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Covid-19 Sürecinde Yas

Year 2020, Volume: 4 Issue: 3, 82 - 89, 16.12.2020

Abstract

Yas tüm değişimler sonrasında yaşanan doğal ve normal bir tepki olmasına rağmen, yaşanan kaybın tür ve çeşitliliğine, yas yaşayan kişinin kişilik özelliklerine ve baş etme yöntemlerine göre doğal yapısından çıkarak duygusal zorlamalara yol açabilecek bir süreç haline gelebilmektedir. Yasın doğal yapısından çıkarak duygusal zorlanmalara yol açabilecek bir hale gelmesine örnek verilebilecek süreçlerden biri de Covid-19 salgınıdır. 2020 Mart ayından beri ülkemizde görünen Covid-19 salgını, günlük yaşamda kısıtlamalara gitmeyi de içine alan politikalar ve salgının sosyal sonuçları nedeniyle ortaya çıkan durumlar nedeniyle ikincil, salgın nedeniyle hastaların hayatlarını kaybetmesi nedeniyle birincil kayıplara yol açmakta, bireyler salgın nedeniyle oluşan yasla baş etmekte zorlanabilmektedir. Bu bağlamda bu çalışma, yasla ilgili literatür doğrultusunda, Covid-19 salgını nedeniyle oluşan vefat sonrasında kayıp yaşayan bireylere yönelik psikososyal müdahalenin nasıl gerçekleştirilebileceğini tartışmak amacındadır.

