Araştırma Makalesi
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5-YEAR RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF AMBULANCE DRIVING TECHNIQUES TRAINING FOR PARAMEDIC STUDENTS

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 51 - 68, 30.04.2021

Öz

Introduction: The major aim of paramedic training is to provide quality patient care. However, the frequency of ambulance accidents constantly increases and constitutes one of the main occupational risks in our country and the world.
Objective: The study aims to retrospectively evaluate the effectiveness of ambulance driving techniques training given to paramedic students.
Materials and Methods: The sample consists of 178 paramedic students participating in an ambulance driving techniques training between 2015 and 2019 and responded to the questionnaire. The students were given a 4-day training, including safe ambulance driving knowledge and practice, and the data were collected using a questionnaire form applied before and after the training. Frequency, mean, Mann Whitney U test, Kruskal Wallis Variance Analysis, Wilcoxon t-test, McNemar chi-square analysis was used in the statistical evaluation of the data, and Spearman correlation analysis was performed to analyze the relationships between variables.
Results: The study revealed that 34.8% of the students had increased self-confidence in ambulance driving, the stress caused by ambulance driving decreased in 27% of them, and the students’ knowledge levels of traffic rules increased by 31% after the training. While the ratio of students who were aware of their deficiencies about traffic rules was 1.6% before training, it increased up to 12.9% after training, thus students were given the opportunity to realize their lack of knowledge in ambulance driving.
Conclusion: The ambulance driving techniques training and similar driving experience positively contribute to the students’ knowledge and practice, and this type of training needs to be widespread.

Teşekkür

We thank to Düzce and Kocaeli TDTA trainers.

