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Sonographic Appearance And Obstetric Management Of Placenta Adhesion Abnormalities

Year 2016, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 131 - 138, 27.11.2016

Büşra Demir Çendek

Abstract

The incidence of placental adhesive disorders has grown steadily, they may lead to serious complications such as catastrophic blood loss and even maternal death. Antenatal diagnosis of this condition may yield to a safer planned surgery with availability of the presence of an anesthesiologist and a gynecology surgeon. Until recently, the evaluation of the placenta was made by using only ultrasound screening, in technological advances, doppler US and magnetic resonance imaging become increasingly available in diagnosing placental adhesive disorders. Before advanced imaging techniques, all placental adhesive disorders were named as placenta acc-reta and the depth of invasion was not recognized clinically. Placenta accreta is defined as abnormal adherence of the placenta to the uterine wall, whereby the chorionic villi directly attach to the myometrium due to the absence of the normal decidua basalis between the villi and myometrium. The most important risk factor for placenta accreta is previous uterine surgery. Although complete healing takes place after lower uterine segment surgeries, in number of cesarean cases, serious myo-metrial and endometrial tissue loss occurs even years after the surgery. In summary, uterine surgical procedures and placental adhesive disorders are closely related to each other and early diagnosis and planned surgical intervention in appropriate conditions with a multidisciplinary approach will help reduce the mortality and morbidity related to this condition. Although the most definitive treatment is an abdominal hysterectomy, conservative management including not removing the placenta from the uterus was found to be related to lower mortality and morbidity rates and it becomes gradually popular way of treatment especially for placenta percreta cases. In this review, the obstetrical management of placenta accreta and its so-nografic appearence were evaluated extensively.