Supporting Institution

Gelişim Üniversitesi

References

  • Altena, E., Baglioni, C., Espie, C. A., Ellis, J., Gavriloff, D., Holzinger, B., ... & Riemann, D. (2020). Dealing with sleep problems during home confinement due to the COVID‐19 outbreak: Practical recommendations from a task force of the European CBT‐I Academy. Journal of Sleep Research, e13052.
  • Apaydın,S.(2007). Kayıp ve Yas. Yas Danışmanlığı İçinde . Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık
  • Archer, J. (2003). The nature of grief: The evolution and psychology of reactions to loss. Routledge.
  • Bildik, T. (2013). Ölüm, kayıp, yas ve patolojik yas. Ege Tıp Dergisi, 52(4), 223-229.
  • Boelen, P. A., Eisma, M. C., Smid, G. E., Keijser, J. de, & Lenferink, L. I. M. (2020). Remotely Delivered Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Disturbed Grief During the COVID-19 Crisis: Challenges and Opportunities. Journal of Loss and Trauma. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2020.1793547
  • Burrell, A., & Selman, L. E. (2020). How do Funeral Practices impact Bereaved Relatives' Mental Health, Grief and Bereavement? A Mixed Methods Review with Implications for COVID-19. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying.
  • Çelik F., Gündüz, N. (2000). Covid-19 Pandemisinde Yas. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi 23(1):99-102 DOI: 10.5505/kpd.2020.15807  
  • Çeli̇k, S & Sayıl, I . (2003). Patolojik yas kavramı yenj bir yaklaşım: travmatik yas . Kriz Dergisi , 11 (2) , 0-0 . Doi: 10.1501/Kriz_0000000193
  • Eisma, M. C., Boelen, P. A., & Lenferink, L. I. M. (2020). Prolonged grief disorder following the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Psychiatry Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113031
  • Freud S. (1917). Mourning and melancholia. The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, volume XIV (1914–1916): on the history of the psycho-analytic movement, papers on metapsychology and other works. London:The Hogarth Press; 237–258
  • Harris, D. L., & Winokuer, H. R. (2019). Principles and practice of grief counseling. Springer Publishing Company
  • Heath, I. (2020). COVID-19 and the legacy of grief. British Journal of General Practice. https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp20X712181
  • John Hopkins University. (2020). COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU). Retrieved from the Johns Hopkins University website https://www.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6
  • Kentish-Barnes N, Chaize M, Seegers V, et al. (2015) Complicated grief after death of a relative in the intensive care unit. Eur Respir Journal, 45, 1341e1352.
  • Kokou-Kpolou, C. K., Fernández-Alcántara, M., & Cénat, J. M. (2020). Prolonged Grief Related to COVID-19 Deaths: Do We Have to Fear a Steep Rise in Traumatic and Disenfranchised Griefs? Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000798
  • Kubler-Ross, E., & Kessler, D. (2014). On grief and grieving: Finding the meaning of grief through the five stages of loss. Simon and Schuster.
  • Lattanzi, M., & Hale, M. E. (1985). Giving grief words: Writing during bereavement. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying, 15(1), 45-52.
  • Li J, Tendeiro J. N, & Stroebe, M. (2019). Guilt in bereavement: its relationship with complicated grief and depression. Int J Psychololgy; 54:454e461.
  • Li S., Wang Y., Xue J., Zhao N., & Zhu, T. (2020) The Impact of COVID-19 Epidemic Declaration on Psychological Consequences: A Study on Active Weibo Users. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17, 2032.
  • Litz BT, Schorr Y, Delaney E, et al. (2014) A randomized controlled trial of an internet-based therapist-assisted indicated preventive intervention for prolonged grief disorder. Behav Res Ther, 61:23e34.
  • Lobb EA, Kristjanson LJ, Aoun SM, Monterosso L, Halkett GK, & Davies A. (2010). Predictors of complicated grief: a sys- tematic review of empirical studies. Death Stud, 34: 673e698.
  • Morris, S. E., Moment, A., & Thomas, J. de L. (2020). Caring for Bereaved Family Members During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Before and After the Death of a Patient. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.05.002
  • Nolan, R. D., & Hallam, J. S. (2019). Measurement development and validation for construct validity of the treatment: the Grief Recovery Method® Instrument (GRM-I). American Journal of Health Education, 50(2), 99-111.
  • Nyatanga, B. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on loss and grief: A personal lens. British journal of community nursing, 25(6). https://doi.org/10.12968/bjcn.2020.25.
  • Otani H, Yoshida S, Morita T, et al. (2017). Meaningful communication before death, but not present at the time of death itself, is associated with better outcomes on measures of depression and complicated grief among bereaved family members of cancer patients. J Pain Symptom Manage, 54:273e279.
  • Ourworldata (2020). Coronavirus (Covid-19) Deaths. Erişim Adresi: https://ourworldindata.org/covid-deaths
  • Richardson, V. E. (2006). A dual process model of grief counseling: Findings from the Changing Lives of Older Couples (CLOC) study. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 48(3-4), 311-329.
  • Sanderson, W. C (2020). Coping with fear and sadness during a pandemic. Retrieved from https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.academyofct.org/resource/collection/3F4F31DB-D1D0-4361-9ECB-284D947DF4F4/Managing_Fear_and_Sadness_1__4_6_20_.pdf
  • Savaş, E (2019). Kanser Hasta Yakınında Normal Yas Süreci, Çözümlenmeyen Yas ve Etkili Yaklaşımlar ile Onkologların Tükenmişlik Yönetimindeki Baş Etme Yöntemleri. Kıbrıs Türk Psikiyatri ve Psikoloji Dergisi, 2(2), 120-125.
  • Shear, M.K., Wang, Y., Skritskaya, N., Duan, N., Mauro, C., & Ghesquiere, A. (2014). Treatment of complicated grief in elderly persons: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 71, 1287–1295. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.1242
  • Shear MK, Reynolds CF, Simon NM, et al. (2016). Optimizing treatment of complicated grief: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 73:685e694.
  • Stroebe, M., & Schut, H. (1999). The dual process model of coping with bereavement: rationale and description. Death studies, 23(3), 197–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/074811899201046
  • Stroebe, M., Schut, H., & Boerner, K. (2017). Models of coping with bereavement: an updated overview. Estudios de Psicologia. https://doi.org/10.1080/02109395.2017.1340055
  • Vegsund, H. K., Reinfjell, T., Moksnes, U.K., Wallin, A.E., Hjemdal, O., & Eilertsen, M. E (2019). Resilience as a predictive factor towards a healthy adjustment to grief after the loss of a child to cancer. PLoS ONE, 14
  • Wallace, C. L., Wladkowski, S. P., Gibson, A., & White, P. (2020) Grief during the COVID-19 pandemic: considerations for palliative care providers. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.04.012
  • Worden, J. W. (2018). Grief Counseling and Grief Therapy: A Handbook for the Mental Healh Practitioner. Springer Publishing. New York. Fourth Edition
  • Yörük, S., Türkmen, H., Yalnız, H., & Nebioğlu, M. (2016). Gebelikte yas, kayıp ve ebelik. Düzce Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6(3), 207-212.
  • Zech, E. (2016). The dual process model in grief therapy. In R. A. Neimeyer (Ed.), Series in death, dying, and bereavement. Techniques of grief therapy: Assessment and intervention (p. 19–24). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. 
  • Zhai, Y., & Du, X (2020). Loss and grief amidst COVID-19: A path to adaptation and resilience. Science Direct, 87, 80-81. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.053

