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5G (6 GHz) Radyofrekans Elektromanyetik Alanın Sıçan Kan Hücrelerinde Canlılık, Apopitotik ve Nekrotik Hücre Oranına Etkisinin Araştırılması

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 32 Sayı: 1, 16 - 25, 31.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.17827/aktd.1221723

Öz

Hayatın çeşitli alanlarında radyofrekans elektromanyetik alanlara (RF-EMA) maruziyet giderek artmaktadır. Çalışmamızda, 5G (6 GHz, 0.08 W/kg SAR) RF-EMA’nın sıçan kan hücrelerinde canlılık, apoptotik (erken, geç) ve nekrotik oranlarına etkilerini araştırdık.
Çalışmamızda, ağırlıkları 250-300g arasında değişen 10 adet Wistar Albino türü erişkin erkek sıçan kullanıldı. RF-EMA uygulama öncesi tüm sıçanlardan kardiyak ponksiyon yöntemi ile kan alınarak (2cc) kontrol grubu olarak seçildi. Aynı sıçanlar özel uygulama kafesine yerleştirilerek 6 hafta boyunca 4 saat/gün 6 GHz RF-EMA’ya maruz bırakıldı. RF-EMA uygulama sonrası aynı sıçanlardan 2.kez kan alımı (2cc) yapılarak radyofrekans radyasyon (RFR) grubu olarak seçildi. Sıçan kan hücrelerinde canlı, erken/geç apopitotik ve nekrotik hücre yüzde oranları anneksin-V kiti kullanılarak flow sitometrik yöntemle analiz edildi.
RFR grubunda canlı hücrelerin % oranı, kontrol grubuna kıyasla artış gösterirken, erken apopitotik ve nekrotik hücrelerin % oranları azaldığı ve iki grup arasındaki farklılıkların istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olduğu tespit edildi (p<0.05). Ancak, geç apopitotik hücrelerin % oranları gruplar arasında istatistiksel olarak kayda değer herhangi bir değişiklik tespit edilemedi.
Sonuç olarak 6 GHz RF-EMA, kan hücre canlılığı, apopitotik ve nekrotik oranlar üzerine önemli etkilere sahipti. Kan hücrelerinde canlılık oranını desteklerken, apopitotik ve nekrotik oranlarını baskılamıştır.

Destekleyen Kurum

Çukurova Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırmalar Projesi (ÇUBAP)

