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Biochemical analysis of serum mineral and vitamin levels in benign essential blepharospasm

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 5, 495 - 499, 01.05.2021
https://doi.org/10.28982/josam.924395

Öz

Background/Aim: Benign essential blepharospasm (BEB) is a type of focal dystonia characterized by involuntary periocular muscle spasms, resulting in partial or complete eyelid closure. Though BEB has been linked to a variety of mineral and vitamin D deficiencies, its association with serum vitamin B12 has never been studied. We intended to determine the association between vitamin B12, serum calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and 25-(OH) vitamin D levels, and BEB severity and frequency.
Methods: This retrospective case-control study included 20 BEB patients who were followed-up and treated periodically with botulinum toxin injections in Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University Department of Ophthalmology’s Oculoplastic and Reconstructive Surgery Unit between January 2019 and January 2021. Twenty age- and gender-matched healthy individuals were also included. The Jankovic rating scale was used to determine the severity and frequency of BEB. Acquired data were assessed retrospectively in terms of age, gender, serum minerals, 25 (OH)-Vitamin D and Vitamin B12 levels.
Results: In this study, 20 BEB patients (F:M=14:6) and 20 healthy individuals (F:M=12:8) (P=0.321) were investigated. The mean ages of BEB patients and healthy individuals were 64.37 (4.21) and 63.83 (3.13) years, respectively (P=0.239). Compared to healthy individuals, BEB patients had significantly lower serum levels of 25-(OH) vitamin D (P=0.037), vitamin B12 (P=0.014) and calcium (P=0.011). In BEB patients, serum levels of 25-(OH) vitamin D (r=-0.375, P=0.043), calcium (r=-0.319, P=0.039), and vitamin B12 (r=-0.408, P=0.027) were all strongly negatively correlated with the Jankovic severity score.
Conclusion: A strong negative correlation between disease severity and decreased vitamin B12, 25-(OH) vitamin D, and calcium in BEB patients indicated that, among other things, BEB may be a rare form of vitamin B12 deficiency. In the absence of an obvious cause for BEB, serum vitamin B12 testing, in addition to serum minerals and 25-(OH) vitamin D, may be useful.

Destekleyen Kurum

The study did not receive any financial support.