Grief During Covid-19 Process

Year 2020, Volume: 4 Issue: 3, 82 - 89, 16.12.2020

Abstract

Although grief is a natural and normal reaction experienced after all changes, it can become a process that can lead to emotional compulsions, depending on the type and variety of the loss experienced, the personality characteristics of the person experiencing grief, and the coping methods. One of the processes that can be given as an example for the grief coming out of its natural structure and causing emotional strain is the Covid-19 outbreak. The Covid-19 epidemic, which has appeared in our country since March 2020, causes secondary losses due to the policies that include restrictions in daily life and the social consequences of the epidemic, and primary losses due to the death of patient’s due to the epidemic, and individuals may have difficulty coping with the grief caused by the epidemic. In this context, this study aims to discuss how psychosocial intervention can be carried out for individuals who suffer from loss after death due to the Covid-19 epidemic, in line with the literature on grief.

References

  • Altena, E., Baglioni, C., Espie, C. A., Ellis, J., Gavriloff, D., Holzinger, B., ... & Riemann, D. (2020). Dealing with sleep problems during home confinement due to the COVID‐19 outbreak: Practical recommendations from a task force of the European CBT‐I Academy. Journal of Sleep Research, e13052.
  • Apaydın,S.(2007). Kayıp ve Yas. Yas Danışmanlığı İçinde . Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık
  • Archer, J. (2003). The nature of grief: The evolution and psychology of reactions to loss. Routledge.
  • Bildik, T. (2013). Ölüm, kayıp, yas ve patolojik yas. Ege Tıp Dergisi, 52(4), 223-229.
  • Boelen, P. A., Eisma, M. C., Smid, G. E., Keijser, J. de, & Lenferink, L. I. M. (2020). Remotely Delivered Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Disturbed Grief During the COVID-19 Crisis: Challenges and Opportunities. Journal of Loss and Trauma. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2020.1793547
  • Burrell, A., & Selman, L. E. (2020). How do Funeral Practices impact Bereaved Relatives' Mental Health, Grief and Bereavement? A Mixed Methods Review with Implications for COVID-19. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying.
  • Çelik F., Gündüz, N. (2000). Covid-19 Pandemisinde Yas. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi 23(1):99-102 DOI: 10.5505/kpd.2020.15807  
  • Çeli̇k, S & Sayıl, I . (2003). Patolojik yas kavramı yenj bir yaklaşım: travmatik yas . Kriz Dergisi , 11 (2) , 0-0 . Doi: 10.1501/Kriz_0000000193
  • Eisma, M. C., Boelen, P. A., & Lenferink, L. I. M. (2020). Prolonged grief disorder following the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. Psychiatry Research. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113031
  • Freud S. (1917). Mourning and melancholia. The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, volume XIV (1914–1916): on the history of the psycho-analytic movement, papers on metapsychology and other works. London:The Hogarth Press; 237–258
  • Harris, D. L., & Winokuer, H. R. (2019). Principles and practice of grief counseling. Springer Publishing Company
  • Heath, I. (2020). COVID-19 and the legacy of grief. British Journal of General Practice. https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp20X712181
  • John Hopkins University. (2020). COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU). Retrieved from the Johns Hopkins University website https://www.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6
  • Kentish-Barnes N, Chaize M, Seegers V, et al. (2015) Complicated grief after death of a relative in the intensive care unit. Eur Respir Journal, 45, 1341e1352.
  • Kokou-Kpolou, C. K., Fernández-Alcántara, M., & Cénat, J. M. (2020). Prolonged Grief Related to COVID-19 Deaths: Do We Have to Fear a Steep Rise in Traumatic and Disenfranchised Griefs? Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000798
  • Kubler-Ross, E., & Kessler, D. (2014). On grief and grieving: Finding the meaning of grief through the five stages of loss. Simon and Schuster.
  • Lattanzi, M., & Hale, M. E. (1985). Giving grief words: Writing during bereavement. OMEGA-Journal of Death and Dying, 15(1), 45-52.
  • Li J, Tendeiro J. N, & Stroebe, M. (2019). Guilt in bereavement: its relationship with complicated grief and depression. Int J Psychololgy; 54:454e461.
  • Li S., Wang Y., Xue J., Zhao N., & Zhu, T. (2020) The Impact of COVID-19 Epidemic Declaration on Psychological Consequences: A Study on Active Weibo Users. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17, 2032.
