COVID-19’UN TOPLUMDA YAYILIMINI ÖNLEMEYE YÖNELİK İLAÇ DIŞI HALK SAĞLIĞI ÖNLEMLERİ

Emin Erkal; Ayşe Ses; Saliha Aydın; Deniz Çalışkan

doi:10.35232/estudamhsd.765195

Derleme

COVID-19’UN TOPLUMDA YAYILIMINI ÖNLEMEYE YÖNELİK İLAÇ DIŞI HALK SAĞLIĞI ÖNLEMLERİ

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 5 - COVID-19 Özel Sayısı, 79 - 95, 28.09.2020

Emin Erkal Ayşe Ses Saliha Aydın Deniz Çalışkan

https://doi.org/10.35232/estudamhsd.765195

Cited By: 7

Öz

COVID-19'u tedavi etmek veya önlemek için etkili spesifik ilaç veya aşı olmadığı için halk sağlığı önlemleri salgına yanıt vermenin tek yoludur. Hastalığın yayılmasını kontrol etmek ve kontrol önlemlerinin sürekli uygulanmasını sağlamak için etkili şekilde sürveyansın yapılması kritik önem taşımaktadır. Halk sağlığı önlemlerinden özellikle el ve solunum hijyeni, sosyal mesafenin uygulanması, izolasyon, karantina; solunum hastalıklarının yavaş bulaşması ve sağlık kuruluşlarının bu hastalıklarla daha iyi başa çıkabilmesi için önemlidir. Sosyal mesafe, özellikle toplum yayılımının gerçekleştiği, ancak vakalar arasındaki bağlantıların belirsiz olduğu durumlarda yararlıdır. Mesafe uzadıkça bulaşın azaldığı, maske kullanımının hem sağlık çalışanları için hem de toplumda etkene maruz kalan insanlar için koruyucu olduğu gösterilmiştir. Yapılan çalışmalarda ikinci bir dalgadan korunmak için toplum bağışıklığının henüz yetersiz olması nedeniyle alınan halk sağlığı önlemlerinin devam etmesi gerektiğinin göstergesidir. Sürecin uzaması bireylerde önlemlere uyumda azalmaya ve uyum yorgunluğuna da neden olabilir. Salgının kontrol alınmasıyla politika yapıcılar sağlık sistemi kapasitesinin aşılmadan, halk sağlığı önlemleri ile kontrollü sosyal yaşamı benimsemektedir.
Sonuç olarak; COVID-19 salgını kontrolü için en önemli basamak olan halk sağlığı önlemlerin sürekliliği toplumun sosyokültürel yapısı göz önüne alınarak sağlanmalıdır. Önlemlerin uygulanabilir olması, bireysel uyum için ekonomik altyapının sağlanması, salgın başından itibaren her ülkenin sürveyans kapasitesini önemli düzeyde artırması gereklidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