Kaynakça

  • Al Reesi, H. Al-Maniri, A. Al-Adawi, S. Davey, J. Armstrong, K. Edwards, J. (2016). Prevalence And Characteristics Of Road Traffic Injuries Among Young Drivers In Oman, 2009-2011. Traffic Inj Prev. 17(5):480-487.
  • Altındiş, S. Tok, Ş. Aslan FG. Pilavcı-Adıgül, M. Ekerbiçer, HÇ. Altındiş, M. (2017). Assessment of First Aid Knowledge Level of University Students. SMJ. 7:125-130.
  • American College of Surgeons. ATLS Advenced Trauma Life Support. (2018). Student Course Manuel. 10th. Print. Chicago. USA.
  • Arsal-Yıldırım, S. Gerdan, S. (2017). Occupational Risks of Pre-Hospital Emergency Medicine Workers In The Context Of Occupatıonal Health And Safety. HOD. 2(1):37-49.
  • Aytaç, ŞM. Gök, G. Özkan, S. (2016). Investigation Of Basic First Aid Training That Is An Occupational Health And Safety. GMJ. 27:53-57.
  • Bentley, MA. Levine, R. (2016). A national assessment of the health and safety of emergency medical services professionals. Prehosp. Disaster Med. 31:96–104.
  • Borowsky, A. Shinar, D. Oron-Gilad, T. (2010). Age, Skill, And Hazard Perception In Driving. Accid Anal Prev. 42(4):1240-1249.
  • Brown, JB. Rosengart, MR. Forsythe, RM. Reynolds, BR. Gestring, ML. Hallinan, WM.et al. (2016). Not all prehospital time is equal: Influence of scene time on mortality. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 81(1):93-100.
  • Byrne. JP. Mann, NC. Dai, M. Mason, SA. Karanicolas. P. Rizoli, S. et al. (2019). Association Between Emergency Medical Service Response Time and Motor Vehicle Crash Mortality in the United States. JAMA Surg.154(4):286-293.
  • Chiu, PW. Lin, PH. Wu, CL. Fang, PH. Lu, CH. Hsu, HC. Et al. (2018). Ambulance Traffic Accidents In Taiwan. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association. 117:283-291.
  • Crundall, D. (2016). Hazard Prediction Discriminates Between Novice And Experienced Drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention. 86:47-58.
  • Delbridge, TR. Dyer, S. Goodloe, JM. Mosesso, VN. Perina, DG. Sahni R. et al. (2019). The 2019 Core Content of Emergency Medical Services Medicine. Prehospital Emergency Care. 24(1):32-45.
  • Durna, U. (2006). Examining The Stress Levels Of University Students In Terms of Some Variables. Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences. 20 (1):319-343.
  • Ekşi, A. Çelikli, S. Çatak, İ. (2015). Effects of The Institutional Structure And Legislative Framework On Ambulance Accidents In Developing Emergency Medical Services Systems. Turkish Journal of Emergency Medicine. 15:126-130.
  • Farah, H. (2011). Age and gender differences in overtaking maneuvers on two-lane rural highways. Transp Res Rec. 2248:30-36.
  • Fisher, DL. Pradhan, AK. Hammel, KR. DeRamus, R. Noyce, DA. Pollatsek A. (2003). Are Younger Drivers Less Able Than Older Drivers To Recognize Risks On The Road? Inj. Insights. 1:2-7.
  • Gałązkowski, R. Binkowska, A. Samoliński, K. (2015). Occupational Injury Rates In Personnel Of Emergency Medical Services. Ann Agric Environ Med. 22(4): 680–684.
  • Garus-Pakowska, A. Gaszyńska, E. Szatko, F. (2016). The Incidence Of Accidents At Work Among Paramedics In The Years 2001–2013 Based On The Register 0f One Selected Hospital. Medycyna Pracy. 67(2):213–221.