Teşekkür

none

Kaynakça

  • 1. Steeves TD, Day L, Dykeman J. The prevalence of primary dystonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mov Disord. 2012;27:1789–96.
  • 2. Sun Y, Tsai PJ, Chu CL, Huang WC, Bee YS. Epidemiology of benign essential blepharospasm: A nationwide population-based retrospective study in Taiwan. PLoS One. 2018;13(12):e0209558. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209558.
  • 3. Akdemir MO, Ugurbas SC, Ugurbas SH. Long-term effect of botulinum toxin in the treatment of benign essential blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. Turk J Ophthalmol. 2015;45(1): 9-13.
  • 4. Coscarelli JM. Essential blepharospasm. Semin Ophthalmol. 2010;25(3):104-8. doi: 10.3109/08820538.2010.488564.
  • 5. Anderson RL, Patel BC, Holds JB, Jordan DR. Blepharospasm: past, present, and future. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998;14(5):305-17.
  • 6. Defazio G, Hallett M, Jinnah HA, Conte A, Berardelli A. Blepharospasm 40 years later. Mov Disord. 2017;32(4):498-509. doi: 10.1002/mds.26934.
  • 7. Bianco MI, Lúquez C, De Jong LI, Fernández RA. Linden flower (Tilia spp.) as potential vehicle of Clostridium botulinum spores in the transmission of infant botulism. Rev Argent Microbiol. 2009;41(4):232-6.
  • 8. Dutton JJ, White JJ, Richard MJ. Myobloc for the treatment of benign essential blepharospasm in patients refractory to botox. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;22(3):173-7. doi: 10.1097/01.iop.0000217382.33972.c4.
  • 9. Thompson VB, Jinnah HA, Hess EJ. Convergent mechanisms in etiologically-diverse dystonias. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2011;15(12):1387-403. doi: 10.1517/14728222.2011.641533.
  • 10. Doğan Ö. Hipokalsemi olan hastalarda serum kalsiyum düzeylerinin iyonize ve düzeltilmiş kalsiyum ile ilişkisi. DÜ Sağlık Bil Enst Derg. 2019;9:67-70.
  • 11. Han P, Trinidad BJ, Shi J. Hypocalcemia-induced seizure: demystifying the calcium paradox. ASN Neuro. 2015;7(2):1759091415578050. doi: 10.1177/1759091415578050.
  • 12. Lumachi F, Motta R, Cecchin D, Ave S, Camozzi V, Basso SM, et al. Calcium metabolism & hypercalcemia in adults. Curr Med Chem. 2011;18(23):3529-36. doi: 10.2174/092986711796642599.
  • 13. Jones BL, Smith SM. Calcium-Sensing Receptor: A Key Target for Extracellular Calcium Signaling in Neurons. Front Physiol. 2016;7:116. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00116.
  • 14. Dominguez LJ, Barbagallo M, Lauretani F, Bandinelli S, Bos A, Corsi AM, et al. Magnesium and muscle performance in older persons: the InCHIANTI study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84(2):419-26. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/84.1.419.
  • 15. Jahnen-Dechent W, Ketteler M. Magnesium basics. Clin Kidney J. 2012;5(Suppl 1):i3-i14. doi: 10.1093/ndtplus/sfr163.
  • 16. Fryer MW, Owen VJ, Lamb GD, Stephenson DG. Effects of creatine phosphate and P(i) on Ca2+ movements and tension development in rat skinned skeletal muscle fibres. J Physiol. 1995;482 ( Pt 1)(Pt 1):123-40. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp020504.
  • 17. Nayır T, Aydın CG, Eroğlu A, Taş SK. Sporcularda düzenli aktivitenin D vitamini düzeylerine etkisi: Kesitsel çalışma. Turk. J. Sports Med. 2017;52:30. doi: 10.5152/tjsm.2017.034.
  • 18. Schubert L, DeLuca HF. Hypophosphatemia is responsible for skeletal muscle weakness of vitamin D deficiency. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2010;500(2):157-61. doi: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.05.029.
  • 19. Müller T, Woitalla D, Hunsdiek A, Kuhn W. Elevated plasma levels of homocysteine in dystonia. Acta Neurol Scand. 2000;101(6):388-90. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0404.2000.90339.x.
  • 20. Sachdev HPS, Shah D. Vitamin B12 (cobalamin). In: Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St.Geme JW, Schor NF, Behrman RE, editors. Nelson’s textbook of paediatrics, 19th edn. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2011. p. 197-8.
  • 21. Ozer EA, Turker M, Bakiler AR, Yaprak I, Ozturk C. Involuntary movements in infantile cobalamin deficiency appearing after treatment. Pediatr Neurol. 2001;25(1):81-3. doi: 10.1016/s0887-8994(01)00289-2.
  • 22. Rasmussen SA, Fernhoff PM, Scanlon KS. Vitamin B12 deficiency in children and adolescents. J Pediatr. 2001;138(1):10-7. doi: 10.1067/mpd.2001.112160.
  • 23. Samuels MA. Neurological effects of malabsorption and vitamin deficiency. In: Samuels MA, Feske S, editors. Office practice of neurology. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 1996. p. 1280.
  • 24. Russell JDR, Batten FE, Collier J. Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord. Brain. 1900;23:39-110.
  • 25. Shyambabu C, Sinha S, Taly AB, Vijayan J, Kovoor JM. Serum vitamin B12 deficiency and hyperhomocystinemia: a reversible cause of acute chorea, cerebellar ataxia in an adult with cerebral ischemia. J Neurol Sci. 2008;273(1-2):152-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2008.06.034.
  • 26. Kumar S. Recurrent seizures: an unusual manifestation of vitamin B12 deficiency. Neurol India. 2004;52(1):122-3.