COVID-19, ilaç dışı halk sağlığı önlemleri, toplum yayılımı, önlemlere uyum

Kaynakça

1. World Health Organization. COVID-19 situation reports [cited 2020 July 22];Available from: http:////www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports
2. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. T.C Sağlık Bakanlığı Korona Tablosu [Internet]. [Erişim Tarihi: 2Temmuz 2020]. Erişim Adresi: https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/
3. Wei WE, Li Z, Chiew CJ, Yong SE, Toh MP, Lee VJ. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Presymptomatic Transmission of SARS-CoV-2-Singapore [cited 2020 July 03];Available from: http:////www.cdc.gov/mmwr
4. Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel Coronavirus-infected pneumonia. N. Engl. J. Med. 2020;382:1199–207.
5. Guan W-J, Ni Z-Y, Hu Y, Liang W-H, Ou C-Q, He J-X, et al. Clinical characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in China. bioRxiv2020;Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.06.20020974
6. COVID-19 strategy update - 14 April 2020. Who.int [cited 2020 July 03]; Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/covid-19-strategy-update---14-april-2020.
7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clinical Questions about COVID-19: Questions and Answers | CDC Cdc.gov2020 [cited 2020 July 03]; Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/faq.html
8. Harvard Medical School. If you’ve been exposed to the coronavirus - Harvard Health Harvard.edu [cited 2020 July 24];Available from: http://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/if-youve-been-exposed-to-the-coronavirus
9. Li L-Q, Huang T, Wang Y-Q, Wang Z-P, Liang Y, Huang T-B, et al. COVID-19 patients’ clinical characteristics, discharge rate, and fatality rate of meta-analysis. J. Med. Virol. 2020;92:577–83.
10. Cetron M, Landwirth J. Public health and ethical considerations in planning for quarantine. Yale J. Biol. Med. 2005;78:329–34.
11. Wilder-Smith A, Freedman DO. Isolation, quarantine, social distancing and community containment: pivotal role for old-style public health measures in the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak. J. Travel Med. [Internet] 2020;27. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa020
12. World Health Organization. Surveillance strategies for COVID-19 human infection. 2020;(May). [cited 2020 June 24]; Available from: https://www.who.int/docs/defaultsource/coronaviruse/risk-comms-updates/update-29-surveillance-strategies-for-covid-19-human-infection.pdf?sfvrsn=3c2cab92_2
13. World Health Organization | Emergency use ICD codes for COVID-19 disease outbreak [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 June 24];Available from: https://www.who.int/classifications/icd/covid19/en/
14. Center for Health Statistics N. Cdc.gov [cited 2020 June 24]; Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvss/coronavirus/Alert-2-New-ICD-code-introduced-for-COVID-19-deaths.pdf?fbclid=IwAR1rrzMWuyQUtPeBpcCDq09GYnAbxJppO18SpCOPvQDje7Z59OMf1Rz4Upc.
15. COVID -19 Klinik Kodlama Kuralı. [cited 2020 June 24]; Available from: http:////dosyamerkez.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/37033,covid19-klinik-kodlamatrpdf.pdf?0
16. Ferguson NM, Laydon D, Nedjati-Gilani G, Imai N, Ainslie K, Baguelin M, et al. Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID-19 mortality and healthcare demand. [cited 2020 May 17]; Available from: https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/medicine/sph/ide/gida-fellowships/Imperial-College-COVID19-NPI-modelling-16-03-2020.pdf.
17. Wilder-Smith A, Chiew CJ, Lee VJ. Can we contain the COVID-19 outbreak with the same measures as for SARS? Lancet Infect. Dis. 2020;20:e102–7.
18. World Health Organization. Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019. Who.int [cited 2020 May 17];Available from: http://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-chinajointmission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf
19. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. Pandemik Influenza ulusal hazirlik plani. [cited 2020 May 17];Available from: http://www.grip.gov.tr/depo/saglik-calisanlari/ulusal_pandemi_plani.pdf
20. Gold NA, Avva U. Alcohol Sanitizer [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; 2018 [cited 2020 June 3]; Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30020626
21. World Health Organization. Advice for public. [cited 2020 May 16];Available from: http://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public
22. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. COVID-19 Salgin Yönetimi ve Çalişma Rehberi. [cited 2020 May 16];Available from: https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/TR-66393/covid-19-salgin-yonetimi-ve-calisma-rehberi.html
