Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Assessment of Incidence of Phlebitis Associated with Peripheric Intravenous Catheter and Affecting Factors

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3, 160 - 169, 15.07.2020
https://doi.org/10.46483/deuhfed.605095

Öz

Background: Peripheral venous catheters which are vital tools when applied correctly and effectively, can cause phlebitis due to many factors. Objectives: To assess the incidence of phlebitis associated with peripheric intravenous catheter and affecting factors in an internal medicine clinic. Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted in December 2018-March 2019 in the internal medicine clinic. The sample consisted of 195 peripheric intravenous catheters on 93 patients. Data was collected by “Patient Information Form” and “Phlebitis Diagnosis Scale”. Chi-square test was used to analyze discrete variable and risk factors were determined by using Logistic Regression analyses. Results: Mean age of the participants was 56.86 ± 18.031 years and 50.5% of them were male. According to the Phlebitis Diagnosis Scale, phlebitis symptoms were observed in 28.2% (n = 55) of the 195 peripheric catheters. Phlebitis incidence was higher in patients aged 66-90 years old (p = .015), patients who had chronic diseases (p = .005), patients who had continuous intravenous infusion (p = .007), patients who were catheterized for 72-96 hours (p = .045), catheters placed on the inactive upper extremity of the patient (p = .012), catheters which were not placed successfully in the first attempt (p = .001), catheters which were placed on a vein which was previously catheterized (p = .001). Conclusion: Phlebitis symptoms were seen in more than one quarter of the patients. Phlebitis incidence was increased in elderly patients with chronic diseases and patients having continuous intravenous infusion, repetitive catheterization in the same vein and prolonged catheterization time. It is recommended for nurses to keep in mind the risk factors for phlebitis development during catheter application and care and to assess the patients with peripheric intravenous catheter regularly with valid and reliable tools and to conduct studies on minimizing the phlebitis development risk.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Simin D, Milutinović D, Turkulov V, Brkić S. Incidence, severity and risk factors of peripheral intravenous cannula induced complications: An observational prospective study. J Clin Nurs 2019;28:1585-1599. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14760.
  • 2. Kuş B, Büyükyılmaz F. Visual ınfusion phlebitis assessment scale: Study of independent inter-observer compliance. Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing 2018;26(3):179–186. Doi: https://doi.org/10.26650/fnjn296258.
  • 3. Osei-Tutu E, Tuoyire D A, Debrah S, Ayetey H. Peripheral intravenous cannulation and phlebitis risk. Post Graduate Medical Journal of Ghana [online]. 2015;4(1):10–18. URL: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f578/93736743908f47eb5c2663d374f3244c2956.pdf. 28.08.2019.
  • 4. Gallant P, Schultz A A. Evaluation of a Visual Infusion Phlebitis Scale for determining appropriate discontinuation of peripheral intravenous catheters. J Infus Nurs 2006;29(6):338–345.
  • 5. Gonza J L, Corral J O, Marti C B. Indwell times, complications and costs of open vs closed safety peripheral ıntravenous catheters: A randomized study. J Hosp Infect 2014;86(2):117-126. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2013.10.008.
  • 6. Rickard C M, Mccann D, Munnings J, Mcgrail M R. Routine resite of peripheral ıntravenous devices every 3 days did not reduce complications compared with clinically ındicated resite : A randomised controlled trial. BMC Medicine [online]. 2010;8(53):1–10. URL: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/8/53. 28.09.2019.
