Öz
Objective: Although there are numerous studies examining the psychological effects of COVID-19 pandemic on the general population, the number of studies on individuals with cardiovascular disease is limited. This study aimed to determine coronavirus phobia and depressive symptoms and their possible associated factors in cardiovascular disease patients during the current pandemic period.
Material and methods: In this cross-sectional study, patients applied to the cardiology outpatient clinic due to a cardiovascular disease between November-December, 2020, and individuals without any cardiovascular diseases were included. Participants answered a questionnaire consisting of sociodemographic variables, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and COVID-19 Phobia Scale (CP19-S).
Results: In total, 372 people participated. The CPS-19 and PHQ-9 total scores of the patient group were higher than the control group. Patients reported that they most afraid of someone in the family might infected with the coronavirus. PHQ-9 total scores of females, CP19-S and PHQ-9 total scores of those with a history of psychiatric illness were high. Psychological, somatic, social subscale scores, CP19-S and PHQ-9 total scores of married patients were lower than singles. High leveled-education increased CP19-S total, psychological and social sub-scores. While the psychological and somatic subscale scores of the smokers were high, their PHQ-9 total scores were low. Those admitted to intensive care due to COVID-19 reflected low economic subscale and CP19-S total scores. Correlation analysis detected a correlation between the CP19-S subscale, total scores and PHQ-9 total scores.
Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic has psychologically affected cardiovascular patients. Evaluation of this effect may guide the taking of measures that will contribute to the prognosis and mortality of patients with cardiovascular disease.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- WHO. Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/ (accessed April 5, 2021).
- Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA. 2020 Apr 7;323(13):1239-1242.
- Guo T, Fan Y, Chen M, Wu X, Zhang L, HeT et al. Cardiovascular Implications of Fatal Outcomes of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA cardiology. 2020; 5(7): 811–818.
- Li B, Yang J, Zhao F, Zhi L, Wang X, Liu L et al. Prevalence and impact of cardiovascular metabolic diseases on COVID-19 in China. Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society. 2020;109(5): 531–538.
- CDC COVID-19 Response Team. Preliminary Estimates of the Prevalence of Selected Underlying Health Conditions Among Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 - United States, February 12-March 28, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020 Apr 3;69(13):382-386.
- Chudasama YV, Gillies CL, Zaccardi F, Coles B, Davies MJ, Seidu S et al. Impact of COVID-19 on routine care for chronic diseases: A global survey of views from healthcare professionals. Diabetes & metabolic syndrome.2020; 14(5): 965–967.
- Al-Rahimi JS, Nass NM, Hassoubah SA, Wazqar DY, Alamoudi SA. Levels and predictors of fear and health anxiety during the current outbreak of COVID-19 in immunocompromised and chronic disease patients in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional correlational study. PloS one. 2021;16(4): e0250554.
- Louvardi M, Pelekasis P, Chrousos GP, Darviri C. Mental health in chronic disease patients during the COVID-19 quarantine in Greece. Palliat Support Care. 2020 Aug;18(4):394-399.
- Pan SF, Zhang HY, Li, C. S., & Wang, C. (2003). Cardiac arrest in severe acute respiratory syndrome: analysis of 15 cases. Zhonghua jie he he hu xi za zhi= Zhonghua jiehe he huxi zazhi= Chinese journal of tuberculosis and respiratory diseases. 2003; 26(10): 602-605.
- Roest AM, Martens EJ, de Jonge P, Denollet J. Anxiety and risk of incident coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010 Jun 29;56(1):38-46.
- Rosengren A, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Sliwa K, Zubaid M, Almahmeed WA et al. Association of psychosocial risk factors with risk of acute myocardial infarction in 11119 cases and 13648 controls from 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet 2004; 364:953–962.
- Arpaci I, Karataş K, Baloğlu M. The development and initial tests for the psychometric properties of the COVID-19 Phobia Scale (C19P-S). Personality and Individual Differences.2020; 164:110108.
- Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ‐9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of general internal medicine 2001; 16(9): 606-613.