Keywords

Placenta accreta diagnosis disease management therapy

References

  • 1. Derman AY, Nikac V, Haberman S, Ze-lenko N, Opsha O, Flyer, M. MRI of placenta accreta: a new imaging perspective. American Journal of Roentgenology 2011;197:1514-21.
  • 2. Irving C, Hertig AT. A study of placenta accreta. Surgery Gynecol Obstet 1937; 64: 178-200.
  • 3. E. Jauniaux, D. Jurkovic. Placenta accreta: Pathogenesis of a 20th century iatrogenic uterine disease. Placenta 2012; 33:244-51.
  • 4. Hull AD, Moore TR. Multiple repeat cesareans and the threat of placenta accreta: incidence, diagnosis, management. Clin Perinatol 2011;38: 285-96.
  • 5. Fox H. Pathology of the placenta. 2 nd ed. London: Saunders; 1997.
  • 6. Doumouchtsis SK, Arulkumaran S. The morbidly adherent placenta: an overview of management options. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2010;89:1126-33.
  • 7. Miller DA, Chollet JA, Murphy TM: Clinical risk factors for plasenta previa-pla-senta acceta. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 1997; 177: 210-14.
  • 8. Benirschke K, Kaufmann P, Baergen R. Pathology of the Human Placenta, 5th ed. New York: Springer; 2006:61.
  • 9. Kaufmann P, Burton GJ. Anatomy and Genesis of the placenta. In: Knobil E, Neill JD, editors. The Physiology of Reproduction. 2nd ed. New York: Raven Press; 1994:441-84.
  • 10. Pijnenborg R, Dixon G, Robertson WB, Brosens I. Trophoblastic invasion of human decidua from 8 to 18 weeks of pregnancy. Placenta 1980;1:3-19.
  • 11. Burton GJ, Woods AW, Jauniaux E, Kingdom JC. Rheological and physiological consequences of conversion of the maternal spiral arteries for uteroplacental blood flow during human pregnancy. Placenta 2009;30:473-82.
  • 12. To WW, Leung WC. Placenta previa and previous cesarean section. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1995;51:25-31.
  • 13. Palacios-Jaraquemada JM. Diagnosis and management of placenta accreta. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2008;22(6):1133-48.
  • 14. Wehrum MJ, Buhimschi IA, Salafia C, et al. Accreta complicating complete placenta previa is characterized by reduced systemic levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of the invasive trophoblast. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 204:411.
  • 15. Kim KR, Jun SY, Kim JY, Ro JY. Implantation site intermediate trophoblast in placenta cretas. Mod Pathol 2004; 17:1483-90.
  • 16. Hempstock J, Cindrova-Davies T, Jauniaux E, Burton GJ. Endometrial glands as a source of nutrients, growth factors and cytokines during the first trimester of human pregnancy: a morphological and immunohistochemical study. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2004; 20: 58.
  • 17. Burton GJ, Jauniaux E, Watson AL. Maternal arterial connections to the placental intervillous space during the first trimester of human pregnancy: the Boyd collection revisited. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:718-24.
  • 18. Jauniaux E, Poston L, Burton GJ. Placental-related diseases of pregnancy: involvement of oxidative stress and implications in human evolution. Hum Reprod Update 2006;12:747-55.
  • 19. Knöfler M. Critical growth factors and signalling pathways controlling human trophoblast invasion. Int J Dev Biol 2010; 54(2-3): 269-80.
  • 20. Ahmed A, Dunk C, Ahmad S, Khaliq A. Regulation of placental vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and placenta growth factor (PIGF) and soluble Flt-1 by oxygen, a review. Placenta 2000;21:16-24.
  • 21. Genbacev O, Zhou Y, Ludlow JW, Fisher SJ. Regulation of human placental development by oxygen tension. Science 1997;277:1669-72.
  • 22. Lockwood CJ, Krikun G, Hausknecht VA, Papp C, Schatz F. Matrix metalloproteinase and matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor expression in endometrial stromal cells during progestin-initiated deci-dualization and menstruation-related progestin with drawal. Endocrinology 1998; 139:4607-13.
  • 23. Tseng JJ, Chou MM. Differential exp- ression of growth-, angiogenesis- and invasion-related factors in the development of placenta accreta. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2006;45:100-6.
  • 24. Achen MG, Gad JM, Stacker SA, Wilks AF. Placenta growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor are co-expres-sed during early embryonic development. Growth Factor 1997;15:69-80.
  • 25. Stock RJ. Tubal pregnancy. Associated histopathology. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1991;18:73-94.
  • 26. Randall S, Buckley CH, Fox H. Placentation in the fallopian tube. Int J Gynecol Pathol 1987;6:132-9.
  • 27. Jang DG, Lee GS, Yoon JH, Lee SJ. Placenta percreta-induced uterine rupture diagnosed by laparoscopy in the first trimester. Int J Med Sci 2011 ;8: 424-7.
  • 28. Ben-Nagi J, Walker A, Jurkovic D, Yaz-bek J, Aplin JD. Effect of cesarean delivery on the endometrium. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009;106:30-4.
  • 29. Bauer ST, Bonanno C. Abnormal Placentation. Semin Perinatol. 2009;33: 88-96.
  • 30. Mazouni C, Gorincour G, Juhan V, Bre-telle F. Placenta accreta: a review of current advances in prenatal diagnosis. Placenta 2007;28:599-603.