  • Litz BT, Schorr Y, Delaney E, et al. (2014) A randomized controlled trial of an internet-based therapist-assisted indicated preventive intervention for prolonged grief disorder. Behav Res Ther, 61:23e34.
  • Lobb EA, Kristjanson LJ, Aoun SM, Monterosso L, Halkett GK, & Davies A. (2010). Predictors of complicated grief: a sys- tematic review of empirical studies. Death Stud, 34: 673e698.
  • Morris, S. E., Moment, A., & Thomas, J. de L. (2020). Caring for Bereaved Family Members During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Before and After the Death of a Patient. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.05.002
  • Nolan, R. D., & Hallam, J. S. (2019). Measurement development and validation for construct validity of the treatment: the Grief Recovery Method® Instrument (GRM-I). American Journal of Health Education, 50(2), 99-111.
  • Nyatanga, B. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 on loss and grief: A personal lens. British journal of community nursing, 25(6). https://doi.org/10.12968/bjcn.2020.25.
  • Otani H, Yoshida S, Morita T, et al. (2017). Meaningful communication before death, but not present at the time of death itself, is associated with better outcomes on measures of depression and complicated grief among bereaved family members of cancer patients. J Pain Symptom Manage, 54:273e279.
  • Ourworldata (2020). Coronavirus (Covid-19) Deaths. Erişim Adresi: https://ourworldindata.org/covid-deaths
  • Richardson, V. E. (2006). A dual process model of grief counseling: Findings from the Changing Lives of Older Couples (CLOC) study. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 48(3-4), 311-329.
  • Sanderson, W. C (2020). Coping with fear and sadness during a pandemic. Retrieved from https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.academyofct.org/resource/collection/3F4F31DB-D1D0-4361-9ECB-284D947DF4F4/Managing_Fear_and_Sadness_1__4_6_20_.pdf
  • Savaş, E (2019). Kanser Hasta Yakınında Normal Yas Süreci, Çözümlenmeyen Yas ve Etkili Yaklaşımlar ile Onkologların Tükenmişlik Yönetimindeki Baş Etme Yöntemleri. Kıbrıs Türk Psikiyatri ve Psikoloji Dergisi, 2(2), 120-125.
  • Shear, M.K., Wang, Y., Skritskaya, N., Duan, N., Mauro, C., & Ghesquiere, A. (2014). Treatment of complicated grief in elderly persons: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 71, 1287–1295. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.1242
  • Shear MK, Reynolds CF, Simon NM, et al. (2016). Optimizing treatment of complicated grief: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 73:685e694.
  • Stroebe, M., & Schut, H. (1999). The dual process model of coping with bereavement: rationale and description. Death studies, 23(3), 197–224. https://doi.org/10.1080/074811899201046
  • Stroebe, M., Schut, H., & Boerner, K. (2017). Models of coping with bereavement: an updated overview. Estudios de Psicologia. https://doi.org/10.1080/02109395.2017.1340055
  • Vegsund, H. K., Reinfjell, T., Moksnes, U.K., Wallin, A.E., Hjemdal, O., & Eilertsen, M. E (2019). Resilience as a predictive factor towards a healthy adjustment to grief after the loss of a child to cancer. PLoS ONE, 14
  • Wallace, C. L., Wladkowski, S. P., Gibson, A., & White, P. (2020) Grief during the COVID-19 pandemic: considerations for palliative care providers. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2020.04.012
  • Worden, J. W. (2018). Grief Counseling and Grief Therapy: A Handbook for the Mental Healh Practitioner. Springer Publishing. New York. Fourth Edition
  • Yörük, S., Türkmen, H., Yalnız, H., & Nebioğlu, M. (2016). Gebelikte yas, kayıp ve ebelik. Düzce Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6(3), 207-212.
  • Zech, E. (2016). The dual process model in grief therapy. In R. A. Neimeyer (Ed.), Series in death, dying, and bereavement. Techniques of grief therapy: Assessment and intervention (p. 19–24). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. 
  • Zhai, Y., & Du, X (2020). Loss and grief amidst COVID-19: A path to adaptation and resilience. Science Direct, 87, 80-81. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.053
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Esra Savaş 0000-0002-8178-6804

Publication Date December 16, 2020
Submission Date October 23, 2020
Acceptance Date December 30, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 4 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Savaş, E. (2020). Covid-19 Sürecinde Yas. Türkiye Sosyal Hizmet Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(3), 82-89.