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EXAMINATION OF FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH EARTHQUAKE FEAR AND COPING STRATEGIES USED

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1 -Deprem Özel Sayısı-, 746 - 763, 22.02.2024
https://doi.org/10.54688/ayd.1387250

Öz

This study aimed to examine the factors associated with earthquake fear and coping strategies developed by people. This cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted with individuals over 18 years of age. The sample of the study consisted of 883 people who agreed to participate in the study. The study data were collected using the "Personal Characteristics Form", "Fear of Earthquake Scale", and "Coping with Earthquake Stress Scale". In the study, it was found that females' level of earthquake fear is higher than that of males. Married individuals have a higher level of earthquake fear compared to single individuals. It was found that those who received disaster awareness training and those who wanted to receive disaster awareness training had lower earthquake fear mean scores. As the levels of seeking social support, using religious coping, and positive reappraisal increase, the level of earthquake fear decreases. It has been determined that seeking social support is more commonly used than religious coping and positive reappraisal to cope with earthquake fear. Social support has been found to be a significant factor in coping with earthquake fear.

Etik Beyan

The study was conducted in accordance with scientific ethical principles.

Kaynakça

  • AFAD (2023). Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı. 06 Şubat 2023 Pazarcık (Kahramanmaraş) MW 7.7 Elbistan (Kahramanmaraş) MW 7.6 Depremlerine İlişkin Ön Değerlendirme Raporu.
  • Ali, M., Farooq, N., Bhatti, M. A., & Kuroiwa, C. (2012). Assessment of prevalence and determinants of posttraumatic stress disorder in survivors of earthquake in Pakistan using Davidson Trauma Scale. Journal of Affective Disorders, 136 (3), 238–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAD.2011.12.023
  • Azim, M. T., & Islam, M. M. (2016). Earthquake preparedness of households in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: a perceptual study. Environmental Hazards, 15 (3), 189–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/17477891.2016.1173006
  • Baral, I. A., & Bhagawati, K. C. (2019). Post traumatic stress disorder and coping strategies among adult survivors of earthquake, Nepal. BMC Psychiatry, 19 (1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-019-2090-y
  • Baş, T. (2010). Anket nasıl hazırlanır, uygulanır, değerlendirilir? (6. Baskı). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Başoǧlu, M., Şalcioǧlu, E., & Livanou, M. (2002). Traumatic stress responses in earthquake survivors in Turkey. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15 (4), 269–276. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016241826589
  • Bertinelli, L., Mahé, C., & Strobl, E. (2023). Earthquakes and mental health. World Development, 169, 106283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106283
  • Charuvastra, A., & Cloitre, M. (2008). Social bonds and posttraumatic stress disorder. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 301–328. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085650
  • Donner, W., & Rodríguez, H. (2008). Population composition, migration and inequality: The influence of demographic changes on disaster risk and vulnerability. Social Forces, 87 (2), 1089–1114. https://doi.org/10.1353/SOF.0.0141
  • EMDAT. (2023). 25 Ekim 2023, https://www.emdat.be/explanatory-notes.
  • Erdoğan C. N., & Aksoy Ö. N. (2020). Deprem stresi ile baş etme stratejileri (Balıkesir karesi ilçesi Paşaalanı mahallesi örneği). Sosyal Bilimler Akademi Dergisi; 3 (2), 88-103. https://doi.org/10.38004/sobad.704072
  • Fang, S. (Echo), Prayag, G., Ozanne, L. K., & de Vries, H. (2020). Psychological capital, coping mechanisms and organizational resilience: Insights from the 2016 Kaikoura earthquake, New Zealand. Tourism Management Perspectives, 34, 100637. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TMP.2020.100637
