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Kayıp ve Yasa Psikososyal Yaklaşım

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 3, 352 - 367, 30.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.652126

Öz

Her birey yaşamı boyunca baş etmesi gereken sayısız olay ve sorunla karşı¬laşmakta ve bu sorunların çoğunun üstesinden gelmektedir. Ancak bu olaylardan bazıları, yaşamı, belirgin bir biçimde etkilemektedir. Yaşamın doğal akışı içinde kayıp ya da kayıp oluşturacak bir tehditle zaman zaman karşı karşıya kalmak ve sevilen birinin beklenmedik ölümü bu tip olaylardandır. Kayıp karşısında verilen ilk tepkiler doğal bir tepki olduğu için hastalık olarak nitelendirilmemektedir. Yas ise, değer verilen ve sevilen bir kişinin ölümünün ardından kayıp yaşayan bireylerin verdiği duygusal, bilişsel ve davranışsal tepkiler olarak nitelendirilebilmektedir. Kayıp sonucu oluşan yas süreci, yaşam döngüsü içinde karşılaşılan farklı bir durum olup yaş, cinsiyet, kültür ve daha önceki yas deneyimine bağlı olarak özgün bir biçimde deneyimlenir. Çünkü her birey benzersizdir ve bu nedenle yas bireyden bireye değişiklik gösterebilir. Yas sürecinde bulunan bireye bu faktörler göz önünde bulundurularak yaklaşım sergilenmesi önemlidir. Yaşanan kayıplar sonrası veya yas sürecinde ihtiyaç olması halinde sağlık profesyonellerince (hemşireler, doktorlar, psikologlar gibi) yardım sağlanabilmektedir. Kayıp sonrası sağlık profesyonelleri tarafından profesyonel destek sağlanmaktadır. Bu destekleyici hizmetler, problem çözmeyi, rol model olmayı, cesaretlendirmeyi, öğretmeyi ve danışmanlığı içermektedir. Yapılan çalışmalar, sağlık profesyonellerinin yas sürecini yaşayan birey ile iletişim, yas süreci ile baş etme ve kayıp yas sürecindeki bireye psikososyal yaklaşım konusunda bilgi eksikliği olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu derlemede kayıp yas yaşayan bireylerde psikososyal yaklaşımın önemini vurgulanması amaçlanmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Benkel I, Wijk H, Molander U (2009) Family and friends provide most social support for the bereaved. Palliat Med, 23(2):141-149.
  • Baker JE, Sedney MA (1996) How bereaved children cope with loss: an overview. In Handbook of childhood death and breavement, (Eds CA Corr, DM Corr):109-130. New York, Springer Publishing Company.
  • Berksun OE (1995) Psikososyal ve medikal yönleriyle kayıp, yas ve ölüm. Kriz Dergisi, 3(1-2):68-69.
  • Bildik T (2013) Ölüm, kayıp, yas ve patolojik yas. Ege Journal of Medicine, 52(4):223-229.
  • Bonanno GA, Kaltman S (2001) The varieties of grief experience. Clin Psychol Rev, 21:705-734.
  • Bowlby J (1980) Attachment And Loss: Loss, Sadness And Depression (vol III.). New York, Basic Books.
  • Brooke SL, Miraglia DA (2015) Using The Creative Therapies To Cope With Grief And Loss. USA, Charles C Thomas Publisher.
  • Cacciatore J, Flint M (2012) ATTEND: Toward a Mindfulness-based bereavement care model. Death Studies, 36:61–82.
  • Cummings K (2015) Coming to grips with loss: normalizing the grief process. Rotterdam, Sense Publishers.
  • Dyregrov A (2008) Grief İn Young Children A Handbook For Adults, Second Edition, Philadelphia, Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  • Galatzer- Levy I, Bonanno GA (2012) Beyond normality in the study of bereavement: heterogeneity in depression outcomes following loss in older adults. Soc. Sci. Med., 74(12):1987-1994.
  • Gizir CA (2006) Bir kayıp sonrasında zorluklar yaşayan üniversite öğrencilerine yönelik bir yas danışmanlığı modeli. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(2):195-213.
  • Gorman LM, Sultan DF (2008) The Grieving patient. İn Psychosocial Nursing For General Patient Care, 3rd Edition (LM Gorman, DF Sultan):129-140. USA, FA Davis Company.