- Sari YE, Kokoglu B, Balcioglu H, Bilge U, Colak E, Unluoglu I. Turkish reliability of the patient health questionnaire-9 Bıomedıcal Research-Indıa. 2016;27:460-462.
- WHO. Presentation: “Designing the road to better health and well-being in Europe” at the 14th European Health Forum Gastein . Available from: https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/152184/RD_Dastein_speech_wellbeing_07Oct.pdf. (accessed April 5, 2021).
- Bakioğlu F, Korkmaz O, Ercan H. Fear of COVID-19 and Positivity: Mediating Role of Intolerance of Uncertainty, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress [published online ahead of print, 2020 May 28]. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2020;1-14.
- Ołdakowska-Jedynak U, Ryś M, Sztajerwald T, Malyszko J. THE IMPORTANCE OF MENTAL RESILIENCE AGAINST LONELINESS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN DIALYSIS PATIENTS. Wiad Lek. 2021;74(7):1758-1762.
- Cansel N, Ucuz İ, Arslan AK, Kayhan Tetik B, Colak C, Melez ŞNİ et al. Prevalence and predictors of psychological response during immediate COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Clin Pract. 2021;75(5):e13996.
- Yadigar A. Kültürel ve toplumsal gerçekliğimiz açısından aile anlayışlarının ve Türk ailesinin değerlendirmesi. PESA Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi. 2015;1(1):15-24.
- Rodríguez-Hidalgo AJ, Pantaleón Y, Dios I, Falla D. Fear of COVID-19, Stress, and Anxiety in University Undergraduate Students: A Predictive Model for Depression. Front Psychol. 2020;11:591797.
- Overfield T. Biological variation in health and illness: Race, age, and sex. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2017.
- Vlassoff C. Gender differences in determinants and consequences of health and illness. J Health Popul Nutr. 2007; 25(1):47-61.
- Fegg MJ, Kramer M, Bausewein C, Borasio GD. Meaning in life in the Federal Republic of Germany: results of a representative survey with the Schedule for Meaning in Life Evaluation (SMiLE). Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2007; 22(5) :59.
- Thombs BD, Bonardi O, Rice DB, Boruff JT, Azar M, He C et al. Curating evidence on mental health during COVID-19: A living systematic review. J Psychosom Res. 2020;133:110113.
- Wang ZH, Qi SG, Zhang H, Mao PX, He YL, Li J et al. [Impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on anxiety among the elderly in community]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2020;100(40):3179-3185.
- Lam J, Perales F. Chronic illness and mental strain: the moderating role of marital status over the disease cycle. Longit Life Course Stud. 2018; 9(3): 279–298.
- Timpano KR, Çek D, Rubenstein LM, Murphy D, Schmidt NB. Exploring the Association Between Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms and Loneliness: Consideration of Specificity and Gender. J Cogn Psychother. 2014;28(4):264-273.
- Picaza Gorrochategi M, Eiguren Munitis A, Dosil Santamaria M, Ozamiz Etxebarria N. Stress, Anxiety, and Depression in People Aged Over 60 in the COVID-19 Outbreak in a Sample Collected in Northern Spain. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2020;28(9):993-998.
- Liu D, Baumeister RF, Veilleux JC, Chen C, Liu W, Yue Y et al. Risk factors associated with mental illness in hospital discharged patients infected with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Psychiatry Res. 2020;292:113297.
- Satici B, Saricali M, Satici SA, Griffiths MD. Intolerance of Uncertainty and Mental Wellbeing: Serial Mediation by Rumination and Fear of COVID-19. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2020;15:1-12.
- Demir B, Guneysu E, Sancaktar M, Sahin SK, Elboga G, Altindag, A. Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on medication adherence in psychiatric disorders. Medicine. 2021; 10(3):720-4.
- Firth J, Solmi M, Wootton RE, Vancampfort D, Schuch FB, Hoare E et al.: A meta‐review of “lifestyle psychiatry”: the role of exercise, smoking, diet and sleep in the prevention and treatment of mental disorders. World Psychiatry. 2020; 19(3): 360-380.