Proje Numarası

TDK-2021-13488

Kaynakça

  • 1. Emre M. The effects of radiofrequency and low frequency electromagnetic fields on the immune system. J Immunol Clin Microbiol. 2018;3(4):68-80.
  • 2. Saygın M, Çalışkan S, Köylü H. Kablosuz ağ ve testisler. SDÜ Tıp Fak Derg. 2011;18(3):110-115.
  • 3. Yanık C, Gingir E, Özkan S. Possible health effects of 5G technology: A Literature Review. Chj. 2021;2(2):72-78.
  • 4. Kaszuba-Zwoińska J, Gremba J, Gałdzińska-Calik B, Wójcik-Piotrowicz K, Thor PJ Electromagnetic field induced biological effects in humans. Przegl. Lek. 2015;72:636-641.
  • 5. Diab AK. The impact of the low frequency of the electromagnetic field on human. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2020;1237:135-149. 6. Karimi A, Moghaddam FG, Valipour M. Insights in the biology of extremely low-frequency magnetic fields exposure on human health. Mol Biol Rep. 2020;47(7):5621-5633.
  • 7. Zmyślony M, Bieńkowski P, Bortkiewicz A, Karpowicz J, Kieliszek J, Politański P et al. Protection of the population health from electromagnetic hazards - challenges resulting from the implementation of the 5G network planned in Poland. Med Pr. 2020;71(1):105-113.
  • 8. Velghe M, Aerts S, Martens L, Joseph W, Thielens A. Protocol for personal RF-EMF exposure measurement studies in 5th generation telecommunication networks. Environ Health, 2021;20(1):36.
  • 9. Majchrzak E, Dzıatkıewıcz G, Paruch M. The modelling of heating a tissue subjected to external electromagnetic field. Acta Of Bioengineering And Biomechanics, 2008;10(2):29-37.
  • 10. Kim HS, Park JS, Jin YB, Choi HD, Kwon HJ, Pack JK et al. Effects of exposure to electromagnetic field from 915 MHz radiofrequency identification system on circulating blood cells in the healthy adult rat. Bioelectromagnetics, 2018;39:68-76.
  • 11. Emre M, Boğa A, Çetiner S, Tunç E, Demirhan O. The effects of exposure to 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation and nicotine on apoptotic ratio of human fetal cells. SEE J Immunol. 2021;4(1):1-7.
  • 12. Lamkowski A, Kreitlow M, Radunz J, Willenbockel M, Stiemer M, Fichte LO et al. Analyzing the impact of 900 MHz EMF short-term exposure to the expression of 667 miRNAs in human peripheral blood cells. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):4444.
  • 13. Miyakoshi J. Cellular and molecular responses to radio-frequency electromagnetic fields. proceedings of the IEEE. 2013;101(6):1492-1502.
  • 14. Coşkun G, Özgür H. Apoptoz ve nekrozun moleküler mekanizması. Arşiv, 2011;20(3):145-158.
  • 15. Prendergast G. Mechanisms of apoptosis by c-Myc. Oncogene, 1999;18:2967–2987.
  • 16. Romeo S, Zeni O, Scarfì MR, Poeta L, Lioi MB, Sannino A. Radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure and apoptosis: A scoping review of in vitro studies on mammalian cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022;23(4):2322.
  • 17. Küçükbağrıaçık Y, Büyükatalay EÖ. New generation mobile phone frequencies and biological effects. Genel Tıp Derg. 2021;31(3):309-312.
  • 18. Alkis ME, Bilgin HM, Akpolat V. Dasdag S, Yegin K, Yavas MC et al. Effect of 900-, 1800-, and 2100-MHz radiofrequency radiation on DNA and oxidative stress in brain. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 2019;38(1):32–47.
  • 19. Qubty D, Schreiber S, Rubovitch V, Boag AG, Pick C. No significant effects of cell phone electromagnetic radiation on mice memory or anxiety: Some mixed effects on traumatic brain injured mice. Neurotrauma Reports, 2021;2(1):381-390.
  • 20. Pirozzoli M, Marino C, Lovisolo G, Laconi C, Mosiello L, Negroni A. Effects of 50 Hz electromagnetic field exposure on apoptosis and differentiation in a neuroblastoma cell line. Bioelectromagnetics, 2003;24:510-516.
  • 21. Kaszuba-Zwoinska J, Wojcik K, Bereta M, Ziomber A, Pierzchalski P, Rokita E et al. Pulsating electromagnetic field stimulation prevents cell death of puromycin treated U937 cell line. Journal Of Physiology and Pharmacology, 2010;61(2):201-205.
  • 22. Ouadah NS, Lecomte A, Robidel F, Olsson A, Deltour I, Schüz J et al. Possible effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on in vivo C6 brain tumors in Wistar rats. J Neurooncol. 2018;140(3):539-546.
  • 23. Skovierova H, Pavelek M, Okajcekova T, Palesova J, Strnadel J, Spanik P et al. The biocompatibility of wireless power charging system on human neural cells. Applied Sciences, 2021;11(8):3611.
  • 24. Lin YY, Wu T, Liu JY, Gao P, Li KC, Guo QY, et al. 1950MHz Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation Inhibits Testosterone Secretion of Mouse Leydig Cells. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2018;15(1):17.
  • 25. Li DY, Song JD, Liang ZY, Oskouei K, Xiao XQ, Hou WZ et al. Apoptotic Effect of 1800 MHz Electromagnetic Radiation on NIH/3T3 Cells. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2020;17(3):819.
  • 26. Zielinski J, Ducray AD, Moeller AM, Murbach M, Kuster N, Mevissen M. Effects of pulse-modulated radiofrequency magnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure on apoptosis, autophagy, oxidative stress and electron chain transport function in human neuroblastoma and murine microglial cells. Toxicol In Vitro, 2020;68:104963.
  • 27. Gupta SK, Patel SK, Tomar MS, Singh SK, Mesharam MK, Krishnamurthy S. Long-term exposure of 2450 MHz electromagnetic radiation induces stress and anxiety like behavior in rats. Neurochemistry International. 2019;128:1-13.
  • 28. Panganiban RA, Snow AL, Day RM. Mechanisms of radiation toxicity in transformed and non-transformed cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2013;14(8):15931-58.
  • 29. Çiftçi N. Hücre İçi Kalsiyum Sinyali, Apoptoz ve kanser progresyonunda kalsiyum kanallarının (Voc, Trp ve Soc Kanalları) rolü. MCBU-SBED, 2017;4(3):1021-1027.
  • 30. Emre M. Voltage-gated calcium channels and molecular features. Archives Medical Review Journal, 2018;27(1):1-17.
  • 31. Barbier E, Dufy B, Veyret B. Stimulation of Ca2+ infux in rat pituitary cells under exposure to a 50 Hz magnetic field. Bioelectromagnetics, 1996;17:303-11.
  • 32. Parate D, Franco-Obregón A, Fröhlich J, Beyer C, Abbas AA, Kamarul T et al. Enhancement of mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis with short-term low intensity pulsed electromagnetic fields. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):9421.
  • 33. Çiğ B, Nazıroğlu M. Investigation of the effects of distance from sources on apoptosis, oxidative stress and cytosolic calcium accumulation via TRPV1 channels induced by mobile phones and Wi-Fi in breast cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2015;1848(10 Pt B):2756-65.
Yıl 2023, Cilt: 32 Sayı: 1, 16 - 25, 31.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.17827/aktd.1221723