  • 7. Urbanetto J S, May T A. Incidence of phlebitis associated with the use of peripheral IV catheter and following catheter removal. Rev Lat Am de Enfermagem [online]. 2016;24(2746):1-9.URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.0604.2746. 28.09.2019.
  • 8. Uslusoy E, Mete S. Predisposing factors to phlebitis in patients with peripheral intravenous catheters: A descriptive study. J Am Acad Nurse Pract 2008:20(4):172–180. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7599.2008.00305.x.
  • 9. Chiu P C, Lee Y H, Hsu H T, Feng Y T, Lu I C, Chiu S L, et al. Establish a perioperative check forum for peripheral ıntravenous access to prevent the occurrence of phlebitis. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2015;31(4):215–221. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjms.2015.01.007.
  • 10. Alexandrou E, Ray-Barruel G, Carr P J, Frost S A, Inwood S, Higgins N, et al. Use of short peripheral ıntravenous catheters: Characteristics, management, and outcomes worldwide. J Hosp Med 2018;22(30):1–7. Doi: https://doi.org/10.12788/jhm.3039.
  • 11. Milutinović D, Simin D, Zec D. Risk factor for phlebitis : A questionnaire study of nurses’ perception. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2015;23(4):678–684. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-1169.0192.2603.
  • 12. Boyce, B. A., & Yee, B. H. Incidence and severity of phlebitis in patients receiving peripherally infused amiodarone. Crit Care Nurse 2012;32(4):27-35. Doi: https://doi.org/10.4037/ccn2012139.
  • 13. Mihala G, Ray-Barruel G, Chopra V, Webster J, Wallis M, Marsh N, et al. Phlebitis signs and symptoms with peripheral intravenous catheters: Incidence and correlation study. J Infus Nurs 2018;41(4): 260–263. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/NAN.0000000000000288.
  • 14. Infusion Nurses Society. Infusion nursing standards of practice (The official publication of the Infusion Nurses Society). J Infus Nurs (2006);29(1 Suppl):1-92. Doi: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ 16429002.
  • 15. Infusion Nurses Society. Infusion Nursing Standards of Practice. (The official publication of the Infusion Nurses Society). J Infus Nurs 2011;34(1 Suppl): 1-110.
  • 16. Boyd S, Aggarwal I, Davey P, Logan M, Nathwani D. Peripheral intravenous catheters : The road to quality ımprovement and safer patient care. J Hosp Infec 2011;77(1):37–41. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2010.09.011.
  • 17. Cicolini G, Simonetti V, Comparcini D, Labeau S, Blot S, Pelusi G, Di Giovanni P. Nurses’ Knowledge of evidence-based guidelines on the prevention of peripheral venous catheter-related ınfections: A multicentre survey. J Clin Nurs 2014;23(17–18):2578–2588. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12474.
  • 18. Devries, M, Valentine M, Mancos P. Protected clinical ındication of peripheral ıntravenous lines: Successful implementation. J Assoc Vasc Access 2016;21(3):89-92. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.java.2016.03.001.
  • 19. Braga L M, Parreira P M, Oliveira A S S, Mónico L D S M, Arreguy-Sena C, Henriques M A. Phlebitis and infiltration: Vascular trauma associated with the peripheral venous catheter. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2018;26(2): 1–8. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.2377.3002.
  • 20. Etemadi S. Investigating role of mechanical and chemical factors in the creation of peripheral vein in flammarion in hospitalization patients in hospital in Zahedan, Iran. Life Sci J 2013;10(1): 379–383.
  • 21. Ruchi S, Agnihotri M, Gupta A, Walia I. Epidemiology of infiltration and phlebitis. Nursing and Midwifery Research Journal [online] 2011;7(1): 22–33. URL: http://medind.nic.in/nad/t11/i1/nadt11i1p22.pdf. 28.09.2019.
