Araştırma Makalesi
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DÜNYA BANKASI ÜYESİ ÜLKELERİN SAĞLIK SİSTEMLERİNİN TEKNİK ETKİNLİK DÜZEYLERİNİN ÖLÇÜMÜ: VERİ ZARFLAMA ANALİZİNE DAYALI BİR UYGULAMA

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 3, 549 - 564, 27.09.2022

Öz

Yönetim literatüründe sıklıkla kullanılan performans kavramının içerik ve kapsamı noktasında çok sayıda tartışma bulunsa da bu tartışmalardan hareketle söz konusu kavram, amaçlanan hedefe ulaşma derecesi olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu nedenle performans ölçümü, diğer sektörlerde olduğu gibi sağlık sektörü için de oldukça önemli konulardan biridir. Özellikle ülke sağlık sistem performanslarının kıyaslanması, kaynaklarını etkin bir şekilde kullanamayan ülkelerin sistemlerini iyileştirebilmeleri için gereklidir. Bu nedenle bu çalışmada, Dünya Bankası üyesi ülkelerin sağlık sistemlerinin kıyaslanması ve benzer gelir grubunda yer alan ve etkin olmadığı görülen ülkelerin performanslarını artırabilmek için çözüm önerilerinde bulunmak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın amaçlarına ulaşabilmek için ilk kez 1978 yılında ortaya atılan ancak sonraki yıllarda yapılan çalışmalar sonucunda geliştirilen ölçeğe göre değişken getirili ve girdi odaklı Veri Zarflama Analizinden faydalanılmıştır. Gelir düzeylerine göre farklı gruplara ayrılan ülkeler kendi grupları içerisinde yer alan ülkeler ile kıyaslanmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, yüksek gelirli ülkelerin büyük bir kısmının daha etkin bir sağlık sistemine sahip oldukları tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda ayrıca, orta-düşük ve düşük gelir grubunda olan ülkelerden özellikle Moldova, Moğolistan ve Tunus gibi ülkelerin sahip oldukları kaynakların önemli bir bölümünün atıl kaldığı bulunmuştur. Etkin olmadığı tespit edilen ülkelerin bu çalışmada tespit edilen atıl kapasite miktarlarını göz önünde bulundurarak sağlık sistemlerini planlamaları gerektiği ve bu kapsamda bu çalışmanın yöneticiler ve karar vericiler için kanıta dayalı bilgiler sunacağı düşünülmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmed, S., Hasan, M. Z., MacLennan, M., Dorin, F., Ahmed, M. W., Hasan, M. …,& Khan, J. A (2019). Measuring the efficiency of health systems in Asia: a data envelopment analysis. BMJ Open, 9, e022155.
  • Anderson, G., & Hussey, P. S. (2001). Comparing health system performance in OECD countries. Health Affairs, 20(3), 219-232.
  • Ayanoğlu, Y., Atan, M., & Beylik, U. (2010). Hastanelerde veri zarflama analizi (VZA) yöntemiyle finansal performans ölçümü ve değerlendirilmesi. Sağlıkta Performans ve Kalite Dergisi, 2, 40-62.
  • Banker, R. D., Charnes, A., & Cooper, W. W. (1984). Some models for estimating technical and scale inefficiencies in data envelopment analysis. Management Science, 30(9), 1078-1092.
  • Baş, İ. M., & Artar, A. (1991). İşletmelerde verimlilik denetimi, ölçme ve değerlendirme modelleri. Milli Prodüktive Yayınları.
  • Caves, D. W., Christensen, L. R., & Diewert, W. E. (1982). Multilateral comparisons of output, input, and productivity using superlative index numbers. The Economic Journal, 92(365), 73-86.
  • Charnes, A., Cooper, W. W., & Rhodes, E. (1978). Measuring the efficiency of decision making units. European Journal of Operational Research, 2(6), 429-444.
  • Chern, J. Y., & Wan, T. T. (2000). The impact of the prospective payment system on the technical efficiency of hospitals. Journal of Medical Systems, 24(3), 159-172.