- Lohia P, Sreeram K, Nguyen P, Choudhary A, Khicher S, Yarandi H et al.: Preexisting respiratory diseases and clinical outcomes in COVID-19: a multihospital cohort study on predominantly African American population. Respir Res.2021; 22(1): 37.
- Karakoyun S, Gürsoy MO, Topçu S, Kalkan K, Yurttaş M, Gökdeniz T et al. Kalp Yetersizliği Hastalarında Depresyonun Sol Ventrikül Mekanikleri Üzerine Etkisi. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tıp Dergisi, 7(27).
- Keskin G, Gümüş AB. Kronik Kalp Yetmezliği Olan Hastalarda Anksiyete, Öfke ve Başa Çıkma Tutumlarının İncelenmesi. In Yeni Symposium.2012; 50(3).
- Mete HE. Kronik hastalık ve depresyon. Klinik Psikiyatri.2008: 11(3); 3-18.
- Williams MS. Platelets and depression in cardiovascular disease: A brief review of the current literature. World J Psychiatry. 2012:22;2(6):114-23.
- Wei H, Gu J, Jiang X, Deng N, Wu J, Zou L et al. Anxiety disturbs the blood plasma metabolome in acute coronary syndrome patients. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):12897.
Öz
Amaç: COVID-19 pandemisinin genel popülasyondaki psikolojik etkilerini inceleyen çok sayıda çalışma olmasına rağmen kardiyovasküler hastalığa sahip bireyler üzerindeki etkilerinin araştırıldığı çalışma sayısı kısıtlıdır. Bu çalışma mevcut pandemi sürecinde kardiyovasküler hastalığı olan bireylerde koronavirüs fobisi ve depresif belirtiler ile bunlarla ilişkili olabilecek faktörleri tespit etmeyi amaçlamıştır.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Kesitsel nitelikteki bu çalışmaya, Kasım-Aralık 2020 tarihleri arasında kardiyovasküler bir hastalık nedeniyle kardiyoloji polikliniğine başvuran hastalar ile herhangi bir kardiyovasküler hastalığı olmayan bireyler dâhil edildi. Katılımcılar sosyodemografik değişkenler, Hasta sağlığı anketi-9 (PHQ-9) ve Koronavirüs-19 Fobisi Ölçeği (CP19-S)’ne ait sorulardan oluşan bir anketi yanıtladı.
Bulgular: Çalışmada toplam 372 kişi yer aldı. Hasta grubunun CP19-S total ve PHQ-9 total puanları, kontrol grubundan yüksekti. Hastalar en çok aileden birinin korona virüse yakalanma olasılığından korktuğunu ifade etti. Kadın cinsiyette PHQ-9 total, psikiyatrik hastalık öyküsü olanlarda CP19-S ve PHQ-9 total puanlarını yüksekti. Evli hastaların psikolojik, somatik, sosyal alt ölçek puanları ile CP19-S ve PHQ-9 total puanları bekârlardan düşüktü. Eğitim düzeyi yüksekliği CP19-S total, psikolojik ve sosyal alt puanlarını arttırdı. Sigara içenlerin psikolojik ve somatik alt ölçek puanları yüksekken, PHQ-9 total puanları düşüktü. COVID-19 enfeksiyonu nedeniyle yoğun bakıma yatanların, ekonomik alt ve CP19-S total puanları arttırdı. Yapılan korelasyon analizinde CP19-S alt ölçek ve toplam puanları ile PHQ-9 toplam puanları arasında korelasyon vardı.
Sonuç: COVID-19 pandemisi kardiyovasküler hastalığa sahip bireyleri psikolojik olarak etkilemiştir. Oluşan bu etkinin değerlendirilmesi kardiyovasküler hastalığa sahip bireylerin prognozuna ve mortalitesine katkı sağlayacak önlemlerin alınmasına yol gösterici olabilir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- WHO. Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/ (accessed April 5, 2021).
- Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA. 2020 Apr 7;323(13):1239-1242.
- Guo T, Fan Y, Chen M, Wu X, Zhang L, HeT et al. Cardiovascular Implications of Fatal Outcomes of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA cardiology. 2020; 5(7): 811–818.
- Li B, Yang J, Zhao F, Zhi L, Wang X, Liu L et al. Prevalence and impact of cardiovascular metabolic diseases on COVID-19 in China. Clinical research in cardiology : official journal of the German Cardiac Society. 2020;109(5): 531–538.
- CDC COVID-19 Response Team. Preliminary Estimates of the Prevalence of Selected Underlying Health Conditions Among Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 - United States, February 12-March 28, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020 Apr 3;69(13):382-386.
- Chudasama YV, Gillies CL, Zaccardi F, Coles B, Davies MJ, Seidu S et al. Impact of COVID-19 on routine care for chronic diseases: A global survey of views from healthcare professionals. Diabetes & metabolic syndrome.2020; 14(5): 965–967.
- Al-Rahimi JS, Nass NM, Hassoubah SA, Wazqar DY, Alamoudi SA. Levels and predictors of fear and health anxiety during the current outbreak of COVID-19 in immunocompromised and chronic disease patients in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional correlational study. PloS one. 2021;16(4): e0250554.
- Louvardi M, Pelekasis P, Chrousos GP, Darviri C. Mental health in chronic disease patients during the COVID-19 quarantine in Greece. Palliat Support Care. 2020 Aug;18(4):394-399.
- Pan SF, Zhang HY, Li, C. S., & Wang, C. (2003). Cardiac arrest in severe acute respiratory syndrome: analysis of 15 cases. Zhonghua jie he he hu xi za zhi= Zhonghua jiehe he huxi zazhi= Chinese journal of tuberculosis and respiratory diseases. 2003; 26(10): 602-605.
- Roest AM, Martens EJ, de Jonge P, Denollet J. Anxiety and risk of incident coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010 Jun 29;56(1):38-46.
- Rosengren A, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Sliwa K, Zubaid M, Almahmeed WA et al. Association of psychosocial risk factors with risk of acute myocardial infarction in 11119 cases and 13648 controls from 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet 2004; 364:953–962.
- Arpaci I, Karataş K, Baloğlu M. The development and initial tests for the psychometric properties of the COVID-19 Phobia Scale (C19P-S). Personality and Individual Differences.2020; 164:110108.
- Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ‐9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of general internal medicine 2001; 16(9): 606-613.
- Sari YE, Kokoglu B, Balcioglu H, Bilge U, Colak E, Unluoglu I. Turkish reliability of the patient health questionnaire-9 Bıomedıcal Research-Indıa. 2016;27:460-462.
- WHO. Presentation: “Designing the road to better health and well-being in Europe” at the 14th European Health Forum Gastein . Available from: https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/152184/RD_Dastein_speech_wellbeing_07Oct.pdf. (accessed April 5, 2021).
- Bakioğlu F, Korkmaz O, Ercan H. Fear of COVID-19 and Positivity: Mediating Role of Intolerance of Uncertainty, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress [published online ahead of print, 2020 May 28]. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2020;1-14.
- Ołdakowska-Jedynak U, Ryś M, Sztajerwald T, Malyszko J. THE IMPORTANCE OF MENTAL RESILIENCE AGAINST LONELINESS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN DIALYSIS PATIENTS. Wiad Lek. 2021;74(7):1758-1762.
- Cansel N, Ucuz İ, Arslan AK, Kayhan Tetik B, Colak C, Melez ŞNİ et al. Prevalence and predictors of psychological response during immediate COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Clin Pract. 2021;75(5):e13996.
- Yadigar A. Kültürel ve toplumsal gerçekliğimiz açısından aile anlayışlarının ve Türk ailesinin değerlendirmesi. PESA Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi. 2015;1(1):15-24.
