Complications and risks of orthodontic treatment

Gökçenur Gökçe

Derleme

Complications and risks of orthodontic treatment

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 38 - 51, 30.06.2021

Gökçenur Gökçe

Öz

Orthodontic treatment increases the quality of life of the patients by increasing mastication, phonation and facial aesthetics as well as providing proper dental and skeletal relationship. Although the possibility of harming the patient in orthodontic treatment is lower compared to other areas, there are some risks and complications. Undesirable local (coloration, root resorption, decalcification, periodontal complications) or systemic (allergic reactions, chronic fatigue syndrome) side effects may be observed as a result of the procedures applied during the treatment, the devices and materials used. The appliances used in fixed orthodontic treatment make it difficult for patients to continue their oral hygiene procedures and increase the possibility of demineralized areas on the tooth surfaces. Another common side effect of orthodontic treatment is root resorption due to force and tooth movement. In order to reduce the frequency and severity of complications related to orthodontic treatment, a special treatment plan should be made for each case and the characteristics of the patient should be taken into consideration during the treatment. Based on a review of the literature, the present article provides information about the risks and possible complications of orthodontic treatment.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Root resorption, Demineralisation, Complications

Kaynakça

1. Graber TM, Vanarsdall RL Jr. Orthodontics Currents Principles and Techniques. 2ª edición. St. Louis, Missouri. Ed Mosby-YearBook Inc. 1994:627-35.
2. DiBiase A. The timing of orthodontic treatment. Dent Update. 2002;29(9):434-41.
3. Shah AA, Sandler J. Limiting factors in orthodontic treatment: 1. Factors related to patient, operator and orthodontic appliances. Dent Update. 2006; 33:43-44, 46-48, 51-2.
4. Iglesias-Linares A, Yáñez-Vico RM, Solano-Reina E, Torres-Lagares D, González Moles MA. Influence of bisphosphonates in orthodontic therapy: Systematic review. J Dent. 2010;38:603-11.
5. Daniels AS, Seacat JD, Inglehart MR. Orthodontic treatment motivation and cooperation: a cross-sectional analysis of adolescent patients' and parents’ responses. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;136(6):780-7.
6. Atai Z, Atai M. Side Effects and Complications of Dental Materials on Oral Cavity. Am J Appl Sci. 2007;4(11):946-9.
7. Bentahar Z, Bourzgui F, Zertoubi M, EL Adioui-Joundy S, Morgan G. Dégradation électrochimique des matériaux métalliques utilisés en orthodontie. Int Orthod. 2005;3(5):5–17.
8. Graber T, Eliades T, Athanasiou AE. Risk Management in Orthodontics: Expers' Guide to Malpractice, Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc, Chicago. 2004.
9. Ellis PE, Benson PE. Potential Hazards of Orthodontic Treatment - What Your Patient Should Know. Dent Update. 2002;29(10):492-6.
10. Lau PY, Wong RWK. Risks and complications in orthodontic treatment. Hong Kong Dent J. 2006;3(1):15-22.
11. Bauss O, Röhling J, Sadat-Khonsari R, Kiliaridis S. Influence of orthodontic intrusion on pulpal vitality of previously traumatized maxillary permanent incisors. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;134(1):12-7.
12. Lill DJ, Lindauer SJ, Tüfekçi E, Shroff B. Importance of pumice prophylaxis for bonding with self-etch primer. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;133(3):423-6.
13. Øgaard B, Fjeld M. The Enamel Surface and Bonding in Orthodontics. Semin Orthod. 2010;16(1):37-48.
14. Hosein I, Sherriff M, Ireland AJ. Enamel loss during bonding, debonding, and cleanup with use of a self-etching primer. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2004;126(6):717-24.
15. Joseph VPRE. The shear bond strengths of stainless steel and ceramic brackets used with chemically and light activated composite resins. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 1990;97:121–5.
16. Azzeh E, Feldon PJ. Laser debonding of ceramic brackets: a comprehensive review. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2003;123:79–83.