  • Feder, A., Ahmad, S., Lee, E. J., Morgan, J. E., Singh, R., Smith, B. W., ... & Charney, D. S. (2013). Coping and PTSD symptoms in Pakistani earthquake survivors: Purpose in life, religious coping and social support. Journal of Affective Disorders, 147 (1-3), 156-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.10.027
  • Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S., Gruen, R. J., & DeLongis, A. (1986). Appraisal, coping, health status, and psychological symptoms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50 (3), 571-579. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.50.3.571
  • García, F. E., Páez-Rovira, D., Cartes Zurtia, G., Neira Martel, H., & Reyes Reyes, A. (2014). Religious coping, social support and subjective severity as predictors of posttraumatic growth in people affected by the earthquake in Chile on 27/2/2010. Religions, 5(4), 1132-1145. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel5041132
  • Guerra, C., Cumsille, P., & Martínez, M. L. (2014). Post-traumatic stress symptoms in adolescents exposed to an earthquake: Association with self-efficacy, perceived magnitude, and fear. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 14 (3), 202–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2014.05.001
  • Gün Çınğı, T., & Yazgan, Ç. Ü. (2022). Deprem yaşayan bireylerin risk algısı, korku ve hazırbulunuşluklarının incelenmesi. Afet ve Risk Dergisi, 5 (2), 656–668. https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1138901
  • Jeavons, S., Horne, D. J. D. L., & Greenwood, K. M. (2000). Coping style and psychological trauma after road accidents. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 5 (2), 213–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/713690183
  • Kalaycı, Ş. (2014). SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri, Ankara: Asil Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Kowalski, K. M., & Kalayjian, A. (2001). Responding to mass emotional trauma: a mental health outreach program for Turkey earthquake victims. Safety Science, 39 (1–2), 71–81.
  • Kung, Y., & Chen, S. (2012). Perception of earthquake risk in Taiwan: Effects of gender and past earthquake experience. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 32 (9), 1535–1546. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01760.x
  • Lazarus, R. S. and Folkman, S. (1984). Stres, Appraisal and Coping. New York: Springer Publishing Company.
  • Lehman, D. R., & Taylor, S. E. (1987). Date with an earthquake. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 13 (4), 546–555. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167287134011
  • Lopez Vazquez, E. (2001). Risk perception interactions in stress and coping facing extreme risks. Environmental Management and Health, 12 (2), 122–133. https://doi.org/10.1108/09566160110389889
  • Löw, A., Lotar Rihtarić, M., & Vrselja, I. (2023). Resource loss, coping strategies and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in survivors of the 2020 Croatia earthquake. BMC Psychology, 11 (1), 128. https://doi.org/10.1186/S40359-023-01176-5/TABLES/4
  • Mishra, S., & Suar, D. (2012). Effects of anxiety, disaster education, and resources on disaster preparedness behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42 (5), 1069-1087. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2011.00853.x
  • Ozbay, F., Johnson, D. C., Dimoulas, E., Morgan Iii, C. A., Charney, D., & Southwick, S. (2007). Social support and resilience to stress: from neurobiology to clinical practice. Psychiatry (edgmont), 4 (5), 35-40.
  • Pargament, K. I., Koenig, H. G., Tarakeshwar, N., & Hahn, J. (2004). Religious coping methods as predictors of psychological, physical and spiritual outcomes among medically ill elderly patients: A two-year longitudinal study. Journal of Health Psychology, 9 (6), 713–730. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105304045366