  • 27. Sharrief AZ, Raffel J, Zee DS. Vitamin B(12) deficiency with bilateral globus pallidus abnormalities. Arch Neurol. 2012;69(6):769-72. doi: 10.1001/archneurol.2011.1084.
  • 28. Celik M, Barkut IK, Oncel C, Forta H. Involuntary movements associated with vitamin B12 deficiency. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2003;10(1):55-7. doi: 10.1016/s1353-8020(03)00065-8.
  • 29. Edvardsson B, Persson S. Blepharospasm and vitamin B12 deficiency. Neurol India. 2010;58(2):320-1. doi: 10.4103/0028-3886.63787.
  • 30. Benito-León J, Porta-Etessam J. Shaky-leg syndrome and vitamin B12 deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(13):981. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200003303421318.
  • 31. Jankovic J, Orman J. Botulinum A toxin for cranial-cervical dystonia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Neurology. 1987;37(4):616-23. doi: 10.1212/wnl.37.4.616.
  • 32. Serefoglu Cabuk K, Tunc U, Ozturk Karabulut G, Fazil K, Karaagac Gunaydin Z, Asik Nacaroglu S, et al. Serum calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and vitamin D in benign essential blepharospasm. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2020;258(6):1293-7. doi: 10.1007/s00417-020-04650-7.
  • 33. Jinnah HA, Hess EJ. A new twist on the anatomy of dystonia: the basal ganglia and the cerebellum? Neurology. 2006;67(10):1740-1. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000246112.19504.61.
  • 34. Pratty JS, Ananth J, O'Brien JE. Relationship between dystonia and serum calcium levels. J Clin Psychiatry. 1986;47(8):418-9. PMID: 2874130.
  • 35. Wszolek ZK, Baba Y, Mackenzie IR, Uitti RJ, Strongosky AJ, Broderick DF, et al. Autosomal dominant dystonia-plus with cerebral calcifications. Neurology. 2006;67(4):620-5. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000230141.40784.09.
  • 36. Jamil NA, Gray SR, Fraser WD, Fielding S, Macdonald HM. The relationship between vitamin D status and muscle strength in young healthy adults from sunny climate countries currently living in the northeast of Scotland. Osteoporos Int. 2017;28(4):1433-43. doi: 10.1007/s00198-016-3901-3.
  • 37. Songpatanasilp T, Chailurkit LO, Nichachotsalid A, Chantarasorn M. Combination of alfacalcidol with calcium can improve quadriceps muscle strength in elderly ambulatory Thai women who have hypovitaminosis D: a randomized controlled trial. J Med Assoc Thai. 2009;92 Suppl5:S30-41. PMID: 19894330.
  • 38. Moreira-Pfrimer LD, Pedrosa MA, Teixeira L, Lazaretti-Castro M. Treatment of vitamin D deficiency increases lower limb muscle strength in institutionalized older people independently of regular physical activity: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. Ann Nutr Metab. 2009;54(4):291-300. doi: 10.1159/000235874.
  • 39. Bolland MJ, Bacon CJ, Horne AM, Mason BH, Ames RW, Wang TK, et al. Vitamin D insufficiency and health outcomes over 5 y in older women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91(1):82-9. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28424.
  • 40. Nicolaysen R. Studies upon the mode of action of vitamin D: The influence of vitamin D on the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the rat. Biochem J. 1937;31(1):122-9. doi: 10.1042/bj0310122.
  • 41. CRAMER JW, STEENBOCK H. Calcium metabolism and growth in the rat on a low-phosphorus diet as affected by vitamin D and increases in calcium intake. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1956;63(1):9-13. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(56)90003-0.
  • 42. Sherwood L. Muscle physiology, in: Fundamentals of Physiology: A Human Perspective, West Publishing Co., St. Paul, MN, 1995, pp. 168–202.
  • 43. Hochachka PW. Muscles as Molecular and Metabolic Machines, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994, p. 158.
  • 44. Ahn TB, Cho JW, Jeon BS. Unusual neurological presentations of vitamin B(12) deficiency. Eur J Neurol. 2004;11(5):339-41. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2004.00778.x.
  • 45. Pacchetti C, Cristina S, Nappi G. Reversible chorea and focal dystonia in vitamin B12 deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(4):295. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200207253470417.
  • 46. Vitek JL, Chockkan V, Zhang JY, Kaneoke Y, Evatt M, DeLong MR, et al. Neuronal activity in the basal ganglia in patients with generalized dystonia and hemiballismus. Ann Neurol. 1999;46(1):22-35. doi: 10.1002/1531-8249(199907)46:1<22::aid-ana6>3.0.co;2-z.
  • 47. Ruck A, Kramer S, Metz J, Brennan MJ. Methyltetrahydrofolate is a potent and selective agonist for kainic acid receptors. Nature. 1980;287(5785):852-3. doi: 10.1038/287852a0.
  • 48. Larnaout A, Mongalgi MA, Kaabachi N, Khiari D, Debbabi A, Mebazza A, et al. Methylmalonic acidaemia with bilateral globus pallidus involvement: a neuropathological study. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1998;21(6):639-44. doi: 10.1023/a:1005428432730.
Yıl 2021, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 5, 495 - 499, 01.05.2021
https://doi.org/10.28982/josam.924395