  • Chowdhury, H., Wodchis, W., & Laporte, A. (2011). Efficiency and technological change in health care services in ontario: an application of malmquist productivity index with bootstrapping. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 60(7), 721-745.
  • Collins, C., Green, A., & Hunter, D. (1999). Health sector reform and the interpretation of policy context. Health Policy, 47(1), 69-83.
  • Cylus, J., Papanicolas I., & Smith, P. C. (2017). Using data envelopment analysis to address the challenges of comparing health system efficiency. Global Policy, 8(Supplement 2), 60-68.
  • Demirci, Ş., Yetim, B., & Konca, M. (2020). OECD ülkelerinde uzun dönemli bakım hizmetlerinin etkinliğinin değerlendirilmesi. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8(1), 305-313.
  • Doğan, İ. F., Bakan, İ., & Hayva, S. (2017). Sağlık sektörünün temel aktörleri olan hastanelerde rekabet stratejilerinin kaliteye etkisi. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 16(62), 817-835.
  • Durán, A., Kutzin, J., Martin-Moreno, J. M., & Travis, P. (2012). Understanding health systems: scope, functions and objectives. In J. Figueras & M. McKee (Eds.), Health systems, health, wealth and societal well-being: assessing the case for investing in health systems (pp. 19-36). Open University Press.
  • Gencer, H. (2006). Genel işletme performansı ve finansal performans ilişkisi: çimento sektöründe bir uygulama [Yüksek lisans tezi]. Gaziantep Üniversitesi.
  • Goldstein, H., & Spiegelhalter, D. J. (1996). League tables and their limitations: statistical issues in comparisons of institutional performance. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society), 159(3), 385-409.
  • Gökbunar, A. R., & Koç, Ö. E. (2009). Demografik değişimlerin sosyal güvenlik kurumlarına etkisi ve türkiye’de sosyal güvenlik kurumlarının mali yapısının analizi. Sosyal Bilimler, 7(1), 15-34.
  • Gün, İ., Yılmaz, F., & Şenel, İ. K. (2021). Efficiency analysis of health systems in World Bank countries. Archives of Health Science and Research (Online), 8(2), 147-152.
  • Hakkinen, U., & Joumard, I. (2007). Cross-country analysıs of efficiency in OECD health care sectors: options for research. OECD Publishings.
  • İlgün, G., Yetim, B., Demirci, Ş., & Konca, M. (2020). Türkiye’deki eğitim ve araştırma hastanelerinde verimlilik değişimi: 2014-2017 döneminin incelenmesi. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi, 23(4), 523-536.
  • Jordi, E., Pley, C., Jowett, M., Abou Jaoude, G. J., & Haghparast-Bidgoli, H. (2020). Assessing the efficiency of countries in making progress towards universal health coverage: a data envelopment analysis of 172 countries. BMJ Global Health, 5(10), e002992.
  • Klazinga, N. (2010). Health system performance management: quality for better or for worse. Eurohealth, 16(3), 26-28.
  • Kruk, M. E., & Freedman, L. P. (2008). Assessing health system performance in developing countries: a review of the literatüre. Health Policy, 85, 263–276.
  • LaPlante, A. E., & Paradi, J. C. (2015). Evaluation of bank branch growth potential using data envelopment analysis. Omega, 52, 33-41.
  • Marx, F. M., Atun, R. A., Jakubowiak, W., McKee, M., & Coker, R. J. (2007). Reform of tuberculosis control and DOTS within Russian public health systems: an ecological study. European Journal of Public Health, 17(1), 98–103.
  • Maynard, A., & Bloor, K. (1995). Health care reform: informing difficult choices. The International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 10(4), 247–264.
  • Mohamadi, E., Manesh, A. O., Takian, A., Majdzadeh, R., Lotfi, F. H., Sharafi, H., ...,& Freidoony, L. (2020). Technical efficiency in health production: A comparison between Iran and other upper middle-income countries. Health Policy and Technology, 9(3), 335-347.