Öz

Proje Numarası

TDK-2021-13488

Kaynakça

  • 1. Emre M. The effects of radiofrequency and low frequency electromagnetic fields on the immune system. J Immunol Clin Microbiol. 2018;3(4):68-80.
  • 2. Saygın M, Çalışkan S, Köylü H. Kablosuz ağ ve testisler. SDÜ Tıp Fak Derg. 2011;18(3):110-115.
  • 3. Yanık C, Gingir E, Özkan S. Possible health effects of 5G technology: A Literature Review. Chj. 2021;2(2):72-78.
  • 4. Kaszuba-Zwoińska J, Gremba J, Gałdzińska-Calik B, Wójcik-Piotrowicz K, Thor PJ Electromagnetic field induced biological effects in humans. Przegl. Lek. 2015;72:636-641.
  • 5. Diab AK. The impact of the low frequency of the electromagnetic field on human. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2020;1237:135-149. 6. Karimi A, Moghaddam FG, Valipour M. Insights in the biology of extremely low-frequency magnetic fields exposure on human health. Mol Biol Rep. 2020;47(7):5621-5633.
  • 7. Zmyślony M, Bieńkowski P, Bortkiewicz A, Karpowicz J, Kieliszek J, Politański P et al. Protection of the population health from electromagnetic hazards - challenges resulting from the implementation of the 5G network planned in Poland. Med Pr. 2020;71(1):105-113.
  • 8. Velghe M, Aerts S, Martens L, Joseph W, Thielens A. Protocol for personal RF-EMF exposure measurement studies in 5th generation telecommunication networks. Environ Health, 2021;20(1):36.
  • 9. Majchrzak E, Dzıatkıewıcz G, Paruch M. The modelling of heating a tissue subjected to external electromagnetic field. Acta Of Bioengineering And Biomechanics, 2008;10(2):29-37.
  • 10. Kim HS, Park JS, Jin YB, Choi HD, Kwon HJ, Pack JK et al. Effects of exposure to electromagnetic field from 915 MHz radiofrequency identification system on circulating blood cells in the healthy adult rat. Bioelectromagnetics, 2018;39:68-76.
  • 11. Emre M, Boğa A, Çetiner S, Tunç E, Demirhan O. The effects of exposure to 900 MHz radiofrequency radiation and nicotine on apoptotic ratio of human fetal cells. SEE J Immunol. 2021;4(1):1-7.
  • 12. Lamkowski A, Kreitlow M, Radunz J, Willenbockel M, Stiemer M, Fichte LO et al. Analyzing the impact of 900 MHz EMF short-term exposure to the expression of 667 miRNAs in human peripheral blood cells. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):4444.
  • 13. Miyakoshi J. Cellular and molecular responses to radio-frequency electromagnetic fields. proceedings of the IEEE. 2013;101(6):1492-1502.
  • 14. Coşkun G, Özgür H. Apoptoz ve nekrozun moleküler mekanizması. Arşiv, 2011;20(3):145-158.
  • 15. Prendergast G. Mechanisms of apoptosis by c-Myc. Oncogene, 1999;18:2967–2987.
  • 16. Romeo S, Zeni O, Scarfì MR, Poeta L, Lioi MB, Sannino A. Radiofrequency electromagnetic field exposure and apoptosis: A scoping review of in vitro studies on mammalian cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022;23(4):2322.
  • 17. Küçükbağrıaçık Y, Büyükatalay EÖ. New generation mobile phone frequencies and biological effects. Genel Tıp Derg. 2021;31(3):309-312.
  • 18. Alkis ME, Bilgin HM, Akpolat V. Dasdag S, Yegin K, Yavas MC et al. Effect of 900-, 1800-, and 2100-MHz radiofrequency radiation on DNA and oxidative stress in brain. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 2019;38(1):32–47.
  • 19. Qubty D, Schreiber S, Rubovitch V, Boag AG, Pick C. No significant effects of cell phone electromagnetic radiation on mice memory or anxiety: Some mixed effects on traumatic brain injured mice. Neurotrauma Reports, 2021;2(1):381-390.
  • 20. Pirozzoli M, Marino C, Lovisolo G, Laconi C, Mosiello L, Negroni A. Effects of 50 Hz electromagnetic field exposure on apoptosis and differentiation in a neuroblastoma cell line. Bioelectromagnetics, 2003;24:510-516.