  • 31. Yang JI, Lim YK, Kim HS, Chang KH, Lee JP, Ryu HS. Sonographic findings of placental lacunae and the prediction of adherent placenta in women with placenta previa totalis and prior Cesarean section. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006;28:178-82.
  • 32. Callen PW, Filly RA. The placental-subplacental complex: a specific indicator of placental position on ultrasound. J Clin Ultrasound. 1980;8:21-26.
  • 33. Comstock CH, Love JJ Jr, Bronsteen RA, Lee W, Vettraino IM, Huang RR, et al. Sonographic detection of placenta accreta in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;190:1135-40.
  • 34. Kerr de Mendonça L. Sonographic diagnosis of placenta accreta. Presentation of six cases. J Ultrasound Med. 1988;7:211-5.
  • 35. Baughman WC, Corteville JE, Shah RR. Placenta accreta: spectrum of US and MR imaging findings. Radiographics. 2008;28:1905-16.
  • 36. Twickler DM, Lucas MJ, Balis AB, Santos-Ramos R, Martin L, Malone S, et al. Color flow mapping for myometrial invasion in women with a prior cesarean delivery. J Matem Fetal Med. 2000;9: 330-5.
  • 37. Shih JC, Palacios Jaraquemada JM, Su YN, Shyu MK, Lin CH, Lin SY, et al. Role of three-dimensional power Doppler in the antenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta: comparison with gray-scale and color Doppler techniques. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2009;33:193-203.
  • 38. Publications Committee, Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Belfort MA. Placenta accreta. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;203:430-9.
  • 39. Lerner JP, Deane S, Timor-Tritsch IE. Characterization of placenta accreta using transvaginal sonography and color Doppler imaging. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1995;5:198-201.
  • 40. Allahdin S, Voigt S, Htwe TT. Management of placenta praevia and accreta. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2011; 31(1): 1-6.
  • 41. Chou MM, Ho ES, Lee YH. Prenatal diagnosis of placenta previa accreta by transabdominal color Doppler ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2000; 15(1): 28-35.
  • 42. Warshak CR, Eskander R, Hull AD, Sci-oscia AL, Mattrey RF, Benirschke K, et al. Accuracy of ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging in the di- agnosis of placenta accreta. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;108:573-81.
  • 43. Palacios Jaraquemada JM, Bruno CH. Magnetic resonance imaging in 300 cases of placenta accreta: surgical correlation of new findings. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2005;84:716-24.
  • 44. Lam G, Küller J, McMahon M. Use of magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound in the antenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta. J Soc Gynecol Investing 2002; 9(1): 37-40.
  • 45. Levine D, Barnes PD, Edelman RR. Obstetric MR imaging. Radiology 1999;211:609-17.
  • 46. Tanaka YO, Sohda S, Shigemitsu S, Niitsu M, Itai Y High temporal resolution dynamic contrast MRI in a high risk group for placenta accreta. Magn Reson Imaging. 2001;19:635-42.
  • 47. Kupferminc MJ, Tamura RK, Wigton TR, Glassenberg R, Socol ML. Placenta accreta is associated with elevated maternal serum alphafetoprotein. Obstetrics and Gynecology 1993;82:266e9.
  • 48. Bauer ST, Bonanno C. Abnormal placentation. Semin Perinatol 2009;33: 88-96.
  • 49. Sekizawa A, Jimbo M, Saito H et al. Increased cell-free fetal DNA in plasma of two women with invasive placenta. Clin Chern 2002;48:353-4.
  • 50. Crane JM, Van Den Hof MC, Dodds L, Armson BA, Liston R. Neonatal outcomes with placenta previa. Obstetrics and Gyneacology 1999;93:541-44.
  • 51. Jurcevic P, Grover S, Henderson J. A re- assessment of options for the management of placenta praevia percreta. Aust N Z J Obstet Gyneacol 2002;42:84-8.
  • 52. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Obstetric Practice. ACOG committee opinion: placenta accreta; no. 266, January 2002. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2002;77:77-8.
  • 53. Timmermans S, Van Hof AC, Duvekot JJ.Conservative management of abnormally invasive placentation. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2007;62:529-39.
  • 54. Esh-Broder E, Ariel I, Abas-Bashir N, Bdolah Y, Celnikier DH. Placenta accreta is associated with IVF pregnancies: a retrospective chart review. BJOG 2011;118:1084-9.
  • 55. Dilauro MD, Dason S, Athreya S. Prophylactic balloon occlusion of internal iliac arteries in women with placenta accreta: literature review and analysis. Clin Radiol 2012;67:515-20.
  • 56. Sentilhes L, Ambroselli C, Kayem G, Provansal M, Fernandez H, Perrotin F, et al. Maternal Outcome After Conservative Treatment of Placenta Accreta. Obstet Gynecol 2010;115:526-53.
  • 57. Provansal M, Courbiere B, Agostini A, D'Ercole C, Boubli L, F Bretelle. Fertility and obstetric outcome after conservative management of placenta accreta. Int J Gyneacol Obstet. 2010;109: 147-50.
  • 58. Khadra M, Obhrai M, Keriakos R, Johanson R. Placenta percreta revisited. J Obstet Gynaecol 2002;22:689.