  • Ng, Y. C. (2008). The productive efficiency of the health care sector of China. Review of Regional Studies, 38(3), 381-393.
  • Novignon, J., & Nonvignon, J. (2015). Fiscal space for health in sub-saharan african countries: an efficiency approach. Munich Personal RePEc Archive.
  • Ozcan, Y. A. (2008). Health care benchmarkıng and performance evaluation: an assessment using data envelopment analysis (DEA). Springer.
  • Ozcan, Y. A., & Khushalani, J. (2017). Assessing efficiency of public health and medical care provision in oecd countries after a decade of reform. Central European Journal of Operations Research, 25(2), 325-343.
  • Raikhel, E. (2010). Post-Soviet placebos: epistemology and authority in Russian treatments for alcoholism. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 34(1), 132–168.
  • Retzlaff-Roberts, D., Chang, C. F., & Rubin, R. M. (2004). Technical efficiency in the use of health care resources: a comparison of oecd countries. Health Policy, 69, 55–72.
  • Roh, C. Y., Moon, M. J., & Park, C. (2011). Measuring economic performance of Colorado community hospitals using the malmquist productivity change index. International Review of Public Administration, 16(1), 91-111.
  • Samut, P. K., & Cafri, R. (2016). Analysis of the efficiency determinants of health systems in oecd countries by DEA and panel Tobit. Social Indicators Research, 129(1), 113-132.
  • Sebastien, V. (2018). Benchmarking the efficiency of healthcare systems among the oecd countries between the years 2000 and 2015 using data envelopment analysis with a focus on belgium [Master’s thesis]. Louvain Üniversitesi.
  • See, K. F., & Yen, S. H. (2018). Does happiness matter to health system efficiency? A performance analysis. Health Economics Review, 8(33), 1-10.
  • Sepehr, J. M., Haeri, A., & Ghousi, R. (2019). Evaluation of the OECD countries’ healthcare system from the sustainable development perspective. International Journal of Industrial Engineering & Production Research, 30(4), 443-464.
  • Sezen, B., & Gök, M. S. (2009). Veri zarflama analizi yöntemi ile hastane verimliliklerinin incelenmesi. METU Studies in Development, 36(2), 383.
  • Sinimole, K. R. (2012). Evaluation of the efficiency of national health systems of the members of world health organization. Leadership in Health Services, 25(2), 139-150.
  • Smith, P. C., & Papanicolas, I (2012). Health system performance comparison: an agenda for policy, ınformation and research. Open University Press.
  • Smith, P., Mossialos, E., Papanicolas, I., & Leatherman, S. (2009). Performance measurement for health system ımprovement: experiences, challenges and prospects. Cambrıdge Unıversıty Press, The Cambridge Health Economics, Policy and Management Series.
  • Spinks, J., & Hollingsworth, B. (2009). Cross-country comparisons of technical efficiency of health production: A demonstration of pitfalls. Applied Economics, 41(4), 417-427.
  • Storto, C., & Goncharuk, A. G. (2017). Efficiency vs effectiveness: a benchmarking study on European healthcare systems. Economics and Sociology, 10(3), 102-115.
  • Sun, D., Ahn, H., Lievens, T., & Zeng, W. (2017). Evaluation of the performance of national health systems in 2004-2011: an analysis of 173 countries. PloS One, 12(3), e0173346.
  • Şengün, H. (2016). Sağlık hizmetleri sunumunda inovasyon. Med Bull Haseki, 54, 194-198.
  • Tekin, Ç. S., & Kara, F. (2016). Dünyada ve Türkiye’de yaşlılık. Uluslararası Bilimsel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(1), 219-229.
  • Van Herck, P., De Smedt, D., Annemans, l., Remmen, R., Rosenthal, M. B., & Sermeus, W. (2010). Systematic review: effects, design choices, and context of pay-for-performance in health care. BMC Health Services Research, 10, 247.
  • Varabyova, Y., & Schreyögg, J. (2013). International comparisons of the technical efficiency of the hospital sector: panel data analysis of oecd countries using parametric and non-parametric approaches. Health Policy, 112, 70-79.