  • Kara E (2016) Yas süreci ve dini danışmanlık. DEUİFD Din Piskolojisi Özel Sayısı, 251-270.
  • Küçükkaya PG (2009) Kayıp ve yas süreci. Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Dergisi, 6(1): 8-13.
  • Lindemann E (1944) Symptomatology and management of acute grief. American Journal of Psychiatry, 101:141- 148.
  • Longsdon MC, Dawis DW (2003) Social and professional support for pregant and parenting women. The American Journal of Maternal Child Nusing, 28(6):371-376.
  • Lotterman JH, Bonanno GA, Galatzer-Levy I (2014) The heterogeneity of long-term grief reactions. Journal of Affective Disorders, 167:12-19.
  • McCoyd LMJ, Walter CA (2016a) Biopsychosocial aspects of grief. İn Grief and Loss Across the Lifespan A Biopsycosocial Perspective, Second Edition:3-8. Newyork, Springer Publishing Company.
  • McCoyd LMJ, Walter CA (2016b) Losses Experienced in İnfancy and Early Childhood. İn Grief and Loss Across the Lifespan A Biopsycosocial Perspective, Second Edition:63-68, Newyork, Springer Publishing Company.
  • McCoyd LMJ, Walter CA (2016c) Older adults. İn Grief and Loss Across the Lifespan A Biopsycosocial Perspective, Second Edition:259-263, Newyork, Springer Publishing Company.
  • McCoyd LMJ, Walter CA (2016d) Therapist activity in ıntervening with grief. İn Grief and Loss Across the Lifespan A Biopsycosocial Perspective Second Edition:23-26 Newyork, Springer Publishing Company.
  • Oltjenbruns KA (2001) Developmental context of childhood: Grief and regrief phenomenia. In Handbook of bereavement research, (Eds MS Stroebe, RO Hansson, W Stroebe, H
  • Schut (Eds.). Washington, American Psychological Association.
  • Ringdal GI, Jordoy MS, Ringdal K, Kaasa S (2001) Factors affecting grief reacions in close family members to individuals who have died of cancer. Journal of Pain Symptom Management, 22(6):1016-1026.
  • Ürer E (2017) Çocuklarda ölüm ve yas üzerine bir inceleme. Dini Araştırmalar, 20 (52):131-140.
  • Walsh K (2012) Normal and complicated grief reaction. İn: Grief and loss: Theories and skills fort he helping professions, Second Education (Eds K Walsh):64-74. New Jersey, Pearson Education.
  • Walter CA, McCoyd LMJ (2009) Grief and loss across the lifespan: A biopsychosocial perspective, New York, Springer Publishing Company.
  • Weiss RS (2001) Grief, bonds and relationships. In Handbook of bereavement research: Consequences, coping, and care, (Eds MS Stroebe, RO Hansson, W Stroebe and H Schut): 26-30. Washington, DC, APA.
  • Weymont D, Rae T (2006) The Grief cycle. İn Supporting Young People Coping with Grief, Loss and Death, (Eds D Weymont, Rae T):105-113. London, Paul Chapman Publishing.
  • Wilson J (2014) The nature of grief. İn Supporting People Through Loss and Grief:25-50. London and Philadelphia, Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  • Wright B (2007) Grief. İn Loss And Grief, Skills For Caring, (Ed B Wright): 9-27. Cumbria, Published by M&K Update Ltd.
  • Videbeck SL (2011) Grief and loss. İn Psychiatric- Mental Health Nursing, Fifth Edition (Ed SL Videbeck):205-215. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams &Wilkins.
  • Yancey V (2013) The Experience of loss, death and grief. İn Fundamentals of Nursing, Eight Edition (Eds PA Potter, AG Perry, PA Stockert, AM Hall):708-730. Missouri, Elsevier Mosby.
  • Zara A (2011) Kayıplar, yas tepkileri ve yas süreci. Available from: URL:http://www.aytenzara.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Kay%C4%B1plar-Yas Tepkileri-ve-Yas-S%C3%BCreci.pdf. Available date: 23.04.2019.
  • Zhang B, El-Jawahri A, Prigerson HG (2006) Update on bereavement research: Evidence based guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of complicated bereavement. J Palliative Med, 9(5):1188-1203.