- Rodríguez-Hidalgo AJ, Pantaleón Y, Dios I, Falla D. Fear of COVID-19, Stress, and Anxiety in University Undergraduate Students: A Predictive Model for Depression. Front Psychol. 2020;11:591797.
- Overfield T. Biological variation in health and illness: Race, age, and sex. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2017.
- Vlassoff C. Gender differences in determinants and consequences of health and illness. J Health Popul Nutr. 2007; 25(1):47-61.
- Fegg MJ, Kramer M, Bausewein C, Borasio GD. Meaning in life in the Federal Republic of Germany: results of a representative survey with the Schedule for Meaning in Life Evaluation (SMiLE). Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2007; 22(5) :59.
- Thombs BD, Bonardi O, Rice DB, Boruff JT, Azar M, He C et al. Curating evidence on mental health during COVID-19: A living systematic review. J Psychosom Res. 2020;133:110113.
- Wang ZH, Qi SG, Zhang H, Mao PX, He YL, Li J et al. [Impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on anxiety among the elderly in community]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2020;100(40):3179-3185.
- Lam J, Perales F. Chronic illness and mental strain: the moderating role of marital status over the disease cycle. Longit Life Course Stud. 2018; 9(3): 279–298.
- Timpano KR, Çek D, Rubenstein LM, Murphy D, Schmidt NB. Exploring the Association Between Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms and Loneliness: Consideration of Specificity and Gender. J Cogn Psychother. 2014;28(4):264-273.
- Picaza Gorrochategi M, Eiguren Munitis A, Dosil Santamaria M, Ozamiz Etxebarria N. Stress, Anxiety, and Depression in People Aged Over 60 in the COVID-19 Outbreak in a Sample Collected in Northern Spain. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2020;28(9):993-998.
- Liu D, Baumeister RF, Veilleux JC, Chen C, Liu W, Yue Y et al. Risk factors associated with mental illness in hospital discharged patients infected with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Psychiatry Res. 2020;292:113297.
- Satici B, Saricali M, Satici SA, Griffiths MD. Intolerance of Uncertainty and Mental Wellbeing: Serial Mediation by Rumination and Fear of COVID-19. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2020;15:1-12.
- Demir B, Guneysu E, Sancaktar M, Sahin SK, Elboga G, Altindag, A. Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on medication adherence in psychiatric disorders. Medicine. 2021; 10(3):720-4.
- Firth J, Solmi M, Wootton RE, Vancampfort D, Schuch FB, Hoare E et al.: A meta‐review of “lifestyle psychiatry”: the role of exercise, smoking, diet and sleep in the prevention and treatment of mental disorders. World Psychiatry. 2020; 19(3): 360-380.
- Lohia P, Sreeram K, Nguyen P, Choudhary A, Khicher S, Yarandi H et al.: Preexisting respiratory diseases and clinical outcomes in COVID-19: a multihospital cohort study on predominantly African American population. Respir Res.2021; 22(1): 37.
- Karakoyun S, Gürsoy MO, Topçu S, Kalkan K, Yurttaş M, Gökdeniz T et al. Kalp Yetersizliği Hastalarında Depresyonun Sol Ventrikül Mekanikleri Üzerine Etkisi. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tıp Dergisi, 7(27).
- Keskin G, Gümüş AB. Kronik Kalp Yetmezliği Olan Hastalarda Anksiyete, Öfke ve Başa Çıkma Tutumlarının İncelenmesi. In Yeni Symposium.2012; 50(3).
- Mete HE. Kronik hastalık ve depresyon. Klinik Psikiyatri.2008: 11(3); 3-18.
- Williams MS. Platelets and depression in cardiovascular disease: A brief review of the current literature. World J Psychiatry. 2012:22;2(6):114-23.
- Wei H, Gu J, Jiang X, Deng N, Wu J, Zou L et al. Anxiety disturbs the blood plasma metabolome in acute coronary syndrome patients. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):12897.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 21 Mart 2022 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 13 Eylül 2021 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 18 Ekim 2021 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2022 Cilt: 17 Sayı: 1 |