  • Pratama, D. A. (2023). The role of religion in dealing with natural disaster trauma: A case study of the survivor of Aceh's earthquake and tsunami in 2004. Empirisma: Jurnal Pemikiran dan Kebudayaan Islam, 32 (2), 287-316.
  • Righi, E., Lauriola, P., Ghinoi, A., Giovannetti, E., & Soldati, M. (2021). Disaster risk reduction and interdisciplinary education and training. Progress in Disaster Science, 10, 100165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2021.100165
  • Ristić Dedić, Z., Jokić, B., & Penić Jurković, A. (2023). When earthquakes meet COVID-19 pandemic: The effects of simultaneous large-scale crises on psychological functioning of adolescents in the final year of upper secondary education. Sociologija i Prostor, 61 (1), 143–164. https://doi.org/10.5673/sip.61.1.7
  • Prizmić-Larsen, Z., Vujčić, M. T., & Lipovčan, L. K. (2023). Fear of COVID-19 and fear of earthquake: Multiple distressing events and well-being in Croatia. Psychological Reports. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/00332941231156813.
  • Rowney, C., Farvid, P., & Sibley, C. G. (2014). I laugh and say I have "Earthquake Brain!": Resident responses to the September 2010 Christchurch Earthquake. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 43 (2), 4-13.
  • Salcioglu, E., Ozden, S., & Ari, F. (2018). The role of relocation patterns and psychosocial stressors in posttraumatic stress disorder and depression among earthquake survivors. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 206 (1), 19–26. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000627
  • Schwarzer, R., & Schwarzer, C. (1996). A critical survey of coping instruments. In M. Zeidner & N. . Endler (Eds.), Handbook of Coping, 107–132. Wiley.
  • Scott, B. G., & Weems, C. F. (2013). Natural disasters and existential concerns: A test of Tillich’s theory of existential anxiety. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 53 (1), 114–128. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167812449190
  • Shing, E. Z., Jayawickreme, E., & Waugh, C. E. (2016). Contextual positive coping as a factor contributing to resilience after disasters. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 72 (12), 1287–1306. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22327
  • Sinding Bentzen, J. (2019). Acts of God? Religiosity and natural disasters across subnational world districts. The Economic Journal, 129 (622), 2295–2321. https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uez008
  • Spurrell, M. T., & McFarlane, A. C. (1993). Post-traumatic stress disorder and coping after a natural disaster. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 28 (4), 194–200. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00797323/METRICS
  • Sumer, N., Karanci, A. N., Berument, S. K., & Gunes, H. (2005). Personal resources, coping self‐efficacy, and quake exposure as predictors of psychological distress following the 1999 earthquake in Turkey. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18 (4), 331-342. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20032
  • Tabachnik, B. G., & Fidell, S. L. (2013). Multicollinearity and singularity. Using multivariate statistics. Boston, MA: Pearson.
  • Usta, G., Torpuş, K., Kanbay, Y., & Çınar Özbay, S. (2024). The Turkish adaptation of the fear of earthquake scale. Natural Hazards, 120, 463-476. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-023-06228-y
  • Yeon, D. H., Chung, J. B., & Im, D. H. (2020). The effects of earthquake experience on disaster education for children and teens. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17 (15), 5347. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155347
  • Yöndem, Z. D., & Eren, A. (2008). Deprem stresi ile başetme stratejileri ölçeğinin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi , 3 (30), 60–75.
  • Wood, Z. B., Wang, D. C., Lee, C., Barnes, H., Abouezzeddine, T., & Aten, J. (2021). Social support, religious coping, and traumatic stress among Hurricane Katrina survivors of southern Mississippi: A sequential mediational model. Traumatology, 27 (4), 336. https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000328

