Öz
Abstract:
Purpose: Natural Disasters are complex events which expose people to various risks and dangers. Methods: The data for our research, which was designed to be a descriptive one, was obtained from Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT) and Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) database. Target population of our study consists of 287.913.123 people who were displaced in consequence of 15.406 natural disasters which occurred in the world between the years of 1920 (January) - 2020 (August) and natural disasters which occurred between the years 2008 (January) - 2019 (December). Results: It was determined that in the 5 continents examined (Africa, America, Asia, Europe, Oceania), there has been a rapid growth in hydrological and meteorological disasters after the year 1980. On the other hand, with regards to displacements due to disasters, flood and storm related disasters were determined to cause displacement more than others. Conclusion: Ultimately, the natural disasters related to the climate change have increased over the years and caused displacement, death, and financial damage.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- 1. Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC). Disaster Dataset Codebook Definition of IDP 2015 [online]. Available at: https://www.internal-displacement.org/sites/gidd/idmc-disaster-dataset-codebook-2017-05-22.pdf. Accessed February 21, 2021.
- 2. Centre for Criminal Justice and Human Rights (CCJHR). Disaster Risk Reduction Information Sheet International Disaster Law project 2018 [online]. Available at: http://media.ifrc.org/ifrc/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2018/03/IDL-Information-Sheet-No.2-DRR-February-2018.pdf. Accessed January 12, 2021.
- 3. The Nansen Inciative. The Nansen Initiative Global Consultation 2015; [online].Available at: https://www.nanseninitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/GLOBAL-CONSULTATION-REPORT.pdf. Accessed January 12, 2021.
- 4. International Peace Institute (IPI) [Internet].Disasters and Displacement: Improving Preparedness and Protection 2012 [online]. Available at: https://www.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/publications/ipi_e_pub_disasters.pdf. Accessed January 12, 2021.
- 5. Oliver-Smith A. Disasters and Large-Scale Population Dislocations: International and National Responses. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Natural Hazard Science 2018 p: 1–40 [online]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389407.013.224. Accessed January 12, 2021.
- 6. Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT) [Internet].Classification for Natural Disasters. [online]. Available at: https://www.emdat.be/classification#Geophysical. Accessed October 10, 2020.
- 7. Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) About us 2020 [online]. Available at: https://www.internal-displacement.org/about-us. Accessed October 10, 2020.
- 8. Thomas V, López R. Global Increase in Climate-Related Disasters. Asian Development Bank. [online]. 2015;Vol. 466. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/11540/5274. Accessed October 10, 2020.
- 9. Jonkman SN, Kelman I. An analysis of the causes and circumstances of flood disaster deaths. Disasters 2005;29(1):75–97. doi: 10.1111/j.0361-3666.2005.00275.x.
- 10. Doocy S, Daniels A, Murray S, Kirsch TD. The Human Impact of Floods: a Historical Review of Events 1980-2009 and Systematic Literature Review. PLoS Curr 2013;1–29. DOI: 10.1371/currents.dis.f4deb457904936b07c09daa98ee8171a
- 11. Winsemius HC, Aerts JCJH, Van Beek LPH, Bierkens MFP, Bouwman A, Jongman B, et al. Global drivers of future river flood risk. Nat Clim Chang 2016;6(4):381–5.
- 12. Ritchie H. Natural Disasters. Our Worl in Data [online]. Available at: https://ourworldindata.org/natural-disasters. Accessed October 10, 2020.
- 13. Wang J, Yang J, Li B. Pain of disasters: The educational cost of exogenous shocks evidence from Tangshan Earthquake in 1976. China Econ Rev 2017;46:27–49.
- 14. Hatakana T. The Great East Japan Earthquake: Research and actions of Japan Medical Association Research Institute. Japan Med Assoc J 2012;55(5):368–74.
- 15. Oluwafemi JO, Ofuyatan OM, Sadiq OM, Oyebisi SO, Abolarin JS, Babaremu KO. Review of world earthquakes. Int J Civ Eng Technol 2018;9(9):440–64.
