The Relationship Between Normal External Genitalia Size of Women Aged 15-82 and Age, Height, Weight, BMI, Parity
Öz
Objective: In female adults, accurate and comprehensive measurements of the external genitalia are of great importance in terms of aesthetic evaluation in surgical designs and genital aesthetic surgeries. The aim of this study is to examine the proportions of the external genital organs of Turkish female adults applying for plastic surgery and to establish morphometric references for operations by determining the importance of variations in age, height, weight, BMI, and marital status.
Material and Method: The study was conducted on 319 cases, and baseline data and morphometric references were provided for plastic surgery, including genital deformity caused by trauma or burns, and male-to-female transsexual operations. Standardized measurements of the clitoral gland, the distance from the base of the gland to the urethral orifice, perineum length, labia majora length and width, and labia minora length and width were taken. In addition, the distance of the clitoris to the urethra, the urethra to the vagina, and the vagina to the anus were measured. The study was carried out between 2019-2020. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Necmettin Erbakan University Ethics Committee (2019/2124).
Results: Age, body mass index, and parity were recorded and a wide range of values was noted for each measurement. No statistically significant relationship was observed between external genitalia measurements and age, parity (P<0.05). No statistically significant difference was found in any of the external genitalia measurements between the groups (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Our data provides a basis for the appearance of a normal white vulva that can be used to establish standards for gynecological cosmetic surgery indications.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- 1. Kreklau, A. Vaz, I. Oehme, F. Strub, F. Brechbühl, R. Christmann, C.Günthhert. Measurements of a ‘normal’ in women aged 15-84:a cross-sectional prospective single-centre study. Royal College of Obstetrician and Gynaecologists 2018; 1656-1661
- 2. Andrikopoulou, M. Michala, L. Creighton, SM. Liao, LM. The normal vulva in medical textbooks. J Obstet Gynaecol 2013; 33:648-650
- 3. Narjani, AE. Considerations sur les causes anatomiques de firigidite chez la femme. Bruxelles-Med 1924; 27:768-78.
- 4. Verkauf, BS. Von Thron, J. O’Brien, WF. Clitoral size in normal women. Obstet Gynecol:80 1992; 41-4.
- 5. Basaran, M. Kosif, R. Bayar, U. Civelek, B. Characteristics of external genitalia in pre- and postmenopausal women. Climacteric 2008; 11:416-21.
- 6. Koning, M. Zeijlmans, IA. Bovman, TK. van der Lei B. Female attitudes regarding labia minora appearance and reduction with consideration of media influence. Aesthet Surg J 2009; 29:65-71.
- 7. Salanki, NS. Tejero-Trujeque, R. Stevens-King, A. Malata, CM. Aesthetic and functional reduction of the labia minora using the Maas and Hage technique. J Plastic, Recons % Aesth Surg 2010; 63(7):1181-1185.
- 8. Maas, SM. Hage, JJ. Functional and aesthetic labia minora reduction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2000; 105:1453-6.
- 9. Schick, VR. Calabrese, SK. Rima, BN. Zucker, AN. Genital appearance dissatisfaction: implications for women’s genital image self-consciousness, sexual esteem, sexual satisfaction, and sexual risk. Psychol Women Q 2010; 34:394-404.
- 10. Lloyd, J. Crouch, NS. Minto, CL. Liao, LM. Creighton SM. Female genital appearance: normality unfolds. BJOG 2005; 112:643-6.
- 11. Cao, Y. Li, Q. Zhou, C. Li, F. Li, S. Zhou, Y. Measurements of female genital appearance in Chinese adults seeking genital cosmetic surgery: a preliminary report from a gynecological center. Int Urogynecol J 2015; 26:729-735.
- 12. Akbiyik, F. Kutlu, AO. External genital proportions in prepubertal girls: a morphometric reference for female genitoplasty J Urol 2010; 184:1476-1481.
- 13. Rouzier, R. Louis-Sylvestre, C. Paniel, BJ. Haddad, B. Hypertrophy of labia minora: experience with 163 reductions. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 182:35-40.
- 14. O’Connell, HL. Hutson, JM. Anderson, JR. Plenter, RJ. Anatomical relationship between urethra and clitoris. J Urol 1998; 159:1892-7.
- 15. Verkauf, BS. Von Thron, J. O’Brien ,WF. Clitoral size in normal women. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 80:41-4.
- 16. Oberfield, SE. Mondok, A. Shahrivar, F. Klein, JF. Levine, LS. Clitoral size in full-term infants. Am J Perinatol 1989; 6:453-4.