  • 22. Erdoğan CB, Denat Y. Periferik ı̇ntravenöz kateter komplikasyonlarından flebit ve hemşirelik bakımı. J Hum Rhythm [online]. 2016;2(1):6-12. URL: http://dergipark.ulakbim.gov.tr/johr/article/view/5000183221/5000161983. 28.09.2019.
  • 23. Chalmers C, Straub M. Standard principles for preventing and controlling infection. Nurs Standart 2006;20(23): 57–65.
  • 24. Chang WP, Peng YX. Occurrence of phlebitis a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nurs Res 2018;67(3):252– 260.
  • 25. Wallis MC, McGrail M, Webster J, Marsh N, Gowardman J, Playford EG, Rickard CM. Risk factors for peripheral intravenous catheter failure: a multivariate analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2014;35(1):63-8. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/674398.
  • 26. Do Rego Furtado, L. C. Incidence and predisposing factors of phlebitis in a surgery department. British Journal of Nursing, 2011;20(14):16-25. Doi: https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2011.20.Sup7.S16.
  • 27. Atay S, Sen S, and Cukurlu D. Phlebitis related peripheral venous catheterization and the associated risk factors. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2018;21(7): 827–831. Doi: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29984711.
  • 28. Türk Hastane İnfeksiyonları ve Kontrolü Derneği, Ulusal Damar Erı̇şı̇mı̇ Yönetı̇mı̇ Rehberı̇ (2019). Hastane İnfeksiyonları Dergisi. 2019; 23 (Ek 1): 1-54.
  • 29. Saini R, Agnihotri M, Gupta A, Walia I. Epidemiology of infiltration and phlebitis. Nursing and Midwifery Research Journal 2011; 7(1): 22-33.
  • 30. Buzatto L L, Massa G P, Peterlini M A S, Whitaker I Y. Factors associated with phlebitis in elderly patients with amiodarone intravenous infusion. Acta Paul Enferm 2016;29(3):260-266. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0194201600037.
  • 31. Nyika, ML, Mukona D, Zvinavashe M. Factors contributing to phlebitis among adult patients admitted in the medical-surgical units of a central hospital in Harare, Zimbabwe. J Infus Nurs 2018;41(2):96–102.
  • 32. Webster, J., McGrail M, Marsh, N, Wallis, M.C., Ray-Barruel G, Rickard C M. Postinfusion phlebitis: Incidence and risk factors. Nursing Research and Practice 2015;691934:1-3. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/691934.
  • 33. Salgueiro-Oliveira A, Parreira P, Veiga P. Incidence of phlebitis in patients with peripheral ıntravenous catheters: The influence of some risk factors. Aust J Adv Nurs 2012;30(2): 32–39.
  • 34. Paşalıoğlu K B, Kaya H. Catheter indwell time and phlebitis development during peripheral intravenous catheter administration. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 2014;30(4):725-730.
  • 35. Mestre Roca G, Berbel Bertolo C, Tortajada Lopez P, Gallemi Samaranch G, Aguilar Ramirez M C, Caylà Buqueras J, et al. Assessing the influence of risk factors on rates and dynamics of peripheral vein phlebitis: An observational cohort study. Med Clin 2012;139(5):185-191. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medcli.2011.12.021.
  • 36. Aydın S, Arslan G G. Hemşirelerin periferal ı̇ntravenöz kateter girişimlerine ı̇lişkin bilgi düzeylerinin ı̇ncelenmesi. DEUHFED 2018;11(4):290-299.
  • 37. Sharp R, Cummings M, Fielder A, Mikocka-Walus A, Grech C, Esterman A. The catheter to vein ratio and rates of symptomatic venous thromboembolism in patients with a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC): a prospective cohort study. Int J Nurs Stud 2015;52:677-85.
  • 38. Chopra V, Ratz D, Kuhn L, Lopus T, Lee A, Krein S. Peripherally inserted central catheter-related deep vein thrombosis: contemporary patterns and predictors. J Thromb Haemost 2014;12:847-54.