  • Gülen, B. Serinken, M. Hatipoğlu, C. Özaşır, D. Sönmez, E. Kaya, G. et al. (2016). Work-Related Injuries Sustained by Emergency Medical Technicians and Paramedics in Turkey. Ulusal Travma Acil Cerrahi Dergisi. 22(2):145-49.
  • Harmsen, AM. Giannakopoulos, GF. Moerbeek, PR. Jansma, EP. Bonjer, HJ. Bloemers, FW. (2015). The Influence of Prehospital Time On Trauma Patients Outcome: A Systematic Review. Injury. 46(4):602-609.
  • Health of Health Workers (HHW). (in Turkish) http://www.saglikcalisanisagligi.org/arama
  • Henderson, SG. Mason, AJ. (2004). Ambulance Service Planning: Simulation And Data Visualisation. In: Bradeau ML, Sainfort F, Pierskalla WP, editors. Operations Research And Health Care: A Handbook Of Methods And Applications, Boston: Springer; 2004. p. 77-102.
  • Horswill, MS., Taylor, K. Newnam, S. Wettin, M. Hill, A. (2013). Even Highly Experienced Drivers Benefit From A Brief Hazard Perception Training Intervention. Accid. Anal. Prev. 52:100–110.
  • Hunyadi-Antičević, S. Protić, A. Patrk, J. Filipović-Grčić, B. Puljević, D. Majhen-Ujević, R. et al. (2016). Guidelines For Resuscitation Of The European Council Of Resuscitation 2015. Lijec Vjesn. 138(11-12):305-21.
  • Johnston, KA. Scialfa, CT. (2016). Hazard perception in emergency medical service responders. Accid Anal Prev. 95(Pt A):91-96.
  • Kahn, CA. Pirrallo, R. Kuhn, EM. (2001). Characteristics Of Fatal Ambulance Crashes In The United States: An 11-Year Retrospective Analysis. Prehosp Emerg Care. 5:261-269.
  • Kidher, E. Krasopoulos, G. Coats, T. Charitou, A. Magee, P. Uppal, R. et al. (2012). The Effect of Prehospital Time Related Variables On Mortality Following Severe Thoracic Trauma. Injury. 43:1386-1392.
  • Koski, A. Sumanen, H. (2019). The Risk Factors Finnish Paramedics Recognize When Performing Emergency Response Driving. Accident Analysis and Prevention.125:40–48.
  • Maguire, BJ. Smith, S. (2013). Injuries And Fatalities Among Emergency Medical Technicians And Paramedics In The United States. Prehosp Disaster Med. 28(4):376-382.
  • McKenna, FP. Horswill. MS. Alexander, JL. (2006). Does Anticipation Training Affect Drivers’ Risk Taking? J. Exp. Psychol. Appl. 12(1):1-10.
  • Mert-Boga, S. Arsal-Yıldırım, S. Baydemir. C. Külcü, N. (2018). Assessment on Efficacy of Basic FirstAid Training Provided To Academic And Administrative Staff of A State University. International Journal of Medical Research &Health Sciences. 7(11):93-102.
  • NIOSH, The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/ems/othlinks.html.
  • Özyürek, P. Bayram, F. Beştepe, G. Ceylantekin, Y. Ciğerci, Y. Çelik, Y. et al. (2013). The Efficiency Evaluation of The Training Basic First Aid Given To High School Teachers. Afyon Kocatepe Universty Journel of Social Science. 15:183-198.
  • Pakdemirli, A. (2019). Overview Of Paramedic Quotas At Universities And Number Of Health Technician Staff In Turkey Between The Years 2008-2018. J Basic Clin Health Sci. 3:188-192.
  • Pattanarattanamolee, R. Lertsinudom, S. Nakahara, S. Sakamoto, T. (2017). Ambulance Crash In A Rural Area of Thailand. The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 53(5):730–734.