Plasenta Yapışma Anomalilerinde Sonografik Görünüm Ve Obstetrik Yönetim

Year 2016, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 131 - 138, 27.11.2016

Büşra Demir Çendek

Abstract

Günümüzde görülme sıklığı sabit bir şekilde artmış olan plasental yapışma anomalileri hayatı tehdit eden kanamalar ve hatta maternal ölüm gibi ciddi komplikasyonlara yol açmaktadır. Doğum öncesi bu bozukluğun tanısının konması anestezi uzmanı ve jinekolojik cerrahın hazır bulunduğu daha güvenli ve planlanmış cerrahi girişimin sağlanmasını da mümkün kılabilir. Yakın bir geçmişe kadar plasentanın değerlendirilmesi yalnızca ultrasonografi ile sağlanırken teknolojik gelişmeler ile doppler ultrasonografi ve manyetik rezonans görüntülemede plasental yapışma anomalilerinin tanısında kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Görüntüleme tetkikleri olmadan önce plasental invazyon derinliği klinik olarak net belirlenemiyordu ve plasenta akreta terimi tüm anormal plasental yapışmalara verilen isimdi. Plasenta akreta; plasentanın uterus duvarına desidua bazalisin yokluğu nedeni ile anormal bir şekilde ve koryo-nik villusların direkt olarak myometriuma yapışması ile karakterize bir durum olarak tanımlanır. Plasenta akretanın en önemli risk faktörü önceki geçirilmiş uterus cerrahisidir. Her ne kadar alt uterin segment cerrahi sonrası iyileşse de birçok sezar-yan vakasında skar alanında cerrahi prosedürden yıllar sonra bile hem miyometriyum hem de endometriyumda önemli kayıplar olabilir. Özet olarak, yapılan cerrahi ve plasental yapışma anomalileri birbiriyle ilişkilidir. Erken tanı ve planlanmış uygun koşullarda ve multidispliner yaklaşımla yapılan cerrahi girişimler bu durumla ilgili mortalite ve morbiditelerin azaltılmasına yardım edecektir. En kesin tedavi total abdominal histerektomi olmakla beraber günümüzde plasentayı in situ bırakan konservatif yaklaşımlar düşük mortalite ve morbidite hızları nedeniyle bilhassa perkreta olgularında gittikçe daha çok kullanılabilir hale gelmektedir plasenta akretanın sonografik görünümü ve obstetrik yönetim stratejileri bu derlemede geniş olarak ele alınmıştır.