  • World Bank. (2021, 25 Haziran). Sağlık istatistikleri. https://data.worldbank.org/topic/health.
  • World Bank. (2022a, 30 Haziran). About the World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/about.
  • World Bank. (2022b, 30 Haziran). Member countries. https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/leadership/members.
  • World Health Organization [WHO]. (2000). World health report: health systems improving performance. World Health Organization Publication.
  • Yesilaydin, G. (2019). Examination of differences in health indicators between efficient and inefficient countries. Pak J Med Sci., 35(1), 172-176

MEASURING THE LEVEL OF THE TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY OF THE WORLD BANK MEMBER COUNTRIES’ HEALTH SYSTEM: AN APPLICATION ON DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 25 Sayı: 3, 549 - 564, 27.09.2022

Öz

There are many discussions on the content and the scope of the concept of performance but it’s frequently used in management literature and it can be basically defined as the degree of achieving the objectives intended. Thus, performance measurement is one of the most crucial issues for the health sector as much as it does for others. Also, it is necessary to improve the health systems of countries that cannot use their resources effectively. This study was carried out in order to compare the health systems of the World Bank member countries and to offer some solutions for increasing the performance of the countries which in the same/similar income group and are ineffective. Data Envelopment Analysis, input-oriented and variable to the scale, was used to achieve the objectives of the study. This method was first put forward in 1978 and developed as a result of the following studies. In this study, countries firstly divided into different groups according to their income levels and then compared with the other countries within their own groups. As a result of the study, it has been determined that most of the high-income countries have a more effective health system. It was also found that a significant part of the resources of the middle-low and low countries were idle. It is thought that the countries that are found to be ineffective should plan by considering the country's objectives. In this context, it’s thought this study will provide evidence-based information for managers and decision-makers.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmed, S., Hasan, M. Z., MacLennan, M., Dorin, F., Ahmed, M. W., Hasan, M. …,& Khan, J. A (2019). Measuring the efficiency of health systems in Asia: a data envelopment analysis. BMJ Open, 9, e022155.
  • Anderson, G., & Hussey, P. S. (2001). Comparing health system performance in OECD countries. Health Affairs, 20(3), 219-232.
  • Ayanoğlu, Y., Atan, M., & Beylik, U. (2010). Hastanelerde veri zarflama analizi (VZA) yöntemiyle finansal performans ölçümü ve değerlendirilmesi. Sağlıkta Performans ve Kalite Dergisi, 2, 40-62.
  • Banker, R. D., Charnes, A., & Cooper, W. W. (1984). Some models for estimating technical and scale inefficiencies in data envelopment analysis. Management Science, 30(9), 1078-1092.
  • Baş, İ. M., & Artar, A. (1991). İşletmelerde verimlilik denetimi, ölçme ve değerlendirme modelleri. Milli Prodüktive Yayınları.
  • Caves, D. W., Christensen, L. R., & Diewert, W. E. (1982). Multilateral comparisons of output, input, and productivity using superlative index numbers. The Economic Journal, 92(365), 73-86.
  • Charnes, A., Cooper, W. W., & Rhodes, E. (1978). Measuring the efficiency of decision making units. European Journal of Operational Research, 2(6), 429-444.
  • Chern, J. Y., & Wan, T. T. (2000). The impact of the prospective payment system on the technical efficiency of hospitals. Journal of Medical Systems, 24(3), 159-172.
  • Chowdhury, H., Wodchis, W., & Laporte, A. (2011). Efficiency and technological change in health care services in ontario: an application of malmquist productivity index with bootstrapping. International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 60(7), 721-745.
  • Collins, C., Green, A., & Hunter, D. (1999). Health sector reform and the interpretation of policy context. Health Policy, 47(1), 69-83.
  • Cylus, J., Papanicolas I., & Smith, P. C. (2017). Using data envelopment analysis to address the challenges of comparing health system efficiency. Global Policy, 8(Supplement 2), 60-68.