23. World Health Organization.Strengthening Preparedness for COVID-19 in Cities and Urban Settings. [cited 2020 May 16];Available from: http://www.who.int/publications-detail/strengthening-preparedness-for-covid-19-in-cities-and-urban-settings
24. Hasan SS, Kow CS, Zaidi STR. Social distancing and the use of PPE by community pharmacy personnel: Does evidence support these measures? Res. Social Adm. Pharm. [Internet] 2020;Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.04.033
25. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. How to Protect Yourself & Others. [cited 2020 June 3];Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/prevention.html
26. Chu DK, Akl EA, Duda S, Solo K, Yaacoub S, Schünemann HJ, et al. Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2020;395:1973–87.
27. Organización Mundial de la Salud. Advice on the use of masks in the context of COVID-19: interim guidance-2. Guía Interna la OMS [Internet]. 2020;(April):1–5. Erişim Adresi: https://www.who.int/docs/default-
28. Chinese CDC. COVID-19 Prevention and Control. [cited 2020 June 3]; Available from: http://www.who.int/docs/default-
29. Mahase E. Covid-19: What is the evidence for cloth masks? BMJ 2020;369:m1422.
30. World Health Organization. Advice on the use of masks in the community, during home care and in healthcare settings in the context of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. [cited 2020 June 3]; Available from: http://www.who.int/publications-detail/advice-on-the-use-of-masks-in-the-community-during-home-care-and-in-healthcare-settings-inthe-context-of-the-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)-outbreak.
31. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 ENFEKSİYONU) Temaslı Takibi, Salgın Yönetimi, Evde Hasta İzlemi ve Filyasyon. [cited 2020 June 3]; Available from: https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/TR-66339/temaslitakibi-salgin-yonetimi-evde-hasta-izlemi-ve-filyasyon.html
32. Australian Government Department of Health. Coronavirus disease Home isolation guidance when unwell (suspected or confirmed cases). [cited 2020 June 3]; Available from: http://www.health.gov.au/ sites/default/files/documents/2020/03/coronavirus-covid-19-information-about-home-isolation-when-unwellsuspected-or-confirmed-cases.pdf
33. World Health Organization. Considerations for quarantine of individuals in the context of containment for coronavirus disease (COVID-19). [cited 2020 June 3]; Available from: http://www.who.int/publications/i/item/considerations-for-quarantine-of-individuals-in-the-context-of-containment-for-coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)
34. Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet 2020;395:912–20.
35. Turk PJ, Chou S-H, Kowalkowski MA, Palmer PP, Priem JS, Spencer MD, et al. Modeling COVID-19 latent prevalence to assess a public health intervention at a state and regional scale. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.14.20063420
36. Flaxman S, Mishra S, Gandy A, Unwin H, Coupland H, Mellan T, et al. Report 13: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 in 11 European countries. [cited 2020 June 3];Available from: https://www.imperial.ac.uk/mrc-global-infectious-disease-analysis/covid-19/report-13-europe-npi-impact/ Imperial College London;2020.
37. Arslan S, Ozdemir MY, Ucar A. Nowcasting and forecasting the spread of COVID-19 and healthcare demand in Turkey, A modelling study. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.13.20063305
38. Mandal S, Bhatnagar T, Arinaminpathy N, Agarwal A, Chowdhury A, Murhekar M, et al. Prudent public health intervention strategies to control the coronavirus disease 2019 transmission in India: A mathematical model-based approach. Indian J. Med. Res. 2020;151:190–9.
39. Tuite AR, Fisman DN, Greer AL. Mathematical modelling of COVID-19 transmission and mitigation strategies in the population of Ontario, Canada. CMAJ 2020;192:E497–505.
40. Di Domenico L, Pullano G, Sabbatini CE, Boëlle P-Y, Colizza V. Expected impact of reopening schools after lockdown on COVID-19 epidemic in Île-de-France. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.08.20095521
41. Stedman M, Davies M, Lunt M, Verma A, Anderson SG, Heald AH. A phased approach to unlocking during the COVID-19 pandemic-Lessons from trend analysis. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 2020;74:e13528.
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NON-PHARMACEUTICAL PUBLIC HEALTH MEASURES TO PREVENT THE TRANSMISSION OF COVID-19 IN COMMUNITY