DEPREM KORKUSU İLE İLİŞKİLİ FAKTÖRLERİN VE KULLANILAN BAŞA ÇIKMA STRATEJİLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1 -Deprem Özel Sayısı-, 746 - 763, 22.02.2024
https://doi.org/10.54688/ayd.1387250

Öz

Bu çalışma, insanların deprem korkusu ve geliştirdikleri başa çıkma stratejileri ile ilişkili faktörleri incelemeyi amaçlamıştır. Kesitsel ve tanımlayıcı nitelikteki bu çalışma 18 yaş üstü bireylerle yürütülmüştür. Çalışmanın örneklemi, çalışmaya katılmayı kabul eden 883 kişiden oluşmaktadır. Çalışma verileri "Kişisel Özellikler Formu", "Deprem Korkusu Ölçeği" ve "Deprem Stresiyle Başa Çıkma Ölçeği" kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Çalışmada, kadınların deprem korkusu düzeyinin erkeklere göre daha yüksek olduğu bulunmuştur. Evli bireylerin deprem korku düzeyleri bekar bireylere göre daha yüksektir. Afet bilinci eğitimi alanların ve afet bilinci eğitimi almak isteyenlerin deprem korkusu puan ortalamalarının daha düşük olduğu bulunmuştur. Sosyal destek arama, dini başa çıkma ve olumlu yeniden değerlendirme düzeyleri arttıkça deprem korkusu düzeyi azalmaktadır. Deprem korkusuyla başa çıkmada sosyal destek arayışının dini başa çıkma ve olumlu yeniden değerlendirmeden daha yaygın olarak kullanıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Sosyal desteğin deprem korkusu ile başa çıkmada önemli bir faktör olduğu bulunmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • AFAD (2023). Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı. 06 Şubat 2023 Pazarcık (Kahramanmaraş) MW 7.7 Elbistan (Kahramanmaraş) MW 7.6 Depremlerine İlişkin Ön Değerlendirme Raporu.
  • Ali, M., Farooq, N., Bhatti, M. A., & Kuroiwa, C. (2012). Assessment of prevalence and determinants of posttraumatic stress disorder in survivors of earthquake in Pakistan using Davidson Trauma Scale. Journal of Affective Disorders, 136 (3), 238–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAD.2011.12.023
  • Azim, M. T., & Islam, M. M. (2016). Earthquake preparedness of households in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: a perceptual study. Environmental Hazards, 15 (3), 189–208. https://doi.org/10.1080/17477891.2016.1173006
  • Baral, I. A., & Bhagawati, K. C. (2019). Post traumatic stress disorder and coping strategies among adult survivors of earthquake, Nepal. BMC Psychiatry, 19 (1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-019-2090-y
  • Baş, T. (2010). Anket nasıl hazırlanır, uygulanır, değerlendirilir? (6. Baskı). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Başoǧlu, M., Şalcioǧlu, E., & Livanou, M. (2002). Traumatic stress responses in earthquake survivors in Turkey. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15 (4), 269–276. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016241826589
  • Bertinelli, L., Mahé, C., & Strobl, E. (2023). Earthquakes and mental health. World Development, 169, 106283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106283
  • Charuvastra, A., & Cloitre, M. (2008). Social bonds and posttraumatic stress disorder. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 301–328. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085650
  • Donner, W., & Rodríguez, H. (2008). Population composition, migration and inequality: The influence of demographic changes on disaster risk and vulnerability. Social Forces, 87 (2), 1089–1114. https://doi.org/10.1353/SOF.0.0141
  • EMDAT. (2023). 25 Ekim 2023, https://www.emdat.be/explanatory-notes.
  • Erdoğan C. N., & Aksoy Ö. N. (2020). Deprem stresi ile baş etme stratejileri (Balıkesir karesi ilçesi Paşaalanı mahallesi örneği). Sosyal Bilimler Akademi Dergisi; 3 (2), 88-103. https://doi.org/10.38004/sobad.704072
  • Fang, S. (Echo), Prayag, G., Ozanne, L. K., & de Vries, H. (2020). Psychological capital, coping mechanisms and organizational resilience: Insights from the 2016 Kaikoura earthquake, New Zealand. Tourism Management Perspectives, 34, 100637. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TMP.2020.100637
  • Feder, A., Ahmad, S., Lee, E. J., Morgan, J. E., Singh, R., Smith, B. W., ... & Charney, D. S. (2013). Coping and PTSD symptoms in Pakistani earthquake survivors: Purpose in life, religious coping and social support. Journal of Affective Disorders, 147 (1-3), 156-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.10.027