Periferik İntravenöz Katetere Bağlı Flebit Oranının ve Etkileyen Faktörlerin Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3, 160 - 169, 15.07.2020
https://doi.org/10.46483/deuhfed.605095

Öz

Giriş: Periferik venöz kateterler doğru şekilde uygulandığında yaşamsal önemi olan bir araç olduğu kadar; birçok faktör sebebiyle hastada flebite neden olabilmektedir. Amaç: Bir iç hastalıkları kliniğinde periferik intravenöz kateter ilişkili flebit insidansını ve etkileyen risk faktörlerini belirlemektir. Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı, kesitsel tipte planlanan bu çalışmada, 26 Aralık 2018–30 Mart 2019 tarihleri arasında bir iç hastalıkları kliniğinde 93 hastaya uygulanan 195 periferik intravenöz kateter araştırmanın örneklemini oluşturdu. Veriler “Hasta Bilgi Formu” ve Uluslararası İntravenöz Hemşireler Birliği tarafından kullanılması önerilen “Flebit Tanılama Skalası” ile toplandı. Kategorik değişkenlerin karşılaştırılmasında ki-kare testi, risk faktörlerinin değerlendirilmesinde Lojistik regresyon analizi kullanıldı. Bulgular: Hastaların %50.5’i erkek, yaş ortalaması 56.86 ± 18.031 yıldı. Flebit değerlendirme skalasına göre hastaların %28.2’sinde (n = 55) flebit semptomları saptandı. Yaş grubu 66-90 arasında olan (p = .015), kronik hastalığı olan (p = .005), hastanın aktif olarak kullanmadığı tarafa intravenöz kateterizasyon takılan (p = .012), intravenöz infüzyonu devam eden (p=.007), aynı damara kateterizasyon sıklığı birden fazla olan (p < .001), daha önce aynı damar boyunca kateter takılmış olan (p = .001). ve takılma süresi 72-96 saat olan (p = .045) hastalarda flebit semptomları görülme sıklığı daha fazlaydı. Sonuç: Bu çalışmada periferik intravenöz kateterlerin dörtte birinden daha fazlasında flebit olduğu, ileri yaşın, kronik hastalığın, sürekli infüzyonun, aynı damara birden fazla kateterizasyonun ve kateterin kalış süresinin uzun olmasının hastalarda flebitin görülme oranını artırdığı bulundu. Hemşirelerin flebit gelişimi açısından belirtilen risk faktörlerini kateter uygulaması ve bakımı konusunda göz önünde bulundurmaları, uygulanan periferik intravenöz kateterlerin geçerli ve güvenilir ölçüm araçları ile düzenli olarak flebit belirtileri açısından değerlendirilmesi önerilmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Simin D, Milutinović D, Turkulov V, Brkić S. Incidence, severity and risk factors of peripheral intravenous cannula induced complications: An observational prospective study. J Clin Nurs 2019;28:1585-1599. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14760.
  • 2. Kuş B, Büyükyılmaz F. Visual ınfusion phlebitis assessment scale: Study of independent inter-observer compliance. Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing 2018;26(3):179–186. Doi: https://doi.org/10.26650/fnjn296258.
  • 3. Osei-Tutu E, Tuoyire D A, Debrah S, Ayetey H. Peripheral intravenous cannulation and phlebitis risk. Post Graduate Medical Journal of Ghana [online]. 2015;4(1):10–18. URL: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f578/93736743908f47eb5c2663d374f3244c2956.pdf. 28.08.2019.
  • 4. Gallant P, Schultz A A. Evaluation of a Visual Infusion Phlebitis Scale for determining appropriate discontinuation of peripheral intravenous catheters. J Infus Nurs 2006;29(6):338–345.
  • 5. Gonza J L, Corral J O, Marti C B. Indwell times, complications and costs of open vs closed safety peripheral ıntravenous catheters: A randomized study. J Hosp Infect 2014;86(2):117-126. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2013.10.008.
  • 6. Rickard C M, Mccann D, Munnings J, Mcgrail M R. Routine resite of peripheral ıntravenous devices every 3 days did not reduce complications compared with clinically ındicated resite : A randomised controlled trial. BMC Medicine [online]. 2010;8(53):1–10. URL: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/8/53. 28.09.2019.
  • 7. Urbanetto J S, May T A. Incidence of phlebitis associated with the use of peripheral IV catheter and following catheter removal. Rev Lat Am de Enfermagem [online]. 2016;24(2746):1-9.URL: https://doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.0604.2746. 28.09.2019.