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 5 - COVID-19 Özel Sayısı, 79 - 95, 28.09.2020

Emin Erkal Ayşe Ses Saliha Aydın Deniz Çalışkan

https://doi.org/10.35232/estudamhsd.765195

Cited By: 7

Öz

Non-pharmaceutical public health measures are the only way to respond to the epidemic as there are no specific drugs or vaccines to treat or prevent COVID-19. Effective surveillance is critical to control the spread of the disease and to ensure continuous implementation of control measures. Among the public health measures, especially hand and respiratory hygiene, implementation of social distance, isolation, quarantine; It is important for the slow transmission of respiratory diseases and health institutions to deal with these diseases better. Social distance is especially useful in cases where community spread occurs, but the links between cases are uncertain. It has been shown that the transmission decreases as the distance gets longer, and the use of masks is protective for both healthcare workers and people who are exposed to factors in society. It is an indication that the public health measures taken due to the lack of community immunity are required to be protected from a second wave in studies. The prolongation of the process may also lead to decreased compliance and compliance fatigue in individuals. With the control of the outbreak, policymakers adopt controlled social life with public health measures, without exceeding their health system capacity. As a result; The continuity of public health measures, which is the most important step for COVID-19 outbreak control, should be ensured by considering the sociocultural structure of the society. Measures need to be viable, provide economic infrastructure for individual adaptation, and significantly increase the surveillance capacity of each country from the outbreak.

Anahtar Kelimeler

COVID-19, non-pharmaceutical public health measures, community transmission, compliance measures