Keywords

Plasenta Akreta tanı hastalık yönetimi tedavi

References

  • 1. Derman AY, Nikac V, Haberman S, Ze-lenko N, Opsha O, Flyer, M. MRI of placenta accreta: a new imaging perspective. American Journal of Roentgenology 2011;197:1514-21.
  • 2. Irving C, Hertig AT. A study of placenta accreta. Surgery Gynecol Obstet 1937; 64: 178-200.
  • 3. E. Jauniaux, D. Jurkovic. Placenta accreta: Pathogenesis of a 20th century iatrogenic uterine disease. Placenta 2012; 33:244-51.
  • 4. Hull AD, Moore TR. Multiple repeat cesareans and the threat of placenta accreta: incidence, diagnosis, management. Clin Perinatol 2011;38: 285-96.
  • 5. Fox H. Pathology of the placenta. 2 nd ed. London: Saunders; 1997.
  • 6. Doumouchtsis SK, Arulkumaran S. The morbidly adherent placenta: an overview of management options. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2010;89:1126-33.
  • 7. Miller DA, Chollet JA, Murphy TM: Clinical risk factors for plasenta previa-pla-senta acceta. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 1997; 177: 210-14.
  • 8. Benirschke K, Kaufmann P, Baergen R. Pathology of the Human Placenta, 5th ed. New York: Springer; 2006:61.
  • 9. Kaufmann P, Burton GJ. Anatomy and Genesis of the placenta. In: Knobil E, Neill JD, editors. The Physiology of Reproduction. 2nd ed. New York: Raven Press; 1994:441-84.
  • 10. Pijnenborg R, Dixon G, Robertson WB, Brosens I. Trophoblastic invasion of human decidua from 8 to 18 weeks of pregnancy. Placenta 1980;1:3-19.
  • 11. Burton GJ, Woods AW, Jauniaux E, Kingdom JC. Rheological and physiological consequences of conversion of the maternal spiral arteries for uteroplacental blood flow during human pregnancy. Placenta 2009;30:473-82.
  • 12. To WW, Leung WC. Placenta previa and previous cesarean section. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1995;51:25-31.
  • 13. Palacios-Jaraquemada JM. Diagnosis and management of placenta accreta. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2008;22(6):1133-48.
  • 14. Wehrum MJ, Buhimschi IA, Salafia C, et al. Accreta complicating complete placenta previa is characterized by reduced systemic levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of the invasive trophoblast. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 204:411.
  • 15. Kim KR, Jun SY, Kim JY, Ro JY. Implantation site intermediate trophoblast in placenta cretas. Mod Pathol 2004; 17:1483-90.
  • 16. Hempstock J, Cindrova-Davies T, Jauniaux E, Burton GJ. Endometrial glands as a source of nutrients, growth factors and cytokines during the first trimester of human pregnancy: a morphological and immunohistochemical study. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2004; 20: 58.
  • 17. Burton GJ, Jauniaux E, Watson AL. Maternal arterial connections to the placental intervillous space during the first trimester of human pregnancy: the Boyd collection revisited. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:718-24.
  • 18. Jauniaux E, Poston L, Burton GJ. Placental-related diseases of pregnancy: involvement of oxidative stress and implications in human evolution. Hum Reprod Update 2006;12:747-55.
  • 19. Knöfler M. Critical growth factors and signalling pathways controlling human trophoblast invasion. Int J Dev Biol 2010; 54(2-3): 269-80.
  • 20. Ahmed A, Dunk C, Ahmad S, Khaliq A. Regulation of placental vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and placenta growth factor (PIGF) and soluble Flt-1 by oxygen, a review. Placenta 2000;21:16-24.
  • 21. Genbacev O, Zhou Y, Ludlow JW, Fisher SJ. Regulation of human placental development by oxygen tension. Science 1997;277:1669-72.
  • 22. Lockwood CJ, Krikun G, Hausknecht VA, Papp C, Schatz F. Matrix metalloproteinase and matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor expression in endometrial stromal cells during progestin-initiated deci-dualization and menstruation-related progestin with drawal. Endocrinology 1998; 139:4607-13.
  • 23. Tseng JJ, Chou MM. Differential exp- ression of growth-, angiogenesis- and invasion-related factors in the development of placenta accreta. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2006;45:100-6.
  • 24. Achen MG, Gad JM, Stacker SA, Wilks AF. Placenta growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor are co-expres-sed during early embryonic development. Growth Factor 1997;15:69-80.
  • 25. Stock RJ. Tubal pregnancy. Associated histopathology. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1991;18:73-94.
  • 26. Randall S, Buckley CH, Fox H. Placentation in the fallopian tube. Int J Gynecol Pathol 1987;6:132-9.
  • 27. Jang DG, Lee GS, Yoon JH, Lee SJ. Placenta percreta-induced uterine rupture diagnosed by laparoscopy in the first trimester. Int J Med Sci 2011 ;8: 424-7.
  • 28. Ben-Nagi J, Walker A, Jurkovic D, Yaz-bek J, Aplin JD. Effect of cesarean delivery on the endometrium. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2009;106:30-4.
  • 29. Bauer ST, Bonanno C. Abnormal Placentation. Semin Perinatol. 2009;33: 88-96.
  • 30. Mazouni C, Gorincour G, Juhan V, Bre-telle F. Placenta accreta: a review of current advances in prenatal diagnosis. Placenta 2007;28:599-603.
  • 31. Yang JI, Lim YK, Kim HS, Chang KH, Lee JP, Ryu HS. Sonographic findings of placental lacunae and the prediction of adherent placenta in women with placenta previa totalis and prior Cesarean section. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006;28:178-82.