17. Janiszewska-Olszowska J, Szatkiewicz T, Tomkowski R, Tandecka K, Grocholewicz K. Effect of orthodontic debonding and adhesive removal on the enamel - current knowledge and future perspectives-a systematic review. Med Sci Monit. 2014;20:1991–2001.
18. Baumann DF, Brauchli L, van Waes H. The influence of dental loupes on the quality of adhesive removal in orthodontic debonding. J Orofac Orthop. 2011;72:125-32.
19. Gwinnett AJ, Gorelick L. Microscopic evaluation of enamel after debonding: clinical application. Am J Orthod. 1977;71:651-65.
20. Ozer T, Basaran G, Kama JD. Surface roughness of the restored enamel after orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;137:368-74.
21. Choi RJ. Effectiveness of fluoride containing bonding resins in preventing demineralization of enamel during orthodontic treatment. Doctoral dissertation, University of Louisville 2012.
22. Al Maaitah EF, Adeyemi AA, Higham SM, Pender N, Harrison JE. Factors affecting demineralization during orthodontic treatment: a post-hoc analysis of RCT recruits. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2011;139(2):181-91.
23. Chapman JA, Roberts WE, Eckert GJ, Kula KS, González-Cabezas C. Risk factors for incidence and severity of white spot lesions during treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2010;138(2):188-94.
24. Staudt CB, Lussi A, Jacquet J, et al. White spot lesions around brackets:in vitro detection by laser fluorescence. Eur J Oral Sci. 2004;112:237-43.
25. Gorelick L, Geiger AM, Gwinnet AJ. Incidence of white spot formation after bonding and banding. Am J Orthod. 1982;81:93–8.
26. Boersma JG, van der Veen MH, Lagerweij MD, Bokhout B. Caries prevalence measured with QLF after treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances: influencing factors. Caries Res. 2005;39:41–7.
27. Shungin D, Olsson AI, Persson M. Orthodontic treatment-related white spot lesions: a 14-year prospective quantitative follow-up, including bonding material assessment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;138:136.e1-136.e8.
28. Demling A, Heuer W, Elter C, et al. Analysis of supra- and subgingival long-term biofilm formation on orthodontic bands. Eur J Orthod. 2009;31:202-6.
29. Farhadian N, Miresmaeili A, Eslami B, Mehrabi S. Effect of fluoride varnish on enamel demineralization around brackets: an in-vivo study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;133:95-8.
30. Klukowska M, Bader A, Erbe C, Bellamy P, White DJ, Anastasia MK, Wehrbein H. Plaque levels of patients with fixed orthodontic appliances measured by digital plaque image analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2011;139(5)463-70.
31. Heintz S, Georg P. Oral health for the orthodontic patients. Philadelphia: Mosby 1999. p.2-9.
32. Chang HS, Walsh LJ, Freer TJ. Enamel demineralization during orthodontic treatment. Aetiology and prevention. Aust Dent J. 1997;42(5):322-7.
33. Lundstrom F, Krasse B. Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli frequency in orthodontic patients: the effect of chlorhexidine treatments. Eur J Orthod. 1987;9:109–16.
34. Chatterjee R, Kleinberg I. Effect of orthodontic band placement on the chemical composition of human incisor plaque. Arch Oral Biol. 1979;24:97-100.
35. Jabłońska-Zrobek J, Śmiech-Słomkowska G. Ryzyko próchnicy podczas leczenia ortodontycznego aparatem stałym. Czas Stomat. 2005;58(7):514-9.
36. Zarzycka-Kogut K, Pucek M, Szymańska J. Orthodontic treatment–complications and preventive measures. Polish J Public Health. 2014;124(2):103-6.
37. Mitchell L. Decalcification during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances – an overview. Br J Orthod. 1992;19:199-205.
38. Øgaard B, Larsson E, Glans R, Henriksson T, Birkhed D. Antimicrobial effect of a chlorhexidine-thymol varnish (Cervitec) in orthodontic patients. A prospective, randomized clinical trial. J Orofac Orthop. 1997;58:206-13.
39. Demito CF, Vivaldi-Rodrigues G, Ramos AL, Bowman SJ. The efficacy of a fluoride varnish in reducing enamel demineralization adjacent to orthodontic brackets: an in vitro study. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2004;7:205-10.