Kaynakça

1. World Health Organization. COVID-19 situation reports [cited 2020 July 22];Available from: http:////www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports
2. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. T.C Sağlık Bakanlığı Korona Tablosu [Internet]. [Erişim Tarihi: 2Temmuz 2020]. Erişim Adresi: https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/
3. Wei WE, Li Z, Chiew CJ, Yong SE, Toh MP, Lee VJ. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Presymptomatic Transmission of SARS-CoV-2-Singapore [cited 2020 July 03];Available from: http:////www.cdc.gov/mmwr
4. Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, Wang X, Zhou L, Tong Y, et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel Coronavirus-infected pneumonia. N. Engl. J. Med. 2020;382:1199–207.
5. Guan W-J, Ni Z-Y, Hu Y, Liang W-H, Ou C-Q, He J-X, et al. Clinical characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in China. bioRxiv2020;Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.06.20020974
6. COVID-19 strategy update - 14 April 2020. Who.int [cited 2020 July 03]; Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/covid-19-strategy-update---14-april-2020.
7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clinical Questions about COVID-19: Questions and Answers | CDC Cdc.gov2020 [cited 2020 July 03]; Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/faq.html
8. Harvard Medical School. If you’ve been exposed to the coronavirus - Harvard Health Harvard.edu [cited 2020 July 24];Available from: http://www.health.harvard.edu/diseases-and-conditions/if-youve-been-exposed-to-the-coronavirus
9. Li L-Q, Huang T, Wang Y-Q, Wang Z-P, Liang Y, Huang T-B, et al. COVID-19 patients’ clinical characteristics, discharge rate, and fatality rate of meta-analysis. J. Med. Virol. 2020;92:577–83.
10. Cetron M, Landwirth J. Public health and ethical considerations in planning for quarantine. Yale J. Biol. Med. 2005;78:329–34.
11. Wilder-Smith A, Freedman DO. Isolation, quarantine, social distancing and community containment: pivotal role for old-style public health measures in the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak. J. Travel Med. [Internet] 2020;27. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa020
12. World Health Organization. Surveillance strategies for COVID-19 human infection. 2020;(May). [cited 2020 June 24]; Available from: https://www.who.int/docs/defaultsource/coronaviruse/risk-comms-updates/update-29-surveillance-strategies-for-covid-19-human-infection.pdf?sfvrsn=3c2cab92_2
13. World Health Organization | Emergency use ICD codes for COVID-19 disease outbreak [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2020 June 24];Available from: https://www.who.int/classifications/icd/covid19/en/
14. Center for Health Statistics N. Cdc.gov [cited 2020 June 24]; Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvss/coronavirus/Alert-2-New-ICD-code-introduced-for-COVID-19-deaths.pdf?fbclid=IwAR1rrzMWuyQUtPeBpcCDq09GYnAbxJppO18SpCOPvQDje7Z59OMf1Rz4Upc.
15. COVID -19 Klinik Kodlama Kuralı. [cited 2020 June 24]; Available from: http:////dosyamerkez.saglik.gov.tr/Eklenti/37033,covid19-klinik-kodlamatrpdf.pdf?0
16. Ferguson NM, Laydon D, Nedjati-Gilani G, Imai N, Ainslie K, Baguelin M, et al. Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID-19 mortality and healthcare demand. [cited 2020 May 17]; Available from: https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/medicine/sph/ide/gida-fellowships/Imperial-College-COVID19-NPI-modelling-16-03-2020.pdf.
17. Wilder-Smith A, Chiew CJ, Lee VJ. Can we contain the COVID-19 outbreak with the same measures as for SARS? Lancet Infect. Dis. 2020;20:e102–7.
18. World Health Organization. Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019. Who.int [cited 2020 May 17];Available from: http://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-chinajointmission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf
19. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. Pandemik Influenza ulusal hazirlik plani. [cited 2020 May 17];Available from: http://www.grip.gov.tr/depo/saglik-calisanlari/ulusal_pandemi_plani.pdf
20. Gold NA, Avva U. Alcohol Sanitizer [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; 2018 [cited 2020 June 3]; Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30020626
21. World Health Organization. Advice for public. [cited 2020 May 16];Available from: http://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public
22. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. COVID-19 Salgin Yönetimi ve Çalişma Rehberi. [cited 2020 May 16];Available from: https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/TR-66393/covid-19-salgin-yonetimi-ve-calisma-rehberi.html
23. World Health Organization.Strengthening Preparedness for COVID-19 in Cities and Urban Settings. [cited 2020 May 16];Available from: http://www.who.int/publications-detail/strengthening-preparedness-for-covid-19-in-cities-and-urban-settings
24. Hasan SS, Kow CS, Zaidi STR. Social distancing and the use of PPE by community pharmacy personnel: Does evidence support these measures? Res. Social Adm. Pharm. [Internet] 2020;Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.04.033
25. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. How to Protect Yourself & Others. [cited 2020 June 3];Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/prevention.html
26. Chu DK, Akl EA, Duda S, Solo K, Yaacoub S, Schünemann HJ, et al. Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2020;395:1973–87.
27. Organización Mundial de la Salud. Advice on the use of masks in the context of COVID-19: interim guidance-2. Guía Interna la OMS [Internet]. 2020;(April):1–5. Erişim Adresi: https://www.who.int/docs/default-
28. Chinese CDC. COVID-19 Prevention and Control. [cited 2020 June 3]; Available from: http://www.who.int/docs/default-
29. Mahase E. Covid-19: What is the evidence for cloth masks? BMJ 2020;369:m1422.