  • Pike, T. O'Donnell, V. (2010). The Impact of Clinical Simulation On Learner Self-Efficacy In Pre-Registration Nursing Education. Nurse Educ Today. 30(5):405-410.
  • Reichard, AA. Marsh, SM. Tonozzi, TR. Konda, S. Gormley, MA. (2017). Occupational Injuries And Exposures Among Emergency Medical Services Workers. Prehospital Emergency Care. 21(4):420-431.
  • Rızalar, S. Öztürk, EA. (2015). The Characteristics Of Ill/Injuried People Admitted To Emergency Service 112 And First Aid Interventions Until Health Care Team Is Arrived. Balıkesir Health Sciences Journal. 4:131-136.
  • Roberts, MH. Sim, MR. Black, O. Smith, P. (2015). Occupational Injury Risk Among Ambulance Officers And Paramedics Compared With Other Healthcare Workers In Victoria, Australia: Analysis of Workers’ Compensation Claims From 2003 to 2012. Occup Environ Med. 72:489-495.
  • Russo, F. Biancardo, SA. Dell'Acqua, G. (2014). Road Safety From The Perspective Of Driver Gender And Age As Related To The Injury Crash Frequency And Road Scenario. Traffic Inj Prev. 15(1):25-33.
  • Sanddal, TL. Sanddal, ND. Ward, N. Stanley, L. (2010). Ambulance Crash Characteristics In The US Defined By The Popular Press: A Retrospective Analysis. Hindawi Publishing Corporation Emergency Medicine International. Article ID 525979, 7 pages.
  • Smith N. (2015). A National Perspective On Ambulance Crashes And Safety. Guidance From The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration On Ambulance Safety For Patients And Providers. EMS World. 44(9):91-94.
  • Travers, AH. Perkins, GD. Berg, RA. Castren, M. Considine, J. Escalante, R. et al. (2015). Part 3: Adult Basic Life Support and Automated External Defibrillation: 2015 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations. Circulation. 132(16 Suppl 1):S51-83.
  • Ventisislavova, P. Gugliotta, A. Pena-Suarez, E. Garcia-Fernandez, P. Eisman, E. Crundall, D. et al. (2016). What Happens When Drivers Face Hazards On The Road? Anal. Prev. 91:43-54.
  • We’re EMT (EMT). (in Turkish ). https://www.attyiz.biz.tr/haber/etiketler/ambulans-kazalari
  • Wik, L. Hansen, TB. Fylling, F. Steen, T. Vaagenes, P. Auestad, BH. et al. (2003). Delaying Defibrillation To Give Basic Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation To Patients With Out-Of-Hospital Ventricular Fibrillation: A Randomized Trial. JAMA. 289(11):1389-95.
  • World Health Organization Road Safety Report 2018 (WHO) https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/global-status-report-on-road-safety-2018.
  • World Health Organization World (WHO) report on road traffic injury prevention. Peden M, Scurfield R, Sleet D, Mohan D, Hyder AA, Jarawan E, Mathers C. (Eds.). WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data. 2004; Geneva.
  • Yenal, S. Gültekin, T. Pakdemirli, B. (2020). Driver Behaviors of 112 Emergency Medical Services Personnel. Eurasian J Emerg Med. 19(2):78-81.
  • Yenal, S. Ergör, A. (2013). Coverage of Occupational Risks in Prehospital Emergency Care Education. Tr J Emerg Med. 13(1):33-41.
  • Yılmaz-Karakuş, B. Çevik, E. Doğan, H. Sam, M. Kutur, A. (2014). 112 Emergency Medical Service In The Metropolis. J Ist Faculty Med. 77(3):37