Öz

Kaynakça

  • 1. Steeves TD, Day L, Dykeman J. The prevalence of primary dystonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mov Disord. 2012;27:1789–96.
  • 2. Sun Y, Tsai PJ, Chu CL, Huang WC, Bee YS. Epidemiology of benign essential blepharospasm: A nationwide population-based retrospective study in Taiwan. PLoS One. 2018;13(12):e0209558. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209558.
  • 3. Akdemir MO, Ugurbas SC, Ugurbas SH. Long-term effect of botulinum toxin in the treatment of benign essential blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. Turk J Ophthalmol. 2015;45(1): 9-13.
  • 4. Coscarelli JM. Essential blepharospasm. Semin Ophthalmol. 2010;25(3):104-8. doi: 10.3109/08820538.2010.488564.
  • 5. Anderson RL, Patel BC, Holds JB, Jordan DR. Blepharospasm: past, present, and future. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998;14(5):305-17.
  • 6. Defazio G, Hallett M, Jinnah HA, Conte A, Berardelli A. Blepharospasm 40 years later. Mov Disord. 2017;32(4):498-509. doi: 10.1002/mds.26934.
  • 7. Bianco MI, Lúquez C, De Jong LI, Fernández RA. Linden flower (Tilia spp.) as potential vehicle of Clostridium botulinum spores in the transmission of infant botulism. Rev Argent Microbiol. 2009;41(4):232-6.
  • 8. Dutton JJ, White JJ, Richard MJ. Myobloc for the treatment of benign essential blepharospasm in patients refractory to botox. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;22(3):173-7. doi: 10.1097/01.iop.0000217382.33972.c4.
  • 9. Thompson VB, Jinnah HA, Hess EJ. Convergent mechanisms in etiologically-diverse dystonias. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2011;15(12):1387-403. doi: 10.1517/14728222.2011.641533.
  • 10. Doğan Ö. Hipokalsemi olan hastalarda serum kalsiyum düzeylerinin iyonize ve düzeltilmiş kalsiyum ile ilişkisi. DÜ Sağlık Bil Enst Derg. 2019;9:67-70.
  • 11. Han P, Trinidad BJ, Shi J. Hypocalcemia-induced seizure: demystifying the calcium paradox. ASN Neuro. 2015;7(2):1759091415578050. doi: 10.1177/1759091415578050.
  • 12. Lumachi F, Motta R, Cecchin D, Ave S, Camozzi V, Basso SM, et al. Calcium metabolism & hypercalcemia in adults. Curr Med Chem. 2011;18(23):3529-36. doi: 10.2174/092986711796642599.
  • 13. Jones BL, Smith SM. Calcium-Sensing Receptor: A Key Target for Extracellular Calcium Signaling in Neurons. Front Physiol. 2016;7:116. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00116.
  • 14. Dominguez LJ, Barbagallo M, Lauretani F, Bandinelli S, Bos A, Corsi AM, et al. Magnesium and muscle performance in older persons: the InCHIANTI study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84(2):419-26. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/84.1.419.
  • 15. Jahnen-Dechent W, Ketteler M. Magnesium basics. Clin Kidney J. 2012;5(Suppl 1):i3-i14. doi: 10.1093/ndtplus/sfr163.
  • 16. Fryer MW, Owen VJ, Lamb GD, Stephenson DG. Effects of creatine phosphate and P(i) on Ca2+ movements and tension development in rat skinned skeletal muscle fibres. J Physiol. 1995;482 ( Pt 1)(Pt 1):123-40. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp020504.
  • 17. Nayır T, Aydın CG, Eroğlu A, Taş SK. Sporcularda düzenli aktivitenin D vitamini düzeylerine etkisi: Kesitsel çalışma. Turk. J. Sports Med. 2017;52:30. doi: 10.5152/tjsm.2017.034.