  • Demirci, Ş., Yetim, B., & Konca, M. (2020). OECD ülkelerinde uzun dönemli bakım hizmetlerinin etkinliğinin değerlendirilmesi. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 8(1), 305-313.
  • Doğan, İ. F., Bakan, İ., & Hayva, S. (2017). Sağlık sektörünün temel aktörleri olan hastanelerde rekabet stratejilerinin kaliteye etkisi. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 16(62), 817-835.
  • Durán, A., Kutzin, J., Martin-Moreno, J. M., & Travis, P. (2012). Understanding health systems: scope, functions and objectives. In J. Figueras & M. McKee (Eds.), Health systems, health, wealth and societal well-being: assessing the case for investing in health systems (pp. 19-36). Open University Press.
  • Gencer, H. (2006). Genel işletme performansı ve finansal performans ilişkisi: çimento sektöründe bir uygulama [Yüksek lisans tezi]. Gaziantep Üniversitesi.
  • Goldstein, H., & Spiegelhalter, D. J. (1996). League tables and their limitations: statistical issues in comparisons of institutional performance. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society), 159(3), 385-409.
  • Gökbunar, A. R., & Koç, Ö. E. (2009). Demografik değişimlerin sosyal güvenlik kurumlarına etkisi ve türkiye’de sosyal güvenlik kurumlarının mali yapısının analizi. Sosyal Bilimler, 7(1), 15-34.
  • Gün, İ., Yılmaz, F., & Şenel, İ. K. (2021). Efficiency analysis of health systems in World Bank countries. Archives of Health Science and Research (Online), 8(2), 147-152.
  • Hakkinen, U., & Joumard, I. (2007). Cross-country analysıs of efficiency in OECD health care sectors: options for research. OECD Publishings.
  • İlgün, G., Yetim, B., Demirci, Ş., & Konca, M. (2020). Türkiye’deki eğitim ve araştırma hastanelerinde verimlilik değişimi: 2014-2017 döneminin incelenmesi. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi, 23(4), 523-536.
  • Jordi, E., Pley, C., Jowett, M., Abou Jaoude, G. J., & Haghparast-Bidgoli, H. (2020). Assessing the efficiency of countries in making progress towards universal health coverage: a data envelopment analysis of 172 countries. BMJ Global Health, 5(10), e002992.
  • Klazinga, N. (2010). Health system performance management: quality for better or for worse. Eurohealth, 16(3), 26-28.
  • Kruk, M. E., & Freedman, L. P. (2008). Assessing health system performance in developing countries: a review of the literatüre. Health Policy, 85, 263–276.
  • LaPlante, A. E., & Paradi, J. C. (2015). Evaluation of bank branch growth potential using data envelopment analysis. Omega, 52, 33-41.
  • Marx, F. M., Atun, R. A., Jakubowiak, W., McKee, M., & Coker, R. J. (2007). Reform of tuberculosis control and DOTS within Russian public health systems: an ecological study. European Journal of Public Health, 17(1), 98–103.
  • Maynard, A., & Bloor, K. (1995). Health care reform: informing difficult choices. The International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 10(4), 247–264.
  • Mohamadi, E., Manesh, A. O., Takian, A., Majdzadeh, R., Lotfi, F. H., Sharafi, H., ...,& Freidoony, L. (2020). Technical efficiency in health production: A comparison between Iran and other upper middle-income countries. Health Policy and Technology, 9(3), 335-347.
  • Ng, Y. C. (2008). The productive efficiency of the health care sector of China. Review of Regional Studies, 38(3), 381-393.
  • Novignon, J., & Nonvignon, J. (2015). Fiscal space for health in sub-saharan african countries: an efficiency approach. Munich Personal RePEc Archive.
  • Ozcan, Y. A. (2008). Health care benchmarkıng and performance evaluation: an assessment using data envelopment analysis (DEA). Springer.
  • Ozcan, Y. A., & Khushalani, J. (2017). Assessing efficiency of public health and medical care provision in oecd countries after a decade of reform. Central European Journal of Operations Research, 25(2), 325-343.