PARAMEDİK ÖĞRENCİLERİ İÇİN DÜZENLENEN AMBULANS SÜRÜŞ TEKNİKLERİ EĞİTİMLERİNİN 5 YILLIK RETROSPEKTİF ANALİZİ

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 51 - 68, 30.04.2021

Öz

Giriş: Paramedik eğitiminde asıl odaklanılan konu hasta bakım kalitesidir. Oysa ambulans kazalarının yaygınlığı artarak ülkemizde ve dünyada önemli mesleki risklerden birini oluşturmaktadır.
Amaç: Paramedik öğrencileri için düzenlenen ambulans sürüş teknikleri eğitimi sonrasında, yapılan eğitimlerin etkinliğinin retrospektif olarak değerlendirilmesidir.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Araştırma örneklemini, 2015-2019 yılları arasında ambulans sürüş teknikleri eğitimine katılan ve anket sorularını cevaplayan 178 paramedik öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Öğrencilere 4 günlük güvenli ambulans sürüş bilgilerini ve pratiğini içeren eğitim verilmiş ve veriler eğitim öncesi ve sonrası uygulanan anket formu ile toplanmıştır. Verilerin istatistiksel değerlendirmesinde frekans, ortalama, Mann Whitney U Testi, Kruskal Wallis Varyans Analizi, Wilcoxon t testi, McNemar ki-kare analizi ve değişkenler arasındaki ilişkilerin analizinde Spearman korelasyon analizleri kullanılmıştır.
Bulgular: Ambulans sürüş teknikleri eğitimi sonrasında, öğrencilerin %34.8’inde ambulans sürüşü konusunda kendilerine güvenlerinin arttığı, ambulans sürmenin kendilerinde yarattığı stresin ise öğrencilerin %27’sinde azaldığı belirlenmiştir. Ambulans sürüş teknikleri eğitimi sonrasında öğrencilerin trafik kuralları bilgi düzeyinde %31’lik artış meydana gelmiştir. Trafik kuralları konusundaki eksikliklerini bilen öğrenci sayısı ambulans sürüş teknikleri eğitimi öncesinde %1,6 iken bu yaygınlık ambulans sürüş teknikleri eğitimi sonrasında %12,9’a yükselmiş; öğrencilere ambulans sürüşü konusunda eksikliklerini fark etme imkânı tanınmıştır.
Sonuç: Ambulans sürüş teknikleri eğitimi ve benzer nitelikteki, ambulans sürüş deneyiminin öğrencilerin bilgi ve pratiklerine olumlu katkıları olduğu ve bu tür eğitimlerin yaygınlaştırılmasına gereksinim duyulduğu görülmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Al Reesi, H. Al-Maniri, A. Al-Adawi, S. Davey, J. Armstrong, K. Edwards, J. (2016). Prevalence And Characteristics Of Road Traffic Injuries Among Young Drivers In Oman, 2009-2011. Traffic Inj Prev. 17(5):480-487.
  • Altındiş, S. Tok, Ş. Aslan FG. Pilavcı-Adıgül, M. Ekerbiçer, HÇ. Altındiş, M. (2017). Assessment of First Aid Knowledge Level of University Students. SMJ. 7:125-130.
  • American College of Surgeons. ATLS Advenced Trauma Life Support. (2018). Student Course Manuel. 10th. Print. Chicago. USA.
  • Arsal-Yıldırım, S. Gerdan, S. (2017). Occupational Risks of Pre-Hospital Emergency Medicine Workers In The Context Of Occupatıonal Health And Safety. HOD. 2(1):37-49.
  • Aytaç, ŞM. Gök, G. Özkan, S. (2016). Investigation Of Basic First Aid Training That Is An Occupational Health And Safety. GMJ. 27:53-57.
  • Bentley, MA. Levine, R. (2016). A national assessment of the health and safety of emergency medical services professionals. Prehosp. Disaster Med. 31:96–104.
  • Borowsky, A. Shinar, D. Oron-Gilad, T. (2010). Age, Skill, And Hazard Perception In Driving. Accid Anal Prev. 42(4):1240-1249.
  • Brown, JB. Rosengart, MR. Forsythe, RM. Reynolds, BR. Gestring, ML. Hallinan, WM.et al. (2016). Not all prehospital time is equal: Influence of scene time on mortality. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 81(1):93-100.
  • Byrne. JP. Mann, NC. Dai, M. Mason, SA. Karanicolas. P. Rizoli, S. et al. (2019). Association Between Emergency Medical Service Response Time and Motor Vehicle Crash Mortality in the United States. JAMA Surg.154(4):286-293.
  • Chiu, PW. Lin, PH. Wu, CL. Fang, PH. Lu, CH. Hsu, HC. Et al. (2018). Ambulance Traffic Accidents In Taiwan. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association. 117:283-291.
  • Crundall, D. (2016). Hazard Prediction Discriminates Between Novice And Experienced Drivers. Accident Analysis and Prevention. 86:47-58.