  • 8. Uslusoy E, Mete S. Predisposing factors to phlebitis in patients with peripheral intravenous catheters: A descriptive study. J Am Acad Nurse Pract 2008:20(4):172–180. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7599.2008.00305.x.
  • 9. Chiu P C, Lee Y H, Hsu H T, Feng Y T, Lu I C, Chiu S L, et al. Establish a perioperative check forum for peripheral ıntravenous access to prevent the occurrence of phlebitis. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2015;31(4):215–221. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjms.2015.01.007.
  • 10. Alexandrou E, Ray-Barruel G, Carr P J, Frost S A, Inwood S, Higgins N, et al. Use of short peripheral ıntravenous catheters: Characteristics, management, and outcomes worldwide. J Hosp Med 2018;22(30):1–7. Doi: https://doi.org/10.12788/jhm.3039.
  • 11. Milutinović D, Simin D, Zec D. Risk factor for phlebitis : A questionnaire study of nurses’ perception. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2015;23(4):678–684. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-1169.0192.2603.
  • 12. Boyce, B. A., & Yee, B. H. Incidence and severity of phlebitis in patients receiving peripherally infused amiodarone. Crit Care Nurse 2012;32(4):27-35. Doi: https://doi.org/10.4037/ccn2012139.
  • 13. Mihala G, Ray-Barruel G, Chopra V, Webster J, Wallis M, Marsh N, et al. Phlebitis signs and symptoms with peripheral intravenous catheters: Incidence and correlation study. J Infus Nurs 2018;41(4): 260–263. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/NAN.0000000000000288.
  • 14. Infusion Nurses Society. Infusion nursing standards of practice (The official publication of the Infusion Nurses Society). J Infus Nurs (2006);29(1 Suppl):1-92. Doi: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ 16429002.
  • 15. Infusion Nurses Society. Infusion Nursing Standards of Practice. (The official publication of the Infusion Nurses Society). J Infus Nurs 2011;34(1 Suppl): 1-110.
  • 16. Boyd S, Aggarwal I, Davey P, Logan M, Nathwani D. Peripheral intravenous catheters : The road to quality ımprovement and safer patient care. J Hosp Infec 2011;77(1):37–41. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2010.09.011.
  • 17. Cicolini G, Simonetti V, Comparcini D, Labeau S, Blot S, Pelusi G, Di Giovanni P. Nurses’ Knowledge of evidence-based guidelines on the prevention of peripheral venous catheter-related ınfections: A multicentre survey. J Clin Nurs 2014;23(17–18):2578–2588. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jocn.12474.
  • 18. Devries, M, Valentine M, Mancos P. Protected clinical ındication of peripheral ıntravenous lines: Successful implementation. J Assoc Vasc Access 2016;21(3):89-92. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.java.2016.03.001.
  • 19. Braga L M, Parreira P M, Oliveira A S S, Mónico L D S M, Arreguy-Sena C, Henriques M A. Phlebitis and infiltration: Vascular trauma associated with the peripheral venous catheter. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem 2018;26(2): 1–8. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1518-8345.2377.3002.
  • 20. Etemadi S. Investigating role of mechanical and chemical factors in the creation of peripheral vein in flammarion in hospitalization patients in hospital in Zahedan, Iran. Life Sci J 2013;10(1): 379–383.
  • 21. Ruchi S, Agnihotri M, Gupta A, Walia I. Epidemiology of infiltration and phlebitis. Nursing and Midwifery Research Journal [online] 2011;7(1): 22–33. URL: http://medind.nic.in/nad/t11/i1/nadt11i1p22.pdf. 28.09.2019.
  • 22. Erdoğan CB, Denat Y. Periferik ı̇ntravenöz kateter komplikasyonlarından flebit ve hemşirelik bakımı. J Hum Rhythm [online]. 2016;2(1):6-12. URL: http://dergipark.ulakbim.gov.tr/johr/article/view/5000183221/5000161983. 28.09.2019.
  • 23. Chalmers C, Straub M. Standard principles for preventing and controlling infection. Nurs Standart 2006;20(23): 57–65.
  • 24. Chang WP, Peng YX. Occurrence of phlebitis a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nurs Res 2018;67(3):252– 260.
  • 25. Wallis MC, McGrail M, Webster J, Marsh N, Gowardman J, Playford EG, Rickard CM. Risk factors for peripheral intravenous catheter failure: a multivariate analysis of data from a randomized controlled trial. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2014;35(1):63-8. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/674398.