  • Raikhel, E. (2010). Post-Soviet placebos: epistemology and authority in Russian treatments for alcoholism. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 34(1), 132–168.
  • Retzlaff-Roberts, D., Chang, C. F., & Rubin, R. M. (2004). Technical efficiency in the use of health care resources: a comparison of oecd countries. Health Policy, 69, 55–72.
  • Roh, C. Y., Moon, M. J., & Park, C. (2011). Measuring economic performance of Colorado community hospitals using the malmquist productivity change index. International Review of Public Administration, 16(1), 91-111.
  • Samut, P. K., & Cafri, R. (2016). Analysis of the efficiency determinants of health systems in oecd countries by DEA and panel Tobit. Social Indicators Research, 129(1), 113-132.
  • Sebastien, V. (2018). Benchmarking the efficiency of healthcare systems among the oecd countries between the years 2000 and 2015 using data envelopment analysis with a focus on belgium [Master’s thesis]. Louvain Üniversitesi.
  • See, K. F., & Yen, S. H. (2018). Does happiness matter to health system efficiency? A performance analysis. Health Economics Review, 8(33), 1-10.
  • Sepehr, J. M., Haeri, A., & Ghousi, R. (2019). Evaluation of the OECD countries’ healthcare system from the sustainable development perspective. International Journal of Industrial Engineering & Production Research, 30(4), 443-464.
  • Sezen, B., & Gök, M. S. (2009). Veri zarflama analizi yöntemi ile hastane verimliliklerinin incelenmesi. METU Studies in Development, 36(2), 383.
  • Sinimole, K. R. (2012). Evaluation of the efficiency of national health systems of the members of world health organization. Leadership in Health Services, 25(2), 139-150.
  • Smith, P. C., & Papanicolas, I (2012). Health system performance comparison: an agenda for policy, ınformation and research. Open University Press.
  • Smith, P., Mossialos, E., Papanicolas, I., & Leatherman, S. (2009). Performance measurement for health system ımprovement: experiences, challenges and prospects. Cambrıdge Unıversıty Press, The Cambridge Health Economics, Policy and Management Series.
  • Spinks, J., & Hollingsworth, B. (2009). Cross-country comparisons of technical efficiency of health production: A demonstration of pitfalls. Applied Economics, 41(4), 417-427.
  • Storto, C., & Goncharuk, A. G. (2017). Efficiency vs effectiveness: a benchmarking study on European healthcare systems. Economics and Sociology, 10(3), 102-115.
  • Sun, D., Ahn, H., Lievens, T., & Zeng, W. (2017). Evaluation of the performance of national health systems in 2004-2011: an analysis of 173 countries. PloS One, 12(3), e0173346.
  • Şengün, H. (2016). Sağlık hizmetleri sunumunda inovasyon. Med Bull Haseki, 54, 194-198.
  • Tekin, Ç. S., & Kara, F. (2016). Dünyada ve Türkiye’de yaşlılık. Uluslararası Bilimsel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(1), 219-229.
  • Van Herck, P., De Smedt, D., Annemans, l., Remmen, R., Rosenthal, M. B., & Sermeus, W. (2010). Systematic review: effects, design choices, and context of pay-for-performance in health care. BMC Health Services Research, 10, 247.
  • Varabyova, Y., & Schreyögg, J. (2013). International comparisons of the technical efficiency of the hospital sector: panel data analysis of oecd countries using parametric and non-parametric approaches. Health Policy, 112, 70-79.
  • World Bank. (2021, 25 Haziran). Sağlık istatistikleri. https://data.worldbank.org/topic/health.
  • World Bank. (2022a, 30 Haziran). About the World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/about.
  • World Bank. (2022b, 30 Haziran). Member countries. https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/leadership/members.
  • World Health Organization [WHO]. (2000). World health report: health systems improving performance. World Health Organization Publication.