  • 18. Schubert L, DeLuca HF. Hypophosphatemia is responsible for skeletal muscle weakness of vitamin D deficiency. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2010;500(2):157-61. doi: 10.1016/j.abb.2010.05.029.
  • 19. Müller T, Woitalla D, Hunsdiek A, Kuhn W. Elevated plasma levels of homocysteine in dystonia. Acta Neurol Scand. 2000;101(6):388-90. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0404.2000.90339.x.
  • 20. Sachdev HPS, Shah D. Vitamin B12 (cobalamin). In: Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St.Geme JW, Schor NF, Behrman RE, editors. Nelson’s textbook of paediatrics, 19th edn. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2011. p. 197-8.
  • 21. Ozer EA, Turker M, Bakiler AR, Yaprak I, Ozturk C. Involuntary movements in infantile cobalamin deficiency appearing after treatment. Pediatr Neurol. 2001;25(1):81-3. doi: 10.1016/s0887-8994(01)00289-2.
  • 22. Rasmussen SA, Fernhoff PM, Scanlon KS. Vitamin B12 deficiency in children and adolescents. J Pediatr. 2001;138(1):10-7. doi: 10.1067/mpd.2001.112160.
  • 23. Samuels MA. Neurological effects of malabsorption and vitamin deficiency. In: Samuels MA, Feske S, editors. Office practice of neurology. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 1996. p. 1280.
  • 24. Russell JDR, Batten FE, Collier J. Subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord. Brain. 1900;23:39-110.
  • 25. Shyambabu C, Sinha S, Taly AB, Vijayan J, Kovoor JM. Serum vitamin B12 deficiency and hyperhomocystinemia: a reversible cause of acute chorea, cerebellar ataxia in an adult with cerebral ischemia. J Neurol Sci. 2008;273(1-2):152-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2008.06.034.
  • 26. Kumar S. Recurrent seizures: an unusual manifestation of vitamin B12 deficiency. Neurol India. 2004;52(1):122-3.
  • 27. Sharrief AZ, Raffel J, Zee DS. Vitamin B(12) deficiency with bilateral globus pallidus abnormalities. Arch Neurol. 2012;69(6):769-72. doi: 10.1001/archneurol.2011.1084.
  • 28. Celik M, Barkut IK, Oncel C, Forta H. Involuntary movements associated with vitamin B12 deficiency. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2003;10(1):55-7. doi: 10.1016/s1353-8020(03)00065-8.
  • 29. Edvardsson B, Persson S. Blepharospasm and vitamin B12 deficiency. Neurol India. 2010;58(2):320-1. doi: 10.4103/0028-3886.63787.
  • 30. Benito-León J, Porta-Etessam J. Shaky-leg syndrome and vitamin B12 deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(13):981. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200003303421318.
  • 31. Jankovic J, Orman J. Botulinum A toxin for cranial-cervical dystonia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Neurology. 1987;37(4):616-23. doi: 10.1212/wnl.37.4.616.
  • 32. Serefoglu Cabuk K, Tunc U, Ozturk Karabulut G, Fazil K, Karaagac Gunaydin Z, Asik Nacaroglu S, et al. Serum calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and vitamin D in benign essential blepharospasm. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2020;258(6):1293-7. doi: 10.1007/s00417-020-04650-7.
  • 33. Jinnah HA, Hess EJ. A new twist on the anatomy of dystonia: the basal ganglia and the cerebellum? Neurology. 2006;67(10):1740-1. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000246112.19504.61.
  • 34. Pratty JS, Ananth J, O'Brien JE. Relationship between dystonia and serum calcium levels. J Clin Psychiatry. 1986;47(8):418-9. PMID: 2874130.