40. Donly KJ, Istre S, Istre T. In vitro enamel remineralization at orthodontic band margins cemented with glass ionomer cement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1995;107:461-4.
41. Tezel H, Ergucu Z, Onal B. Effects of topical fluoride agents on artificial enamel lesion formation in vitro. Quintessence Int. 2002;33:347-52.
42. Chadwick BL, Roy J, Knox J, Treasure ET. The effect of topical fluorides on decalcification in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances: a systematic review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005;128:601-6.
43. Behnan SM, Arruda AO, Gonzalez-Cabezas C, Sohn W, Peters MC. In-vitro evaluation of various treatments to prevent demineralization next to orthodontic brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;138:712el-712e7.
44. Benson PE, Parkin N, Millett DT, Dyer FE, Vine S, Shah A. Fluorides for the prevention of white spots on teeth during fixed brace treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;3:CD003809.
45. Paschos E et al. Effect of different bonding agents on prevention of enamel demineralization around orthodontic brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;135:603-12.
46. Preoteasa CT, Nabil Sultan A, Popa L, Ionescu E, Iosif L, Ghica MV, Preoteasa E. Wettability of some dental materials. Optoelectron Adv Mater. 2011;5(8):874-8.
47. Faltermeier A, Rosentritt M, Reicheneder C, Behr M. Discolouration of orthodontic adhesives caused by food dyes and ultraviolet light. Eur J of Orthod. 2008;30(1):89-93.
48. Segal GR, Schiffman PH, Tuncay OC. Meta analysis of the treatment-related factors of external apical root resorption. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2004;7(2):71-8.
49. Lopatiene K, Dumbravaite A. Risk factors of root resorption after orthodontic treatment. Stomatologija. 2008;10(3):89-95.
50. Kalkwarf KL, Krejci RF, Pao YC. Effect of apical root resorption on periodontal support. J Prosthet Dent. 1986;56(3):317-9.
51. Bourzgui F, Sebbar M, Abidine Z, Bantahar Z: Management of dental impaction in Bourzgui F. Orthodontics-Basic aspects and Clinical Conciserations. InTech. 2012, 219-47.
52. Bastos Lages EM, Drummond AF, Pretti H, Costa FO, Lages EJ, Gontijo AI, Miranda Cota LO et al. Association of functional gene polymorphism IL-1beta in patients with external apical root resorption. . Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;136(4):542-6.
53. Årtun J, Van 't Hullenaar R, Doppel D, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM. Identification of orthodontic patients at risk of severe apical root resorption. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;135(4):448-55.
54. Smale I, Artun J, Behbehani F, Doppel D, van't Hof M, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM. Apical root resorption 6 months after initiation of fixed orthodontic appliance therapy. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005;128:57-67.
55. Brezniak N, Wasserstein A. Orthodontically Induced Inflammatory Root Resorption. Part I: The Basic Science Aspects. Angle Orthod. 2002;72(2):175-9.
56. Apajalahti S, Peltola JS. Apical root resorption after orthodontic treatment - a retrospective study. Eur J Orthod. 2007;29(4):408-12. 99-406.
57. Weltman B, Vig KW, Fields HW, Shanker S, Kaizar EE. Root resorption associated with orthodontic tooth movement: A Systematic Review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;137(4):462-76.
58. Kouraki E, Bissada NF, Palomo JM, Ficara AJ. Gingival enlargement and resolution during and after orthodontic treatment. N Y State Dent J. 2005;71(4):34-7.
59. Bourzgui F, Sebbar M, Nadour A, Hamza M. Prevalence of temporomandibular dysfunction in orthodontic treatment. Int Orthod. 2010;8(4):386-98.
60. Gebeile-Chauty S, Robin O, Messaoudi Y, Aknin JJ. Can orthodontic treatment generate temporomandibular disorders and pain? A review Orthod Fr. 2010;81:85-93.
61. Leite LP, Bell RA. Adverse Hypersensitivity Reactions in Orthodontics. Semin Orthod. 2004;10(4):240-3.
62. Kolokitha OE, Chatzistavrou E. Allergic reactions to nickel-containing orthodontic appliances: clinical signs and treatment alternatives. World J Orthod. 2008;9(4):399-406.