  • 21. Kaszuba-Zwoinska J, Wojcik K, Bereta M, Ziomber A, Pierzchalski P, Rokita E et al. Pulsating electromagnetic field stimulation prevents cell death of puromycin treated U937 cell line. Journal Of Physiology and Pharmacology, 2010;61(2):201-205.
  • 22. Ouadah NS, Lecomte A, Robidel F, Olsson A, Deltour I, Schüz J et al. Possible effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on in vivo C6 brain tumors in Wistar rats. J Neurooncol. 2018;140(3):539-546.
  • 23. Skovierova H, Pavelek M, Okajcekova T, Palesova J, Strnadel J, Spanik P et al. The biocompatibility of wireless power charging system on human neural cells. Applied Sciences, 2021;11(8):3611.
  • 24. Lin YY, Wu T, Liu JY, Gao P, Li KC, Guo QY, et al. 1950MHz Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation Inhibits Testosterone Secretion of Mouse Leydig Cells. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2018;15(1):17.
  • 25. Li DY, Song JD, Liang ZY, Oskouei K, Xiao XQ, Hou WZ et al. Apoptotic Effect of 1800 MHz Electromagnetic Radiation on NIH/3T3 Cells. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2020;17(3):819.
  • 26. Zielinski J, Ducray AD, Moeller AM, Murbach M, Kuster N, Mevissen M. Effects of pulse-modulated radiofrequency magnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure on apoptosis, autophagy, oxidative stress and electron chain transport function in human neuroblastoma and murine microglial cells. Toxicol In Vitro, 2020;68:104963.
  • 27. Gupta SK, Patel SK, Tomar MS, Singh SK, Mesharam MK, Krishnamurthy S. Long-term exposure of 2450 MHz electromagnetic radiation induces stress and anxiety like behavior in rats. Neurochemistry International. 2019;128:1-13.
  • 28. Panganiban RA, Snow AL, Day RM. Mechanisms of radiation toxicity in transformed and non-transformed cells. Int J Mol Sci. 2013;14(8):15931-58.
  • 29. Çiftçi N. Hücre İçi Kalsiyum Sinyali, Apoptoz ve kanser progresyonunda kalsiyum kanallarının (Voc, Trp ve Soc Kanalları) rolü. MCBU-SBED, 2017;4(3):1021-1027.
  • 30. Emre M. Voltage-gated calcium channels and molecular features. Archives Medical Review Journal, 2018;27(1):1-17.
  • 31. Barbier E, Dufy B, Veyret B. Stimulation of Ca2+ infux in rat pituitary cells under exposure to a 50 Hz magnetic field. Bioelectromagnetics, 1996;17:303-11.
  • 32. Parate D, Franco-Obregón A, Fröhlich J, Beyer C, Abbas AA, Kamarul T et al. Enhancement of mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis with short-term low intensity pulsed electromagnetic fields. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):9421.
  • 33. Çiğ B, Nazıroğlu M. Investigation of the effects of distance from sources on apoptosis, oxidative stress and cytosolic calcium accumulation via TRPV1 channels induced by mobile phones and Wi-Fi in breast cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2015;1848(10 Pt B):2756-65.
Toplam 32 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Yasin Karamazı 0000-0002-0352-5377

Mustafa Emre 0000-0001-9897-6674

Salih Çetiner 0000-0002-5464-0340

Çağatay Aydın 0000-0002-1895-0333

Gülsevinç Aksoy 0000-0002-1300-4532

Hülya Binokay 0000-0002-0162-4574

Toygar Emre 0000-0002-2577-5879

Proje Numarası TDK-2021-13488
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Mart 2023
Kabul Tarihi 10 Mart 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 32 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

AMA Karamazı Y, Emre M, Çetiner S, Aydın Ç, Aksoy G, Binokay H, Emre T. 5G (6 GHz) Radyofrekans Elektromanyetik Alanın Sıçan Kan Hücrelerinde Canlılık, Apopitotik ve Nekrotik Hücre Oranına Etkisinin Araştırılması. aktd. Mart 2023;32(1):16-25. doi:10.17827/aktd.1221723