  • Folkman, S., Lazarus, R. S., Gruen, R. J., & DeLongis, A. (1986). Appraisal, coping, health status, and psychological symptoms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50 (3), 571-579. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.50.3.571
  • García, F. E., Páez-Rovira, D., Cartes Zurtia, G., Neira Martel, H., & Reyes Reyes, A. (2014). Religious coping, social support and subjective severity as predictors of posttraumatic growth in people affected by the earthquake in Chile on 27/2/2010. Religions, 5(4), 1132-1145. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel5041132
  • Guerra, C., Cumsille, P., & Martínez, M. L. (2014). Post-traumatic stress symptoms in adolescents exposed to an earthquake: Association with self-efficacy, perceived magnitude, and fear. International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology, 14 (3), 202–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijchp.2014.05.001
  • Gün Çınğı, T., & Yazgan, Ç. Ü. (2022). Deprem yaşayan bireylerin risk algısı, korku ve hazırbulunuşluklarının incelenmesi. Afet ve Risk Dergisi, 5 (2), 656–668. https://doi.org/10.35341/afet.1138901
  • Jeavons, S., Horne, D. J. D. L., & Greenwood, K. M. (2000). Coping style and psychological trauma after road accidents. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 5 (2), 213–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/713690183
  • Kalaycı, Ş. (2014). SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri, Ankara: Asil Yayın Dağıtım.
  • Kowalski, K. M., & Kalayjian, A. (2001). Responding to mass emotional trauma: a mental health outreach program for Turkey earthquake victims. Safety Science, 39 (1–2), 71–81.
  • Kung, Y., & Chen, S. (2012). Perception of earthquake risk in Taiwan: Effects of gender and past earthquake experience. Risk Analysis: An International Journal, 32 (9), 1535–1546. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01760.x
  • Lazarus, R. S. and Folkman, S. (1984). Stres, Appraisal and Coping. New York: Springer Publishing Company.
  • Lehman, D. R., & Taylor, S. E. (1987). Date with an earthquake. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 13 (4), 546–555. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167287134011
  • Lopez Vazquez, E. (2001). Risk perception interactions in stress and coping facing extreme risks. Environmental Management and Health, 12 (2), 122–133. https://doi.org/10.1108/09566160110389889
  • Löw, A., Lotar Rihtarić, M., & Vrselja, I. (2023). Resource loss, coping strategies and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in survivors of the 2020 Croatia earthquake. BMC Psychology, 11 (1), 128. https://doi.org/10.1186/S40359-023-01176-5/TABLES/4
  • Mishra, S., & Suar, D. (2012). Effects of anxiety, disaster education, and resources on disaster preparedness behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42 (5), 1069-1087. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2011.00853.x
  • Ozbay, F., Johnson, D. C., Dimoulas, E., Morgan Iii, C. A., Charney, D., & Southwick, S. (2007). Social support and resilience to stress: from neurobiology to clinical practice. Psychiatry (edgmont), 4 (5), 35-40.
  • Pargament, K. I., Koenig, H. G., Tarakeshwar, N., & Hahn, J. (2004). Religious coping methods as predictors of psychological, physical and spiritual outcomes among medically ill elderly patients: A two-year longitudinal study. Journal of Health Psychology, 9 (6), 713–730. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105304045366
  • Pratama, D. A. (2023). The role of religion in dealing with natural disaster trauma: A case study of the survivor of Aceh's earthquake and tsunami in 2004. Empirisma: Jurnal Pemikiran dan Kebudayaan Islam, 32 (2), 287-316.
  • Righi, E., Lauriola, P., Ghinoi, A., Giovannetti, E., & Soldati, M. (2021). Disaster risk reduction and interdisciplinary education and training. Progress in Disaster Science, 10, 100165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2021.100165
  • Ristić Dedić, Z., Jokić, B., & Penić Jurković, A. (2023). When earthquakes meet COVID-19 pandemic: The effects of simultaneous large-scale crises on psychological functioning of adolescents in the final year of upper secondary education. Sociologija i Prostor, 61 (1), 143–164. https://doi.org/10.5673/sip.61.1.7