Ortodontik tedavinin komplikasyonları ve riskleri

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 38 - 51, 30.06.2021

Gökçenur Gökçe

Öz

Ortodontik tedavi, düzgün dental ve iskeletsel ilişkinin sağlanmasının yanısıra, çiğneme, fonasyon ve yüz estetiğini arttırarak bireyin yaşam kalitesini de arttırmaktadır. Ortodontik tedavide hastaya zarar verme olasılığı diğer alanlara göre düşük de olsa, bazı riskleri ve komplikasyonları bulunmaktadır. Tedavi sırasında uygulanan prosedürler, kullanılan aletler ve materyaller sonucunda istenmeyen lokal (renklenme, kök rezorpsiyonu, dekalsifikasyon, periodontal komplikasyonlar) veya sistemik (alerjik reaksiyonlar, kronik yorgunluk sendromu) yan etkiler gözlenebilir. Sabit ortodontik tedavide kullanılan apareyler, hastaların oral hijyen prosedürlerini devam ettirmesini zorlaştırmakta ve bu hastalarda diş yüzeylerinde demineralize alanların görülme olasılığını arttırmaktadır. Ortodontik tedavinin sık görülen diğer bir yan etkisi de, kuvvete ve diş hareketine bağlı gelişen kök rezorpsiyonudur. Ortodontik tedaviye bağlı komplikasyonların sıklığını ve şiddetini azaltabilmek için her vakaya özel tedavi planı yapılmalı ve tedavi uygulanırken hastaya ait özellikler göz önünde bulundurulmalıdır. Literatür taramasına dayanarak, bu makale ortodontik tedavinin riskleri ve olası komplikasyonları hakkında bilgi vermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kök rezorpsiyonu, Demineralizasyon, Komplikasyonlar