  • Delbridge, TR. Dyer, S. Goodloe, JM. Mosesso, VN. Perina, DG. Sahni R. et al. (2019). The 2019 Core Content of Emergency Medical Services Medicine. Prehospital Emergency Care. 24(1):32-45.
  • Durna, U. (2006). Examining The Stress Levels Of University Students In Terms of Some Variables. Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences. 20 (1):319-343.
  • Ekşi, A. Çelikli, S. Çatak, İ. (2015). Effects of The Institutional Structure And Legislative Framework On Ambulance Accidents In Developing Emergency Medical Services Systems. Turkish Journal of Emergency Medicine. 15:126-130.
  • Farah, H. (2011). Age and gender differences in overtaking maneuvers on two-lane rural highways. Transp Res Rec. 2248:30-36.
  • Fisher, DL. Pradhan, AK. Hammel, KR. DeRamus, R. Noyce, DA. Pollatsek A. (2003). Are Younger Drivers Less Able Than Older Drivers To Recognize Risks On The Road? Inj. Insights. 1:2-7.
  • Gałązkowski, R. Binkowska, A. Samoliński, K. (2015). Occupational Injury Rates In Personnel Of Emergency Medical Services. Ann Agric Environ Med. 22(4): 680–684.
  • Garus-Pakowska, A. Gaszyńska, E. Szatko, F. (2016). The Incidence Of Accidents At Work Among Paramedics In The Years 2001–2013 Based On The Register 0f One Selected Hospital. Medycyna Pracy. 67(2):213–221.
  • Gülen, B. Serinken, M. Hatipoğlu, C. Özaşır, D. Sönmez, E. Kaya, G. et al. (2016). Work-Related Injuries Sustained by Emergency Medical Technicians and Paramedics in Turkey. Ulusal Travma Acil Cerrahi Dergisi. 22(2):145-49.
  • Harmsen, AM. Giannakopoulos, GF. Moerbeek, PR. Jansma, EP. Bonjer, HJ. Bloemers, FW. (2015). The Influence of Prehospital Time On Trauma Patients Outcome: A Systematic Review. Injury. 46(4):602-609.
  • Health of Health Workers (HHW). (in Turkish) http://www.saglikcalisanisagligi.org/arama
  • Henderson, SG. Mason, AJ. (2004). Ambulance Service Planning: Simulation And Data Visualisation. In: Bradeau ML, Sainfort F, Pierskalla WP, editors. Operations Research And Health Care: A Handbook Of Methods And Applications, Boston: Springer; 2004. p. 77-102.
  • Horswill, MS., Taylor, K. Newnam, S. Wettin, M. Hill, A. (2013). Even Highly Experienced Drivers Benefit From A Brief Hazard Perception Training Intervention. Accid. Anal. Prev. 52:100–110.
  • Hunyadi-Antičević, S. Protić, A. Patrk, J. Filipović-Grčić, B. Puljević, D. Majhen-Ujević, R. et al. (2016). Guidelines For Resuscitation Of The European Council Of Resuscitation 2015. Lijec Vjesn. 138(11-12):305-21.
  • Johnston, KA. Scialfa, CT. (2016). Hazard perception in emergency medical service responders. Accid Anal Prev. 95(Pt A):91-96.
  • Kahn, CA. Pirrallo, R. Kuhn, EM. (2001). Characteristics Of Fatal Ambulance Crashes In The United States: An 11-Year Retrospective Analysis. Prehosp Emerg Care. 5:261-269.
  • Kidher, E. Krasopoulos, G. Coats, T. Charitou, A. Magee, P. Uppal, R. et al. (2012). The Effect of Prehospital Time Related Variables On Mortality Following Severe Thoracic Trauma. Injury. 43:1386-1392.
  • Koski, A. Sumanen, H. (2019). The Risk Factors Finnish Paramedics Recognize When Performing Emergency Response Driving. Accident Analysis and Prevention.125:40–48.
  • Maguire, BJ. Smith, S. (2013). Injuries And Fatalities Among Emergency Medical Technicians And Paramedics In The United States. Prehosp Disaster Med. 28(4):376-382.
  • McKenna, FP. Horswill. MS. Alexander, JL. (2006). Does Anticipation Training Affect Drivers’ Risk Taking? J. Exp. Psychol. Appl. 12(1):1-10.
  • Mert-Boga, S. Arsal-Yıldırım, S. Baydemir. C. Külcü, N. (2018). Assessment on Efficacy of Basic FirstAid Training Provided To Academic And Administrative Staff of A State University. International Journal of Medical Research &Health Sciences. 7(11):93-102.
  • NIOSH, The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/ems/othlinks.html.
  • Özyürek, P. Bayram, F. Beştepe, G. Ceylantekin, Y. Ciğerci, Y. Çelik, Y. et al. (2013). The Efficiency Evaluation of The Training Basic First Aid Given To High School Teachers. Afyon Kocatepe Universty Journel of Social Science. 15:183-198.