Psychosocial Approach to Loss and Mourning

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 3, 352 - 367, 30.09.2020
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.652126

Öz

Every individual is confronted with numerous events and problems throughout his life, and they can get over most of these problems. However, some of these events affect their life significantly. Unexpected death of a loved one is such an event. Grief can be described as emotional, cognitive, and behavioral reactions given by individuals who lost their loved ones. The acute response after loss of loved one are usually not considered as abnormal because most of them are natural. The grief reactions can show a variety according to age, gender, culture and previous experience of person and because of this the reactions of people when they face to grief can show differences, it is important for healthcare professionals to consider these variety while approaching people experiencing loss. Supportive approach in grief include some techniques like psychoeducation, role modeling, encouragement, counseling and problem solving. Studies show that health professionals are lacking in information about communication with the individual who is experiencing mourning, and coping with mourning process. This review aims to emphasize the importance of the psychosocial approach in grief.

Kaynakça

  • Benkel I, Wijk H, Molander U (2009) Family and friends provide most social support for the bereaved. Palliat Med, 23(2):141-149.
  • Baker JE, Sedney MA (1996) How bereaved children cope with loss: an overview. In Handbook of childhood death and breavement, (Eds CA Corr, DM Corr):109-130. New York, Springer Publishing Company.
  • Berksun OE (1995) Psikososyal ve medikal yönleriyle kayıp, yas ve ölüm. Kriz Dergisi, 3(1-2):68-69.
  • Bildik T (2013) Ölüm, kayıp, yas ve patolojik yas. Ege Journal of Medicine, 52(4):223-229.
  • Bonanno GA, Kaltman S (2001) The varieties of grief experience. Clin Psychol Rev, 21:705-734.
  • Bowlby J (1980) Attachment And Loss: Loss, Sadness And Depression (vol III.). New York, Basic Books.
  • Brooke SL, Miraglia DA (2015) Using The Creative Therapies To Cope With Grief And Loss. USA, Charles C Thomas Publisher.
  • Cacciatore J, Flint M (2012) ATTEND: Toward a Mindfulness-based bereavement care model. Death Studies, 36:61–82.
  • Cummings K (2015) Coming to grips with loss: normalizing the grief process. Rotterdam, Sense Publishers.
  • Dyregrov A (2008) Grief İn Young Children A Handbook For Adults, Second Edition, Philadelphia, Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  • Galatzer- Levy I, Bonanno GA (2012) Beyond normality in the study of bereavement: heterogeneity in depression outcomes following loss in older adults. Soc. Sci. Med., 74(12):1987-1994.
  • Gizir CA (2006) Bir kayıp sonrasında zorluklar yaşayan üniversite öğrencilerine yönelik bir yas danışmanlığı modeli. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(2):195-213.
  • Gorman LM, Sultan DF (2008) The Grieving patient. İn Psychosocial Nursing For General Patient Care, 3rd Edition (LM Gorman, DF Sultan):129-140. USA, FA Davis Company.
  • Kara E (2016) Yas süreci ve dini danışmanlık. DEUİFD Din Piskolojisi Özel Sayısı, 251-270.
  • Küçükkaya PG (2009) Kayıp ve yas süreci. Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Dergisi, 6(1): 8-13.
  • Lindemann E (1944) Symptomatology and management of acute grief. American Journal of Psychiatry, 101:141- 148.
  • Longsdon MC, Dawis DW (2003) Social and professional support for pregant and parenting women. The American Journal of Maternal Child Nusing, 28(6):371-376.
  • Lotterman JH, Bonanno GA, Galatzer-Levy I (2014) The heterogeneity of long-term grief reactions. Journal of Affective Disorders, 167:12-19.
  • McCoyd LMJ, Walter CA (2016a) Biopsychosocial aspects of grief. İn Grief and Loss Across the Lifespan A Biopsycosocial Perspective, Second Edition:3-8. Newyork, Springer Publishing Company.