  • 35. Wszolek ZK, Baba Y, Mackenzie IR, Uitti RJ, Strongosky AJ, Broderick DF, et al. Autosomal dominant dystonia-plus with cerebral calcifications. Neurology. 2006;67(4):620-5. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000230141.40784.09.
  • 36. Jamil NA, Gray SR, Fraser WD, Fielding S, Macdonald HM. The relationship between vitamin D status and muscle strength in young healthy adults from sunny climate countries currently living in the northeast of Scotland. Osteoporos Int. 2017;28(4):1433-43. doi: 10.1007/s00198-016-3901-3.
  • 37. Songpatanasilp T, Chailurkit LO, Nichachotsalid A, Chantarasorn M. Combination of alfacalcidol with calcium can improve quadriceps muscle strength in elderly ambulatory Thai women who have hypovitaminosis D: a randomized controlled trial. J Med Assoc Thai. 2009;92 Suppl5:S30-41. PMID: 19894330.
  • 38. Moreira-Pfrimer LD, Pedrosa MA, Teixeira L, Lazaretti-Castro M. Treatment of vitamin D deficiency increases lower limb muscle strength in institutionalized older people independently of regular physical activity: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. Ann Nutr Metab. 2009;54(4):291-300. doi: 10.1159/000235874.
  • 39. Bolland MJ, Bacon CJ, Horne AM, Mason BH, Ames RW, Wang TK, et al. Vitamin D insufficiency and health outcomes over 5 y in older women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91(1):82-9. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28424.
  • 40. Nicolaysen R. Studies upon the mode of action of vitamin D: The influence of vitamin D on the absorption of calcium and phosphorus in the rat. Biochem J. 1937;31(1):122-9. doi: 10.1042/bj0310122.
  • 41. CRAMER JW, STEENBOCK H. Calcium metabolism and growth in the rat on a low-phosphorus diet as affected by vitamin D and increases in calcium intake. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1956;63(1):9-13. doi: 10.1016/0003-9861(56)90003-0.
  • 42. Sherwood L. Muscle physiology, in: Fundamentals of Physiology: A Human Perspective, West Publishing Co., St. Paul, MN, 1995, pp. 168–202.
  • 43. Hochachka PW. Muscles as Molecular and Metabolic Machines, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1994, p. 158.
  • 44. Ahn TB, Cho JW, Jeon BS. Unusual neurological presentations of vitamin B(12) deficiency. Eur J Neurol. 2004;11(5):339-41. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2004.00778.x.
  • 45. Pacchetti C, Cristina S, Nappi G. Reversible chorea and focal dystonia in vitamin B12 deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(4):295. doi: 10.1056/NEJM200207253470417.
  • 46. Vitek JL, Chockkan V, Zhang JY, Kaneoke Y, Evatt M, DeLong MR, et al. Neuronal activity in the basal ganglia in patients with generalized dystonia and hemiballismus. Ann Neurol. 1999;46(1):22-35. doi: 10.1002/1531-8249(199907)46:1<22::aid-ana6>3.0.co;2-z.
  • 47. Ruck A, Kramer S, Metz J, Brennan MJ. Methyltetrahydrofolate is a potent and selective agonist for kainic acid receptors. Nature. 1980;287(5785):852-3. doi: 10.1038/287852a0.
  • 48. Larnaout A, Mongalgi MA, Kaabachi N, Khiari D, Debbabi A, Mebazza A, et al. Methylmalonic acidaemia with bilateral globus pallidus involvement: a neuropathological study. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1998;21(6):639-44. doi: 10.1023/a:1005428432730.
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Göz Hastalıkları
Bölüm Araştırma makalesi
Yazarlar