Kaynakça

1. Graber TM, Vanarsdall RL Jr. Orthodontics Currents Principles and Techniques. 2ª edición. St. Louis, Missouri. Ed Mosby-YearBook Inc. 1994:627-35.
2. DiBiase A. The timing of orthodontic treatment. Dent Update. 2002;29(9):434-41.
3. Shah AA, Sandler J. Limiting factors in orthodontic treatment: 1. Factors related to patient, operator and orthodontic appliances. Dent Update. 2006; 33:43-44, 46-48, 51-2.
4. Iglesias-Linares A, Yáñez-Vico RM, Solano-Reina E, Torres-Lagares D, González Moles MA. Influence of bisphosphonates in orthodontic therapy: Systematic review. J Dent. 2010;38:603-11.
5. Daniels AS, Seacat JD, Inglehart MR. Orthodontic treatment motivation and cooperation: a cross-sectional analysis of adolescent patients' and parents’ responses. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;136(6):780-7.
6. Atai Z, Atai M. Side Effects and Complications of Dental Materials on Oral Cavity. Am J Appl Sci. 2007;4(11):946-9.
7. Bentahar Z, Bourzgui F, Zertoubi M, EL Adioui-Joundy S, Morgan G. Dégradation électrochimique des matériaux métalliques utilisés en orthodontie. Int Orthod. 2005;3(5):5–17.
8. Graber T, Eliades T, Athanasiou AE. Risk Management in Orthodontics: Expers' Guide to Malpractice, Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc, Chicago. 2004.
9. Ellis PE, Benson PE. Potential Hazards of Orthodontic Treatment - What Your Patient Should Know. Dent Update. 2002;29(10):492-6.
10. Lau PY, Wong RWK. Risks and complications in orthodontic treatment. Hong Kong Dent J. 2006;3(1):15-22.
11. Bauss O, Röhling J, Sadat-Khonsari R, Kiliaridis S. Influence of orthodontic intrusion on pulpal vitality of previously traumatized maxillary permanent incisors. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;134(1):12-7.
12. Lill DJ, Lindauer SJ, Tüfekçi E, Shroff B. Importance of pumice prophylaxis for bonding with self-etch primer. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;133(3):423-6.
13. Øgaard B, Fjeld M. The Enamel Surface and Bonding in Orthodontics. Semin Orthod. 2010;16(1):37-48.
14. Hosein I, Sherriff M, Ireland AJ. Enamel loss during bonding, debonding, and cleanup with use of a self-etching primer. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2004;126(6):717-24.
15. Joseph VPRE. The shear bond strengths of stainless steel and ceramic brackets used with chemically and light activated composite resins. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 1990;97:121–5.
16. Azzeh E, Feldon PJ. Laser debonding of ceramic brackets: a comprehensive review. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2003;123:79–83.
17. Janiszewska-Olszowska J, Szatkiewicz T, Tomkowski R, Tandecka K, Grocholewicz K. Effect of orthodontic debonding and adhesive removal on the enamel - current knowledge and future perspectives-a systematic review. Med Sci Monit. 2014;20:1991–2001.
18. Baumann DF, Brauchli L, van Waes H. The influence of dental loupes on the quality of adhesive removal in orthodontic debonding. J Orofac Orthop. 2011;72:125-32.
19. Gwinnett AJ, Gorelick L. Microscopic evaluation of enamel after debonding: clinical application. Am J Orthod. 1977;71:651-65.
20. Ozer T, Basaran G, Kama JD. Surface roughness of the restored enamel after orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;137:368-74.
21. Choi RJ. Effectiveness of fluoride containing bonding resins in preventing demineralization of enamel during orthodontic treatment. Doctoral dissertation, University of Louisville 2012.
22. Al Maaitah EF, Adeyemi AA, Higham SM, Pender N, Harrison JE. Factors affecting demineralization during orthodontic treatment: a post-hoc analysis of RCT recruits. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2011;139(2):181-91.
23. Chapman JA, Roberts WE, Eckert GJ, Kula KS, González-Cabezas C. Risk factors for incidence and severity of white spot lesions during treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2010;138(2):188-94.
24. Staudt CB, Lussi A, Jacquet J, et al. White spot lesions around brackets:in vitro detection by laser fluorescence. Eur J Oral Sci. 2004;112:237-43.
25. Gorelick L, Geiger AM, Gwinnet AJ. Incidence of white spot formation after bonding and banding. Am J Orthod. 1982;81:93–8.
26. Boersma JG, van der Veen MH, Lagerweij MD, Bokhout B. Caries prevalence measured with QLF after treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances: influencing factors. Caries Res. 2005;39:41–7.
27. Shungin D, Olsson AI, Persson M. Orthodontic treatment-related white spot lesions: a 14-year prospective quantitative follow-up, including bonding material assessment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;138:136.e1-136.e8.
28. Demling A, Heuer W, Elter C, et al. Analysis of supra- and subgingival long-term biofilm formation on orthodontic bands. Eur J Orthod. 2009;31:202-6.
29. Farhadian N, Miresmaeili A, Eslami B, Mehrabi S. Effect of fluoride varnish on enamel demineralization around brackets: an in-vivo study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;133:95-8.
30. Klukowska M, Bader A, Erbe C, Bellamy P, White DJ, Anastasia MK, Wehrbein H. Plaque levels of patients with fixed orthodontic appliances measured by digital plaque image analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2011;139(5)463-70.
31. Heintz S, Georg P. Oral health for the orthodontic patients. Philadelphia: Mosby 1999. p.2-9.
32. Chang HS, Walsh LJ, Freer TJ. Enamel demineralization during orthodontic treatment. Aetiology and prevention. Aust Dent J. 1997;42(5):322-7.
33. Lundstrom F, Krasse B. Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli frequency in orthodontic patients: the effect of chlorhexidine treatments. Eur J Orthod. 1987;9:109–16.
34. Chatterjee R, Kleinberg I. Effect of orthodontic band placement on the chemical composition of human incisor plaque. Arch Oral Biol. 1979;24:97-100.
35. Jabłońska-Zrobek J, Śmiech-Słomkowska G. Ryzyko próchnicy podczas leczenia ortodontycznego aparatem stałym. Czas Stomat. 2005;58(7):514-9.