  • 26. Do Rego Furtado, L. C. Incidence and predisposing factors of phlebitis in a surgery department. British Journal of Nursing, 2011;20(14):16-25. Doi: https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2011.20.Sup7.S16.
  • 27. Atay S, Sen S, and Cukurlu D. Phlebitis related peripheral venous catheterization and the associated risk factors. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2018;21(7): 827–831. Doi: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29984711.
  • 28. Türk Hastane İnfeksiyonları ve Kontrolü Derneği, Ulusal Damar Erı̇şı̇mı̇ Yönetı̇mı̇ Rehberı̇ (2019). Hastane İnfeksiyonları Dergisi. 2019; 23 (Ek 1): 1-54.
  • 29. Saini R, Agnihotri M, Gupta A, Walia I. Epidemiology of infiltration and phlebitis. Nursing and Midwifery Research Journal 2011; 7(1): 22-33.
  • 30. Buzatto L L, Massa G P, Peterlini M A S, Whitaker I Y. Factors associated with phlebitis in elderly patients with amiodarone intravenous infusion. Acta Paul Enferm 2016;29(3):260-266. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1982-0194201600037.
  • 31. Nyika, ML, Mukona D, Zvinavashe M. Factors contributing to phlebitis among adult patients admitted in the medical-surgical units of a central hospital in Harare, Zimbabwe. J Infus Nurs 2018;41(2):96–102.
  • 32. Webster, J., McGrail M, Marsh, N, Wallis, M.C., Ray-Barruel G, Rickard C M. Postinfusion phlebitis: Incidence and risk factors. Nursing Research and Practice 2015;691934:1-3. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/691934.
  • 33. Salgueiro-Oliveira A, Parreira P, Veiga P. Incidence of phlebitis in patients with peripheral ıntravenous catheters: The influence of some risk factors. Aust J Adv Nurs 2012;30(2): 32–39.
  • 34. Paşalıoğlu K B, Kaya H. Catheter indwell time and phlebitis development during peripheral intravenous catheter administration. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 2014;30(4):725-730.
  • 35. Mestre Roca G, Berbel Bertolo C, Tortajada Lopez P, Gallemi Samaranch G, Aguilar Ramirez M C, Caylà Buqueras J, et al. Assessing the influence of risk factors on rates and dynamics of peripheral vein phlebitis: An observational cohort study. Med Clin 2012;139(5):185-191. Doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medcli.2011.12.021.
  • 36. Aydın S, Arslan G G. Hemşirelerin periferal ı̇ntravenöz kateter girişimlerine ı̇lişkin bilgi düzeylerinin ı̇ncelenmesi. DEUHFED 2018;11(4):290-299.
  • 37. Sharp R, Cummings M, Fielder A, Mikocka-Walus A, Grech C, Esterman A. The catheter to vein ratio and rates of symptomatic venous thromboembolism in patients with a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC): a prospective cohort study. Int J Nurs Stud 2015;52:677-85.
  • 38. Chopra V, Ratz D, Kuhn L, Lopus T, Lee A, Krein S. Peripherally inserted central catheter-related deep vein thrombosis: contemporary patterns and predictors. J Thromb Haemost 2014;12:847-54.
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Hemşirelik
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Soner Berşe Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-9108-3216

Betül Tosun 0000-0002-4505-5887

Nuran Tosun 0000-0002-8414-8269

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Temmuz 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Berşe, S., Tosun, B., & Tosun, N. (2020). Periferik İntravenöz Katetere Bağlı Flebit Oranının ve Etkileyen Faktörlerin Değerlendirilmesi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 13(3), 160-169. https://doi.org/10.46483/deuhfed.605095

Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi ULAKBİM Türk Tıp Dizini, Türk Medline, Türkiye Atıf Dizini, Şubat 2021 tarihinden beri EBSCO Host ve 26 Ekim 2021 tarihinden itibaren DOAJ ve 18 Ocak 2022 tarihinden beri Index Copernicus tarafından indekslenmektedir.

349202.svg        14839           wp-logo.png          ici2.png           Scopus_logo.svg 

       

      

Creative Commons License
Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License ile lisanslanmıştır.