Özgür Eroğul 0000-0002-0875-1517

Selvihan Beysel 0000-0001-6963-1503

Mustafa Doğan 0000-0001-7237-9847

Hamıdu Hamısı Gobeka 0000-0002-7656-3155

Murat Kaşıkcı 0000-0002-2748-9702

Leyla Eryiğit Eroğul 0000-0003-3622-2089

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Mayıs 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 5

Kaynak Göster

APA Eroğul, Ö., Beysel, S., Doğan, M., Gobeka, H. H., vd. (2021). Biochemical analysis of serum mineral and vitamin levels in benign essential blepharospasm. Journal of Surgery and Medicine, 5(5), 495-499. https://doi.org/10.28982/josam.924395
AMA Eroğul Ö, Beysel S, Doğan M, Gobeka HH, Kaşıkcı M, Eryiğit Eroğul L. Biochemical analysis of serum mineral and vitamin levels in benign essential blepharospasm. J Surg Med. Mayıs 2021;5(5):495-499. doi:10.28982/josam.924395
Chicago Eroğul, Özgür, Selvihan Beysel, Mustafa Doğan, Hamıdu Hamısı Gobeka, Murat Kaşıkcı, ve Leyla Eryiğit Eroğul. “Biochemical Analysis of Serum Mineral and Vitamin Levels in Benign Essential Blepharospasm”. Journal of Surgery and Medicine 5, sy. 5 (Mayıs 2021): 495-99. https://doi.org/10.28982/josam.924395.
EndNote Eroğul Ö, Beysel S, Doğan M, Gobeka HH, Kaşıkcı M, Eryiğit Eroğul L (01 Mayıs 2021) Biochemical analysis of serum mineral and vitamin levels in benign essential blepharospasm. Journal of Surgery and Medicine 5 5 495–499.
IEEE Ö. Eroğul, S. Beysel, M. Doğan, H. H. Gobeka, M. Kaşıkcı, ve L. Eryiğit Eroğul, “Biochemical analysis of serum mineral and vitamin levels in benign essential blepharospasm”, J Surg Med, c. 5, sy. 5, ss. 495–499, 2021, doi: 10.28982/josam.924395.
ISNAD Eroğul, Özgür vd. “Biochemical Analysis of Serum Mineral and Vitamin Levels in Benign Essential Blepharospasm”. Journal of Surgery and Medicine 5/5 (Mayıs 2021), 495-499. https://doi.org/10.28982/josam.924395.
JAMA Eroğul Ö, Beysel S, Doğan M, Gobeka HH, Kaşıkcı M, Eryiğit Eroğul L. Biochemical analysis of serum mineral and vitamin levels in benign essential blepharospasm. J Surg Med. 2021;5:495–499.
MLA Eroğul, Özgür vd. “Biochemical Analysis of Serum Mineral and Vitamin Levels in Benign Essential Blepharospasm”. Journal of Surgery and Medicine, c. 5, sy. 5, 2021, ss. 495-9, doi:10.28982/josam.924395.
Vancouver Eroğul Ö, Beysel S, Doğan M, Gobeka HH, Kaşıkcı M, Eryiğit Eroğul L. Biochemical analysis of serum mineral and vitamin levels in benign essential blepharospasm. J Surg Med. 2021;5(5):495-9.