30. World Health Organization. Advice on the use of masks in the community, during home care and in healthcare settings in the context of the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak. [cited 2020 June 3]; Available from: http://www.who.int/publications-detail/advice-on-the-use-of-masks-in-the-community-during-home-care-and-in-healthcare-settings-inthe-context-of-the-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)-outbreak.
31. T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 ENFEKSİYONU) Temaslı Takibi, Salgın Yönetimi, Evde Hasta İzlemi ve Filyasyon. [cited 2020 June 3]; Available from: https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/TR-66339/temaslitakibi-salgin-yonetimi-evde-hasta-izlemi-ve-filyasyon.html
32. Australian Government Department of Health. Coronavirus disease Home isolation guidance when unwell (suspected or confirmed cases). [cited 2020 June 3]; Available from: http://www.health.gov.au/ sites/default/files/documents/2020/03/coronavirus-covid-19-information-about-home-isolation-when-unwellsuspected-or-confirmed-cases.pdf
33. World Health Organization. Considerations for quarantine of individuals in the context of containment for coronavirus disease (COVID-19). [cited 2020 June 3]; Available from: http://www.who.int/publications/i/item/considerations-for-quarantine-of-individuals-in-the-context-of-containment-for-coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)
34. Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, et al. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence. Lancet 2020;395:912–20.
35. Turk PJ, Chou S-H, Kowalkowski MA, Palmer PP, Priem JS, Spencer MD, et al. Modeling COVID-19 latent prevalence to assess a public health intervention at a state and regional scale. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.14.20063420
36. Flaxman S, Mishra S, Gandy A, Unwin H, Coupland H, Mellan T, et al. Report 13: Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 in 11 European countries. [cited 2020 June 3];Available from: https://www.imperial.ac.uk/mrc-global-infectious-disease-analysis/covid-19/report-13-europe-npi-impact/ Imperial College London;2020.
37. Arslan S, Ozdemir MY, Ucar A. Nowcasting and forecasting the spread of COVID-19 and healthcare demand in Turkey, A modelling study. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.13.20063305
38. Mandal S, Bhatnagar T, Arinaminpathy N, Agarwal A, Chowdhury A, Murhekar M, et al. Prudent public health intervention strategies to control the coronavirus disease 2019 transmission in India: A mathematical model-based approach. Indian J. Med. Res. 2020;151:190–9.
39. Tuite AR, Fisman DN, Greer AL. Mathematical modelling of COVID-19 transmission and mitigation strategies in the population of Ontario, Canada. CMAJ 2020;192:E497–505.
40. Di Domenico L, Pullano G, Sabbatini CE, Boëlle P-Y, Colizza V. Expected impact of reopening schools after lockdown on COVID-19 epidemic in Île-de-France. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.08.20095521
41. Stedman M, Davies M, Lunt M, Verma A, Anderson SG, Heald AH. A phased approach to unlocking during the COVID-19 pandemic-Lessons from trend analysis. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 2020;74:e13528.
42. Nussbaumer-Streit B, Mayr V, Dobrescu AI, Chapman A, Persad E, Klerings I, et al. Quarantine alone or in combination with other public health measures to control COVID-19: a rapid review. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2020;4:CD013574.
43. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Testing for COVID-19: A way to lift confinement restrictions [cited 2020 May 18];Available from: http://read.oecdilibrary.org/view/?ref=129_129658-l62d7lr66u&title=Testing-for-COVID-19-A-way-to-lift-confinement-restrictions
44. Memikoğlu O, Genç V, editors. COVID-19. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi. [cited 2020 May 18]; Available from: http://www.medicine. ankara.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/sites/121/2020/05/COVID-19-Kitap.pdf.
45. España EN. ESTUDIOENE-COVID19: PRIMERARONDA [Internet]. Gob.es [cited 2020 June 3];Available from: http://www.mscbs.gob.es/ciudadanos/ene-covid/docs/ESTUDIO_ENE-COVID19_PRIMERA_RONDA_INFORME_PRELIMINAR.pdf
46. Ferretti L, Wymant C, Kendall M, Zhao L, Nurtay A, Abeler-Dörner L, et al. Quantifying SARS-CoV-2 transmission suggests epidemic control with digital contact tracing. Science 2020;368:eabb6936.
47. Oxford University. Covid-19 Impact Monitor. [cited 2020 June 26];Available form: https://oxford-covid-19.com/?id=142703&data-region-id=34609&grapherQuery=London&grapherSeries=gyration&graphTitle=Population Movement
48. Banerjee DD. The other side of COVID-19: Impact on obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and hoarding. Psychiatry Res.2020;288:112966.
49. van Rooij B, de Bruijn AL, Reinders Folmer C, Kooistra EB, Kuiper ME, Brownlee M, et al. Compliance with COVID-19 mitigation measures in the United States. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/qymu3
50. Daoust JF, Nadeau R, Dassonneville R, Lachapelle E, Bélanger É, Savoie, J, et al. How to survey citizens’ compliance with COVID-19 public health measures? Evidence from three survey experiments. Journal of Experimental Political Science 2020;1-8.

Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	Türkçe
Konular	Halk Sağlığı, Çevre Sağlığı
Bölüm	Derlemeler
Yazarlar	Emin Erkal 0000-0002-2452-9502 Ayşe Ses 0000-0001-9288-9780 Saliha Aydın 0000-0001-7078-6799 Deniz Çalışkan 0000-0002-4877-0122
Yayımlanma Tarihi	28 Eylül 2020
Gönderilme Tarihi	6 Temmuz 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2020 Cilt: 5 - COVID-19 Özel Sayısı

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver	Erkal E, Ses A, Aydın S, Çalışkan D. COVID-19’UN TOPLUMDA YAYILIMINI ÖNLEMEYE YÖNELİK İLAÇ DIŞI HALK SAĞLIĞI ÖNLEMLERİ. ESTÜDAM Halk Sağlığı Dergisi. 2020;5:79-95.

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