using star excursion balance test. Indian J Physiother Occup Ther. 2012;6(3):33-7.
- Kothari A, Dixon P, Stebbins J, Zavatsky A, Theologis T. The relationship between quality of life and foot function in children with flexible flatfeet. Gait Posture. 2015;41(3):786-90.
- Tudor A, Ruzic L, Sestan B, Sirola L, Prpić T. Flat-footedness is not a disadvantage for athletic performance in children aged 11 to 15 years. Pediatrics. 2009;123(3):e386-e92.
- Hu Y. The relationship between foot arch height and two-legged standing vertical jump height in male college-age students. Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Illinois, USA: Master of Science (Kinesiology). 2016.
- Ho M, Kong PW, Chong LJ-Y, Lam W-K. Foot orthoses alter lower limb biomechanics but not jump performance in basketball players with and without flat feet. J. Foot Ankle Res.. 2019;12(1):1-14.
- David E, Joseph B, Mohammad H, Joseph M, Elina S. Correlation of navicular drop to vertical and broad jump measurements in young adults. J Rehab Therapy. 2020;2(1):1-5.
- Sajedi H, Salari N, Alanag SA, Akalan C. Comparison of vertical jumping height in primary school boys and girls with and without flat foot. Sports Sci.. 2018:7-10.
- Kumala MS, Tinduh D, Poerwandari D. Comparison of lower extremities physical performance on male young adult athletes with normal foot and flatfoot. Surabaya Phys. Med. Rehabil. J. 2019;1(1):6-13.
- Karartı C, Bilgin S, Büyükturan Ö, Büyükturan B. Arka ayaktaki pronasyon artışının fiziksel performans üzerine etkisi. Hacettepe University Faculty of Health Sci. J. 2018;5(1):1-10.
There are 39 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Rehabilitation |
| Journal Section | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | December 19, 2023 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2023 Volume: 34 Issue: 3 |