  • Pakdemirli, A. (2019). Overview Of Paramedic Quotas At Universities And Number Of Health Technician Staff In Turkey Between The Years 2008-2018. J Basic Clin Health Sci. 3:188-192.
  • Pattanarattanamolee, R. Lertsinudom, S. Nakahara, S. Sakamoto, T. (2017). Ambulance Crash In A Rural Area of Thailand. The Journal of Emergency Medicine. 53(5):730–734.
  • Pike, T. O'Donnell, V. (2010). The Impact of Clinical Simulation On Learner Self-Efficacy In Pre-Registration Nursing Education. Nurse Educ Today. 30(5):405-410.
  • Reichard, AA. Marsh, SM. Tonozzi, TR. Konda, S. Gormley, MA. (2017). Occupational Injuries And Exposures Among Emergency Medical Services Workers. Prehospital Emergency Care. 21(4):420-431.
  • Rızalar, S. Öztürk, EA. (2015). The Characteristics Of Ill/Injuried People Admitted To Emergency Service 112 And First Aid Interventions Until Health Care Team Is Arrived. Balıkesir Health Sciences Journal. 4:131-136.
  • Roberts, MH. Sim, MR. Black, O. Smith, P. (2015). Occupational Injury Risk Among Ambulance Officers And Paramedics Compared With Other Healthcare Workers In Victoria, Australia: Analysis of Workers’ Compensation Claims From 2003 to 2012. Occup Environ Med. 72:489-495.
  • Russo, F. Biancardo, SA. Dell'Acqua, G. (2014). Road Safety From The Perspective Of Driver Gender And Age As Related To The Injury Crash Frequency And Road Scenario. Traffic Inj Prev. 15(1):25-33.
  • Sanddal, TL. Sanddal, ND. Ward, N. Stanley, L. (2010). Ambulance Crash Characteristics In The US Defined By The Popular Press: A Retrospective Analysis. Hindawi Publishing Corporation Emergency Medicine International. Article ID 525979, 7 pages.
  • Smith N. (2015). A National Perspective On Ambulance Crashes And Safety. Guidance From The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration On Ambulance Safety For Patients And Providers. EMS World. 44(9):91-94.
  • Travers, AH. Perkins, GD. Berg, RA. Castren, M. Considine, J. Escalante, R. et al. (2015). Part 3: Adult Basic Life Support and Automated External Defibrillation: 2015 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations. Circulation. 132(16 Suppl 1):S51-83.
  • Ventisislavova, P. Gugliotta, A. Pena-Suarez, E. Garcia-Fernandez, P. Eisman, E. Crundall, D. et al. (2016). What Happens When Drivers Face Hazards On The Road? Anal. Prev. 91:43-54.
  • We’re EMT (EMT). (in Turkish ). https://www.attyiz.biz.tr/haber/etiketler/ambulans-kazalari
  • Wik, L. Hansen, TB. Fylling, F. Steen, T. Vaagenes, P. Auestad, BH. et al. (2003). Delaying Defibrillation To Give Basic Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation To Patients With Out-Of-Hospital Ventricular Fibrillation: A Randomized Trial. JAMA. 289(11):1389-95.
  • World Health Organization Road Safety Report 2018 (WHO) https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/global-status-report-on-road-safety-2018.
  • World Health Organization World (WHO) report on road traffic injury prevention. Peden M, Scurfield R, Sleet D, Mohan D, Hyder AA, Jarawan E, Mathers C. (Eds.). WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data. 2004; Geneva.
  • Yenal, S. Gültekin, T. Pakdemirli, B. (2020). Driver Behaviors of 112 Emergency Medical Services Personnel. Eurasian J Emerg Med. 19(2):78-81.
  • Yenal, S. Ergör, A. (2013). Coverage of Occupational Risks in Prehospital Emergency Care Education. Tr J Emerg Med. 13(1):33-41.
  • Yılmaz-Karakuş, B. Çevik, E. Doğan, H. Sam, M. Kutur, A. (2014). 112 Emergency Medical Service In The Metropolis. J Ist Faculty Med. 77(3):37
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Birinci Basamak Sağlık Hizmetleri
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Serap Yıldırım

Selda Mert

Murat Pekdemir

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 20 Eylül 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Yıldırım, S., Mert, S., & Pekdemir, M. (2021). 5-YEAR RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF AMBULANCE DRIVING TECHNIQUES TRAINING FOR PARAMEDIC STUDENTS. Hastane Öncesi Dergisi, 6(1), 51-68.