- 16. Lu X, Bengtsson L, Holme P. Predictability of population displacement after the 2010 Haiti earthquake. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012;109(29):11576–81. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1203882109
- 17. Flecknoe D, Charles Wakefield B, Simmons A. Plagues & wars: the ‘Spanish Flu’ pandemic as a lesson from history. Med Confl Surviv 2018;34(2):61–8. DOI: 10.1080/13623699.2018.1472892
- 18. Huremović D. Brief History of Pandemics (Pandemics Throughout History). Psychiatry of Pandemics 2019;7-35. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-15346-5_2
- 19. Tatar B, Adar P. SARS-CoV-2: Mikrobiyology and Epidemiology. J Tepecik Educ Res Hosp 2020;30:27–35. DOI: 10.5222/terh.2020.34392
- 20. Kalra S, Kelkar D, Galwankar SC, Papadimos TJ, Stawicki SP, Arquilla B, et al. The Emergence of Ebola as a Global Health Security Threat: From ‘Lessons Learned’ to Coordinated Multilateral Containment Efforts. J Glob Infect Dis 2014;6(4):164–77.
- 21. Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, (IDMC), Global Estimates 2015: People displaced by disasters [online] Available at: https://www.internal-displacement.org/sites/default/files/inline-files/20150713-global-estimates-2015-en-v1.pdf. Accessed October 10, 2020.
- 22. Ponserre S, Ginnetti J. Disaster Displacement: A Global Review, 2008-2018. IDMC [online] Available at: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/201905-disaster-displacement-global-review-2008-2018.pdf. Accessed October 10, 2020.
Analysis of the Natural Disasters in the Last Century and the People Who Were Consequently Displaced
Öz
Amaç: Doğal afetler, insanların çok sayıda risk ve tehlikeye maruz kaldığı karmaşık olaylardır. Gereç ve yöntem: Tanımlayıcı tipte tasarlanmış araştırmamızın verileri EM-DAT (Emergency Events Database) ve IDMC (Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre) veri tabanından alınmıştır. Çalışmamızın evrenini, EM-DAT veri tabanında yer alan 1920 (Ocak)-2020 (Ağustos) yılları arasında dünyada meydana gelen 15.406 farklı doğal afetler ve 2008 (Ocak)-2019 (Aralık) yılları arasında doğal afetlerden kaynaklı 287.913.123 yerinden edilen kişiler oluşturmaktadır. Bulgular: İncelenen 5 kıtada 1980 sonrasında (Afrika, Amerika, Asya, Avrupa, Okyanusya) hidrolojik ve meteorolojik afetlerde hızlı bir artış olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Afetlerden kaynaklı yerinden edilmeler afet alt grupları şeklinde incelendiğinde ise; sel ve fırtınadan kaynaklı afetlerin diğerlerine göre daha fazla yerinden edilmeye neden olduğu saptanmıştır. Sonuç: Sonuç olarak yıllar içerisinde iklim değişikliği ile ilgili afetler artarak yerinden edilme, ölüm ve maddi hasara sebep olmuştur.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Natural Disasters Displacement People Climatological Disasters
Kaynakça
- 1. Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC). Disaster Dataset Codebook Definition of IDP 2015 [online]. Available at: https://www.internal-displacement.org/sites/gidd/idmc-disaster-dataset-codebook-2017-05-22.pdf. Accessed February 21, 2021.
- 2. Centre for Criminal Justice and Human Rights (CCJHR). Disaster Risk Reduction Information Sheet International Disaster Law project 2018 [online]. Available at: http://media.ifrc.org/ifrc/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2018/03/IDL-Information-Sheet-No.2-DRR-February-2018.pdf. Accessed January 12, 2021.
- 3. The Nansen Inciative. The Nansen Initiative Global Consultation 2015; [online].Available at: https://www.nanseninitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/GLOBAL-CONSULTATION-REPORT.pdf. Accessed January 12, 2021.
- 4. International Peace Institute (IPI) [Internet].Disasters and Displacement: Improving Preparedness and Protection 2012 [online]. Available at: https://www.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/publications/ipi_e_pub_disasters.pdf. Accessed January 12, 2021.