- 17. Castelo-Branco, C. Duran, M. Gonzalez-Merlo, J. Skin collagen changes related to age and hormone replacement therapy. Maturitas 1992; 15:113-19.
- 18. Brincat, M. Kabalan, S. Studd, JW. Moniz, CF. de Trafford, J. Montgomery, J. A study of the decrease of skin collagen content, skin thickness, and bone mass in the postmenopausal woman. Obstet Gynecol 1987; 70 (6):840-5.a.
- 19. Weijenborg, P.’Designer vajinas’ Een issue voor sexuol 2006; 30:181-186.
- 20. Schober, JM. Meyer-Bahlburg, HF. Ransley, PG. Self assessment of genital anatomy, sexual sensitivity and function in women: implications for genitoplasty. BJU Int 2004; 94:589-594.
- 21. Seitz, IA. Wu ,C,.Retzlaff, K. Zachary, L. Measurements and aesthetics of the mons pubis in normal weight females. Plast Reconstr Surg 2010; 126:46e-48e.
- 22. Akbiyik, F. Kutlu, AO. External genital proportions in prepubertal girls: a morphometric reference for female genitoplasty J Urol 2010; 184:1476-1481.
- 23. Ajayi, OA. Re: clinical characteristics of well women seeking labial reduction surgery: a prospective study. BJOG:119 2012; 504: 504-505.
- 24. Masters ,WH. Johnson, VE. Human sexual response. Boston: Little Brown 1976; 47-8.
- 25. Krissi, H. Ben-Shitrit, G. Avıram, A. Weintraub, AY. From, A. Wiznitzer, A. Peled, Y. Et al. Anatomical diversity of the female external genitalia and its association to sexual function. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2016; 196:44-7.
- 26. Barbara, G. Facchin, F. Meschia, M. Vercellin, İP. The first cut is the deepest: a psychological, sexological and gynecological perspective on female genital cosmetic surgery. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2015; 94:915-20.
- 27. Good, MP. Female genital cosmetic and plastic surgery: a review. J Sex Med:8:1813-25.2011
- 28. Yurteri-Kaplan, LA. Antosh, DO. Sokol, AI. et al. Interest in cosmetic vulvar surgery and perception of vulvar appearance. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012;207:428.el-7.
- 29. Liao, LM. Taghinejadi, N. Creighton, SM. An analysis of the content and clinical implications of online advertisements for female genital cosmetic surgery. BMJ Open 2012; (2):e001908.
- 30. Goldstein, I. Alexander, JL. Practical aspects in the management of vaginal atrophy and sexual dysfunction in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. J Sex Med:2 (Suppl3) 2005; 154-165.
- 31. Suckling, J. Lethaby, A. Kennedy, R. Local oestrogen for vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; CD0011500.
- 32. Berman, JR. Berman, L. Goldstein, I. Female sexual dysfunction: incidence, pathophysiology, evaluation, and treatment options. Urology 1999; 54:385-91.
Öz
Amaç: Kadın erişkinlerde cerrahi tasarımlar ve genital estetik ameliyatlarda dış genital organların doğru ve kapsamlı ölçümleri estetik değerlendirme açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, estetik cerrahi için başvuran Türk kadın yetişkinlerin dış genital organlarının oranlarını incelemek ve yaş, boy, kilo, VKİ ve medeni durumdaki varyasyonların önemini belirleyerek operasyonlar için morfometrik referansları oluşturmaktır.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Çalışmaya 319 olguya ait dış genital ölçümleri dahil edildi ve travma veya yanıkların neden olduğu genital deformite ve erkekten kadına transseksüel operasyonlar dahil olmak üzere plastik cerrahi için temel veriler ve morfometrik referans sağlandı. Klitoral bezin standart ölçümleri, bezin tabanından üretral orifise olan mesafe, perine uzunluğu, labia majora uzunluk ve genişliği ve labia minora uzunluk ve genişliği alındı. Ayrıca klitorisin üretraya, üretranın vajinaya ve vajinanın anüse olan mesafesi ölçüldü. Çalışma 2019-2020 yılları arasında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma için etik onay Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Etik Kurulu’ndan (2019/2124) alınmıştır.
Bulgular: Yaş, vücut kitle indeksi, parite kaydedildi ve her ölçüm için geniş bir aralıkta değerler not edildi. Dış genital organ ölçümleri ile yaş ve VKİ arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ilişki gözlendi (P<0.05). Parite grupları arasında dış genital organ ölçümlerinin büyük çoğunluğunda istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark bulundu (P<0.05).