36. Zarzycka-Kogut K, Pucek M, Szymańska J. Orthodontic treatment–complications and preventive measures. Polish J Public Health. 2014;124(2):103-6.
37. Mitchell L. Decalcification during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances – an overview. Br J Orthod. 1992;19:199-205.
38. Øgaard B, Larsson E, Glans R, Henriksson T, Birkhed D. Antimicrobial effect of a chlorhexidine-thymol varnish (Cervitec) in orthodontic patients. A prospective, randomized clinical trial. J Orofac Orthop. 1997;58:206-13.
39. Demito CF, Vivaldi-Rodrigues G, Ramos AL, Bowman SJ. The efficacy of a fluoride varnish in reducing enamel demineralization adjacent to orthodontic brackets: an in vitro study. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2004;7:205-10.
40. Donly KJ, Istre S, Istre T. In vitro enamel remineralization at orthodontic band margins cemented with glass ionomer cement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1995;107:461-4.
41. Tezel H, Ergucu Z, Onal B. Effects of topical fluoride agents on artificial enamel lesion formation in vitro. Quintessence Int. 2002;33:347-52.
42. Chadwick BL, Roy J, Knox J, Treasure ET. The effect of topical fluorides on decalcification in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances: a systematic review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005;128:601-6.
43. Behnan SM, Arruda AO, Gonzalez-Cabezas C, Sohn W, Peters MC. In-vitro evaluation of various treatments to prevent demineralization next to orthodontic brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;138:712el-712e7.
44. Benson PE, Parkin N, Millett DT, Dyer FE, Vine S, Shah A. Fluorides for the prevention of white spots on teeth during fixed brace treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;3:CD003809.
45. Paschos E et al. Effect of different bonding agents on prevention of enamel demineralization around orthodontic brackets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;135:603-12.
46. Preoteasa CT, Nabil Sultan A, Popa L, Ionescu E, Iosif L, Ghica MV, Preoteasa E. Wettability of some dental materials. Optoelectron Adv Mater. 2011;5(8):874-8.
47. Faltermeier A, Rosentritt M, Reicheneder C, Behr M. Discolouration of orthodontic adhesives caused by food dyes and ultraviolet light. Eur J of Orthod. 2008;30(1):89-93.
48. Segal GR, Schiffman PH, Tuncay OC. Meta analysis of the treatment-related factors of external apical root resorption. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2004;7(2):71-8.
49. Lopatiene K, Dumbravaite A. Risk factors of root resorption after orthodontic treatment. Stomatologija. 2008;10(3):89-95.
50. Kalkwarf KL, Krejci RF, Pao YC. Effect of apical root resorption on periodontal support. J Prosthet Dent. 1986;56(3):317-9.
51. Bourzgui F, Sebbar M, Abidine Z, Bantahar Z: Management of dental impaction in Bourzgui F. Orthodontics-Basic aspects and Clinical Conciserations. InTech. 2012, 219-47.
52. Bastos Lages EM, Drummond AF, Pretti H, Costa FO, Lages EJ, Gontijo AI, Miranda Cota LO et al. Association of functional gene polymorphism IL-1beta in patients with external apical root resorption. . Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;136(4):542-6.
53. Årtun J, Van 't Hullenaar R, Doppel D, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM. Identification of orthodontic patients at risk of severe apical root resorption. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2009;135(4):448-55.
54. Smale I, Artun J, Behbehani F, Doppel D, van't Hof M, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM. Apical root resorption 6 months after initiation of fixed orthodontic appliance therapy. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005;128:57-67.
55. Brezniak N, Wasserstein A. Orthodontically Induced Inflammatory Root Resorption. Part I: The Basic Science Aspects. Angle Orthod. 2002;72(2):175-9.
56. Apajalahti S, Peltola JS. Apical root resorption after orthodontic treatment - a retrospective study. Eur J Orthod. 2007;29(4):408-12. 99-406.
57. Weltman B, Vig KW, Fields HW, Shanker S, Kaizar EE. Root resorption associated with orthodontic tooth movement: A Systematic Review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;137(4):462-76.
58. Kouraki E, Bissada NF, Palomo JM, Ficara AJ. Gingival enlargement and resolution during and after orthodontic treatment. N Y State Dent J. 2005;71(4):34-7.
59. Bourzgui F, Sebbar M, Nadour A, Hamza M. Prevalence of temporomandibular dysfunction in orthodontic treatment. Int Orthod. 2010;8(4):386-98.
60. Gebeile-Chauty S, Robin O, Messaoudi Y, Aknin JJ. Can orthodontic treatment generate temporomandibular disorders and pain? A review Orthod Fr. 2010;81:85-93.
61. Leite LP, Bell RA. Adverse Hypersensitivity Reactions in Orthodontics. Semin Orthod. 2004;10(4):240-3.
62. Kolokitha OE, Chatzistavrou E. Allergic reactions to nickel-containing orthodontic appliances: clinical signs and treatment alternatives. World J Orthod. 2008;9(4):399-406.

Toplam 62 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	İngilizce
Konular	Diş Hekimliği
Bölüm	Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
Yazarlar	Gökçenur Gökçe 0000-0003-2121-0552
Yayımlanma Tarihi	30 Haziran 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi	6 Nisan 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2021 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver	Gökçe G. Complications and risks of orthodontic treatment. Dent & Med J - R. 2021;3(2):38-51.

Kapak Resmi İndir

Makale Dosyaları

Tam Metin

"Dünyada herşey için, medeniyet için, hayat için, başarı için en gerçek yol gösterici ilimdir, fendir. İlim ve fennin dışında yol gösterici aramak gaflettir, cahilliktir, doğru yoldan sapmaktır. Yalnız ilmin ve fenin yaşadığımız her dakikadaki safhalarının gelişimini anlamak ve ilerlemeleri zamanında takip etmek şarttır. Bin, iki bin, binlerce yıl önceki ilim ve fen lisanının koyduğu kuralları, şu kadar bin yıl sonra bugün aynen uygulamaya kalkışmak elbette ilim ve fennin içinde bulunmak değildir."

M. Kemal ATATÜRK