  • Yesilaydin, G. (2019). Examination of differences in health indicators between efficient and inefficient countries. Pak J Med Sci., 35(1), 172-176
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Birol Yetim 0000-0002-1294-1874

Gülnur İlgün Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-0128-4001

Murat Konca 0000-0002-6830-8090

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Eylül 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 25 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Yetim, B., İlgün, G., & Konca, M. (2022). DÜNYA BANKASI ÜYESİ ÜLKELERİN SAĞLIK SİSTEMLERİNİN TEKNİK ETKİNLİK DÜZEYLERİNİN ÖLÇÜMÜ: VERİ ZARFLAMA ANALİZİNE DAYALI BİR UYGULAMA. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi, 25(3), 549-564.
AMA Yetim B, İlgün G, Konca M. DÜNYA BANKASI ÜYESİ ÜLKELERİN SAĞLIK SİSTEMLERİNİN TEKNİK ETKİNLİK DÜZEYLERİNİN ÖLÇÜMÜ: VERİ ZARFLAMA ANALİZİNE DAYALI BİR UYGULAMA. HSİD. Eylül 2022;25(3):549-564.
Chicago Yetim, Birol, Gülnur İlgün, ve Murat Konca. “DÜNYA BANKASI ÜYESİ ÜLKELERİN SAĞLIK SİSTEMLERİNİN TEKNİK ETKİNLİK DÜZEYLERİNİN ÖLÇÜMÜ: VERİ ZARFLAMA ANALİZİNE DAYALI BİR UYGULAMA”. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi 25, sy. 3 (Eylül 2022): 549-64.
EndNote Yetim B, İlgün G, Konca M (01 Eylül 2022) DÜNYA BANKASI ÜYESİ ÜLKELERİN SAĞLIK SİSTEMLERİNİN TEKNİK ETKİNLİK DÜZEYLERİNİN ÖLÇÜMÜ: VERİ ZARFLAMA ANALİZİNE DAYALI BİR UYGULAMA. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi 25 3 549–564.
IEEE B. Yetim, G. İlgün, ve M. Konca, “DÜNYA BANKASI ÜYESİ ÜLKELERİN SAĞLIK SİSTEMLERİNİN TEKNİK ETKİNLİK DÜZEYLERİNİN ÖLÇÜMÜ: VERİ ZARFLAMA ANALİZİNE DAYALI BİR UYGULAMA”, HSİD, c. 25, sy. 3, ss. 549–564, 2022.
ISNAD Yetim, Birol vd. “DÜNYA BANKASI ÜYESİ ÜLKELERİN SAĞLIK SİSTEMLERİNİN TEKNİK ETKİNLİK DÜZEYLERİNİN ÖLÇÜMÜ: VERİ ZARFLAMA ANALİZİNE DAYALI BİR UYGULAMA”. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi 25/3 (Eylül 2022), 549-564.
JAMA Yetim B, İlgün G, Konca M. DÜNYA BANKASI ÜYESİ ÜLKELERİN SAĞLIK SİSTEMLERİNİN TEKNİK ETKİNLİK DÜZEYLERİNİN ÖLÇÜMÜ: VERİ ZARFLAMA ANALİZİNE DAYALI BİR UYGULAMA. HSİD. 2022;25:549–564.
MLA Yetim, Birol vd. “DÜNYA BANKASI ÜYESİ ÜLKELERİN SAĞLIK SİSTEMLERİNİN TEKNİK ETKİNLİK DÜZEYLERİNİN ÖLÇÜMÜ: VERİ ZARFLAMA ANALİZİNE DAYALI BİR UYGULAMA”. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi, c. 25, sy. 3, 2022, ss. 549-64.
Vancouver Yetim B, İlgün G, Konca M. DÜNYA BANKASI ÜYESİ ÜLKELERİN SAĞLIK SİSTEMLERİNİN TEKNİK ETKİNLİK DÜZEYLERİNİN ÖLÇÜMÜ: VERİ ZARFLAMA ANALİZİNE DAYALI BİR UYGULAMA. HSİD. 2022;25(3):549-64.