  • 32. Callen PW, Filly RA. The placental-subplacental complex: a specific indicator of placental position on ultrasound. J Clin Ultrasound. 1980;8:21-26.
  • 33. Comstock CH, Love JJ Jr, Bronsteen RA, Lee W, Vettraino IM, Huang RR, et al. Sonographic detection of placenta accreta in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;190:1135-40.
  • 34. Kerr de Mendonça L. Sonographic diagnosis of placenta accreta. Presentation of six cases. J Ultrasound Med. 1988;7:211-5.
  • 35. Baughman WC, Corteville JE, Shah RR. Placenta accreta: spectrum of US and MR imaging findings. Radiographics. 2008;28:1905-16.
  • 36. Twickler DM, Lucas MJ, Balis AB, Santos-Ramos R, Martin L, Malone S, et al. Color flow mapping for myometrial invasion in women with a prior cesarean delivery. J Matem Fetal Med. 2000;9: 330-5.
  • 37. Shih JC, Palacios Jaraquemada JM, Su YN, Shyu MK, Lin CH, Lin SY, et al. Role of three-dimensional power Doppler in the antenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta: comparison with gray-scale and color Doppler techniques. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2009;33:193-203.
  • 38. Publications Committee, Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Belfort MA. Placenta accreta. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;203:430-9.
  • 39. Lerner JP, Deane S, Timor-Tritsch IE. Characterization of placenta accreta using transvaginal sonography and color Doppler imaging. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1995;5:198-201.
  • 40. Allahdin S, Voigt S, Htwe TT. Management of placenta praevia and accreta. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2011; 31(1): 1-6.
  • 41. Chou MM, Ho ES, Lee YH. Prenatal diagnosis of placenta previa accreta by transabdominal color Doppler ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2000; 15(1): 28-35.
  • 42. Warshak CR, Eskander R, Hull AD, Sci-oscia AL, Mattrey RF, Benirschke K, et al. Accuracy of ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging in the di- agnosis of placenta accreta. Obstet Gynecol. 2006;108:573-81.
  • 43. Palacios Jaraquemada JM, Bruno CH. Magnetic resonance imaging in 300 cases of placenta accreta: surgical correlation of new findings. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2005;84:716-24.
  • 44. Lam G, Küller J, McMahon M. Use of magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound in the antenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta. J Soc Gynecol Investing 2002; 9(1): 37-40.
  • 45. Levine D, Barnes PD, Edelman RR. Obstetric MR imaging. Radiology 1999;211:609-17.
  • 46. Tanaka YO, Sohda S, Shigemitsu S, Niitsu M, Itai Y High temporal resolution dynamic contrast MRI in a high risk group for placenta accreta. Magn Reson Imaging. 2001;19:635-42.
  • 47. Kupferminc MJ, Tamura RK, Wigton TR, Glassenberg R, Socol ML. Placenta accreta is associated with elevated maternal serum alphafetoprotein. Obstetrics and Gynecology 1993;82:266e9.
  • 48. Bauer ST, Bonanno C. Abnormal placentation. Semin Perinatol 2009;33: 88-96.
  • 49. Sekizawa A, Jimbo M, Saito H et al. Increased cell-free fetal DNA in plasma of two women with invasive placenta. Clin Chern 2002;48:353-4.
  • 50. Crane JM, Van Den Hof MC, Dodds L, Armson BA, Liston R. Neonatal outcomes with placenta previa. Obstetrics and Gyneacology 1999;93:541-44.
  • 51. Jurcevic P, Grover S, Henderson J. A re- assessment of options for the management of placenta praevia percreta. Aust N Z J Obstet Gyneacol 2002;42:84-8.
  • 52. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Obstetric Practice. ACOG committee opinion: placenta accreta; no. 266, January 2002. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2002;77:77-8.
  • 53. Timmermans S, Van Hof AC, Duvekot JJ.Conservative management of abnormally invasive placentation. Obstet Gynecol Surv 2007;62:529-39.
  • 54. Esh-Broder E, Ariel I, Abas-Bashir N, Bdolah Y, Celnikier DH. Placenta accreta is associated with IVF pregnancies: a retrospective chart review. BJOG 2011;118:1084-9.
  • 55. Dilauro MD, Dason S, Athreya S. Prophylactic balloon occlusion of internal iliac arteries in women with placenta accreta: literature review and analysis. Clin Radiol 2012;67:515-20.
  • 56. Sentilhes L, Ambroselli C, Kayem G, Provansal M, Fernandez H, Perrotin F, et al. Maternal Outcome After Conservative Treatment of Placenta Accreta. Obstet Gynecol 2010;115:526-53.
  • 57. Provansal M, Courbiere B, Agostini A, D'Ercole C, Boubli L, F Bretelle. Fertility and obstetric outcome after conservative management of placenta accreta. Int J Gyneacol Obstet. 2010;109: 147-50.
  • 58. Khadra M, Obhrai M, Keriakos R, Johanson R. Placenta percreta revisited. J Obstet Gynaecol 2002;22:689.
There are 58 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Reproductive Medicine (Other)
Journal Section Case Reports
Authors

Büşra Demir Çendek

Publication Date November 27, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2016 Volume: 8 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Demir Çendek, B. (2016). Plasenta Yapışma Anomalilerinde Sonografik Görünüm Ve Obstetrik Yönetim. Türk Tıp Dergisi, 8(3), 131-138.
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