  • Prizmić-Larsen, Z., Vujčić, M. T., & Lipovčan, L. K. (2023). Fear of COVID-19 and fear of earthquake: Multiple distressing events and well-being in Croatia. Psychological Reports. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/00332941231156813.
  • Rowney, C., Farvid, P., & Sibley, C. G. (2014). I laugh and say I have "Earthquake Brain!": Resident responses to the September 2010 Christchurch Earthquake. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 43 (2), 4-13.
  • Salcioglu, E., Ozden, S., & Ari, F. (2018). The role of relocation patterns and psychosocial stressors in posttraumatic stress disorder and depression among earthquake survivors. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 206 (1), 19–26. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000627
  • Schwarzer, R., & Schwarzer, C. (1996). A critical survey of coping instruments. In M. Zeidner & N. . Endler (Eds.), Handbook of Coping, 107–132. Wiley.
  • Scott, B. G., & Weems, C. F. (2013). Natural disasters and existential concerns: A test of Tillich’s theory of existential anxiety. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 53 (1), 114–128. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167812449190
  • Shing, E. Z., Jayawickreme, E., & Waugh, C. E. (2016). Contextual positive coping as a factor contributing to resilience after disasters. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 72 (12), 1287–1306. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22327
  • Sinding Bentzen, J. (2019). Acts of God? Religiosity and natural disasters across subnational world districts. The Economic Journal, 129 (622), 2295–2321. https://doi.org/10.1093/ej/uez008
  • Spurrell, M. T., & McFarlane, A. C. (1993). Post-traumatic stress disorder and coping after a natural disaster. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 28 (4), 194–200. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00797323/METRICS
  • Sumer, N., Karanci, A. N., Berument, S. K., & Gunes, H. (2005). Personal resources, coping self‐efficacy, and quake exposure as predictors of psychological distress following the 1999 earthquake in Turkey. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18 (4), 331-342. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20032
  • Tabachnik, B. G., & Fidell, S. L. (2013). Multicollinearity and singularity. Using multivariate statistics. Boston, MA: Pearson.
  • Usta, G., Torpuş, K., Kanbay, Y., & Çınar Özbay, S. (2024). The Turkish adaptation of the fear of earthquake scale. Natural Hazards, 120, 463-476. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-023-06228-y
  • Yeon, D. H., Chung, J. B., & Im, D. H. (2020). The effects of earthquake experience on disaster education for children and teens. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17 (15), 5347. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155347
  • Yöndem, Z. D., & Eren, A. (2008). Deprem stresi ile başetme stratejileri ölçeğinin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi , 3 (30), 60–75.
  • Wood, Z. B., Wang, D. C., Lee, C., Barnes, H., Abouezzeddine, T., & Aten, J. (2021). Social support, religious coping, and traumatic stress among Hurricane Katrina survivors of southern Mississippi: A sequential mediational model. Traumatology, 27 (4), 336. https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000328
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Kamu Yönetimi
Bölüm Deprem Özel Sayısı
Yazarlar

Galip Usta 0000-0001-6279-1694

Kemal Topruş 0000-0002-2204-0666

Yalçın Kanbay 0000-0002-8025-9877

Sevil Çınar Özbay 0000-0002-9281-1614

Yayımlanma Tarihi 22 Şubat 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 7 Kasım 2023
Kabul Tarihi 13 Ocak 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1 -Deprem Özel Sayısı-

Kaynak Göster

APA Usta, G., Topruş, K., Kanbay, Y., Çınar Özbay, S. (2024). EXAMINATION OF FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH EARTHQUAKE FEAR AND COPING STRATEGIES USED. Akademik Yaklaşımlar Dergisi, 15(1 -Deprem Özel Sayısı-), 746-763. https://doi.org/10.54688/ayd.1387250