- 5. Oliver-Smith A. Disasters and Large-Scale Population Dislocations: International and National Responses. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Natural Hazard Science 2018 p: 1–40 [online]. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389407.013.224. Accessed January 12, 2021.
- 6. Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT) [Internet].Classification for Natural Disasters. [online]. Available at: https://www.emdat.be/classification#Geophysical. Accessed October 10, 2020.
- 7. Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) About us 2020 [online]. Available at: https://www.internal-displacement.org/about-us. Accessed October 10, 2020.
- 8. Thomas V, López R. Global Increase in Climate-Related Disasters. Asian Development Bank. [online]. 2015;Vol. 466. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/11540/5274. Accessed October 10, 2020.
- 9. Jonkman SN, Kelman I. An analysis of the causes and circumstances of flood disaster deaths. Disasters 2005;29(1):75–97. doi: 10.1111/j.0361-3666.2005.00275.x.
- 10. Doocy S, Daniels A, Murray S, Kirsch TD. The Human Impact of Floods: a Historical Review of Events 1980-2009 and Systematic Literature Review. PLoS Curr 2013;1–29. DOI: 10.1371/currents.dis.f4deb457904936b07c09daa98ee8171a
- 11. Winsemius HC, Aerts JCJH, Van Beek LPH, Bierkens MFP, Bouwman A, Jongman B, et al. Global drivers of future river flood risk. Nat Clim Chang 2016;6(4):381–5.
- 12. Ritchie H. Natural Disasters. Our Worl in Data [online]. Available at: https://ourworldindata.org/natural-disasters. Accessed October 10, 2020.
- 13. Wang J, Yang J, Li B. Pain of disasters: The educational cost of exogenous shocks evidence from Tangshan Earthquake in 1976. China Econ Rev 2017;46:27–49.
- 14. Hatakana T. The Great East Japan Earthquake: Research and actions of Japan Medical Association Research Institute. Japan Med Assoc J 2012;55(5):368–74.
- 15. Oluwafemi JO, Ofuyatan OM, Sadiq OM, Oyebisi SO, Abolarin JS, Babaremu KO. Review of world earthquakes. Int J Civ Eng Technol 2018;9(9):440–64.
- 16. Lu X, Bengtsson L, Holme P. Predictability of population displacement after the 2010 Haiti earthquake. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012;109(29):11576–81. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1203882109
- 17. Flecknoe D, Charles Wakefield B, Simmons A. Plagues & wars: the ‘Spanish Flu’ pandemic as a lesson from history. Med Confl Surviv 2018;34(2):61–8. DOI: 10.1080/13623699.2018.1472892
- 18. Huremović D. Brief History of Pandemics (Pandemics Throughout History). Psychiatry of Pandemics 2019;7-35. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-15346-5_2
- 19. Tatar B, Adar P. SARS-CoV-2: Mikrobiyology and Epidemiology. J Tepecik Educ Res Hosp 2020;30:27–35. DOI: 10.5222/terh.2020.34392
- 20. Kalra S, Kelkar D, Galwankar SC, Papadimos TJ, Stawicki SP, Arquilla B, et al. The Emergence of Ebola as a Global Health Security Threat: From ‘Lessons Learned’ to Coordinated Multilateral Containment Efforts. J Glob Infect Dis 2014;6(4):164–77.
- 21. Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, (IDMC), Global Estimates 2015: People displaced by disasters [online] Available at: https://www.internal-displacement.org/sites/default/files/inline-files/20150713-global-estimates-2015-en-v1.pdf. Accessed October 10, 2020.
- 22. Ponserre S, Ginnetti J. Disaster Displacement: A Global Review, 2008-2018. IDMC [online] Available at: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/201905-disaster-displacement-global-review-2008-2018.pdf. Accessed October 10, 2020.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Halk Sağlığı, Çevre Sağlığı |
| Bölüm | Research Article |
| Yazarlar | |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 14 Ekim 2021 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 1 Ocak 2022 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 5 Mayıs 2021 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2022Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1 |