  • McCoyd LMJ, Walter CA (2016b) Losses Experienced in İnfancy and Early Childhood. İn Grief and Loss Across the Lifespan A Biopsycosocial Perspective, Second Edition:63-68, Newyork, Springer Publishing Company.
  • McCoyd LMJ, Walter CA (2016c) Older adults. İn Grief and Loss Across the Lifespan A Biopsycosocial Perspective, Second Edition:259-263, Newyork, Springer Publishing Company.
  • McCoyd LMJ, Walter CA (2016d) Therapist activity in ıntervening with grief. İn Grief and Loss Across the Lifespan A Biopsycosocial Perspective Second Edition:23-26 Newyork, Springer Publishing Company.
  • Oltjenbruns KA (2001) Developmental context of childhood: Grief and regrief phenomenia. In Handbook of bereavement research, (Eds MS Stroebe, RO Hansson, W Stroebe, H
  • Schut (Eds.). Washington, American Psychological Association.
  • Ringdal GI, Jordoy MS, Ringdal K, Kaasa S (2001) Factors affecting grief reacions in close family members to individuals who have died of cancer. Journal of Pain Symptom Management, 22(6):1016-1026.
  • Ürer E (2017) Çocuklarda ölüm ve yas üzerine bir inceleme. Dini Araştırmalar, 20 (52):131-140.
  • Walsh K (2012) Normal and complicated grief reaction. İn: Grief and loss: Theories and skills fort he helping professions, Second Education (Eds K Walsh):64-74. New Jersey, Pearson Education.
  • Walter CA, McCoyd LMJ (2009) Grief and loss across the lifespan: A biopsychosocial perspective, New York, Springer Publishing Company.
  • Weiss RS (2001) Grief, bonds and relationships. In Handbook of bereavement research: Consequences, coping, and care, (Eds MS Stroebe, RO Hansson, W Stroebe and H Schut): 26-30. Washington, DC, APA.
  • Weymont D, Rae T (2006) The Grief cycle. İn Supporting Young People Coping with Grief, Loss and Death, (Eds D Weymont, Rae T):105-113. London, Paul Chapman Publishing.
  • Wilson J (2014) The nature of grief. İn Supporting People Through Loss and Grief:25-50. London and Philadelphia, Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  • Wright B (2007) Grief. İn Loss And Grief, Skills For Caring, (Ed B Wright): 9-27. Cumbria, Published by M&K Update Ltd.
  • Videbeck SL (2011) Grief and loss. İn Psychiatric- Mental Health Nursing, Fifth Edition (Ed SL Videbeck):205-215. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams &Wilkins.
  • Yancey V (2013) The Experience of loss, death and grief. İn Fundamentals of Nursing, Eight Edition (Eds PA Potter, AG Perry, PA Stockert, AM Hall):708-730. Missouri, Elsevier Mosby.
  • Zara A (2011) Kayıplar, yas tepkileri ve yas süreci. Available from: URL:http://www.aytenzara.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Kay%C4%B1plar-Yas Tepkileri-ve-Yas-S%C3%BCreci.pdf. Available date: 23.04.2019.
  • Zhang B, El-Jawahri A, Prigerson HG (2006) Update on bereavement research: Evidence based guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of complicated bereavement. J Palliative Med, 9(5):1188-1203.
Toplam 36 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Psikiyatri
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Yasemin Özel 0000-0001-8920-8825

Birgül Özkan 0000-0002-1271-8007

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2020
Kabul Tarihi 6 Ocak 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

AMA Özel Y, Özkan B. Kayıp ve Yasa Psikososyal Yaklaşım. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar. Eylül 2020;12(3):352-367. doi:10.18863/pgy.652126

Cited By

Death and Grief Literacy in the Family
Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry
https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1384342









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Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar Creative Commons Atıf-Gayriticari-Türetilemez 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.