Sonuç: Elde edilen bulgular ile jinekolojik kozmetik cerrahi endikasyonları için standartlar oluşturmak için kullanılabilecek normal beyaz bir vulva görünümü için temel bilgiler sağlanmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Etik Beyan
Bu çalışmada, “Yükseköğretim Kurumları Bilimsel Araştırma ve Yayın Etiği Yönergesi” kapsamında uyulması gerekli tüm kurallara uyulduğunu, bahsi geçen yönergenin “Bilimsel Araştırma ve Yayın Etiğine Aykırı Eylemler” başlığı altında belirtilen eylemlerden hiçbirinin gerçekleştirilmediğini taahhüt ederiz.
Kaynakça
- 1. Kreklau, A. Vaz, I. Oehme, F. Strub, F. Brechbühl, R. Christmann, C.Günthhert. Measurements of a ‘normal’ in women aged 15-84:a cross-sectional prospective single-centre study. Royal College of Obstetrician and Gynaecologists 2018; 1656-1661
- 2. Andrikopoulou, M. Michala, L. Creighton, SM. Liao, LM. The normal vulva in medical textbooks. J Obstet Gynaecol 2013; 33:648-650
- 3. Narjani, AE. Considerations sur les causes anatomiques de firigidite chez la femme. Bruxelles-Med 1924; 27:768-78.
- 4. Verkauf, BS. Von Thron, J. O’Brien, WF. Clitoral size in normal women. Obstet Gynecol:80 1992; 41-4.
- 5. Basaran, M. Kosif, R. Bayar, U. Civelek, B. Characteristics of external genitalia in pre- and postmenopausal women. Climacteric 2008; 11:416-21.
- 6. Koning, M. Zeijlmans, IA. Bovman, TK. van der Lei B. Female attitudes regarding labia minora appearance and reduction with consideration of media influence. Aesthet Surg J 2009; 29:65-71.
- 7. Salanki, NS. Tejero-Trujeque, R. Stevens-King, A. Malata, CM. Aesthetic and functional reduction of the labia minora using the Maas and Hage technique. J Plastic, Recons % Aesth Surg 2010; 63(7):1181-1185.
- 8. Maas, SM. Hage, JJ. Functional and aesthetic labia minora reduction. Plast Reconstr Surg 2000; 105:1453-6.
- 9. Schick, VR. Calabrese, SK. Rima, BN. Zucker, AN. Genital appearance dissatisfaction: implications for women’s genital image self-consciousness, sexual esteem, sexual satisfaction, and sexual risk. Psychol Women Q 2010; 34:394-404.
- 10. Lloyd, J. Crouch, NS. Minto, CL. Liao, LM. Creighton SM. Female genital appearance: normality unfolds. BJOG 2005; 112:643-6.
- 11. Cao, Y. Li, Q. Zhou, C. Li, F. Li, S. Zhou, Y. Measurements of female genital appearance in Chinese adults seeking genital cosmetic surgery: a preliminary report from a gynecological center. Int Urogynecol J 2015; 26:729-735.
- 12. Akbiyik, F. Kutlu, AO. External genital proportions in prepubertal girls: a morphometric reference for female genitoplasty J Urol 2010; 184:1476-1481.
- 13. Rouzier, R. Louis-Sylvestre, C. Paniel, BJ. Haddad, B. Hypertrophy of labia minora: experience with 163 reductions. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 182:35-40.
- 14. O’Connell, HL. Hutson, JM. Anderson, JR. Plenter, RJ. Anatomical relationship between urethra and clitoris. J Urol 1998; 159:1892-7.
- 15. Verkauf, BS. Von Thron, J. O’Brien ,WF. Clitoral size in normal women. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 80:41-4.
- 16. Oberfield, SE. Mondok, A. Shahrivar, F. Klein, JF. Levine, LS. Clitoral size in full-term infants. Am J Perinatol 1989; 6:453-4.
- 17. Castelo-Branco, C. Duran, M. Gonzalez-Merlo, J. Skin collagen changes related to age and hormone replacement therapy. Maturitas 1992; 15:113-19.
- 18. Brincat, M. Kabalan, S. Studd, JW. Moniz, CF. de Trafford, J. Montgomery, J. A study of the decrease of skin collagen content, skin thickness, and bone mass in the postmenopausal woman. Obstet Gynecol 1987; 70 (6):840-5.a.
- 19. Weijenborg, P.’Designer vajinas’ Een issue voor sexuol 2006; 30:181-186.
- 20. Schober, JM. Meyer-Bahlburg, HF. Ransley, PG. Self assessment of genital anatomy, sexual sensitivity and function in women: implications for genitoplasty. BJU Int 2004; 94:589-594.
- 21. Seitz, IA. Wu ,C,.Retzlaff, K. Zachary, L. Measurements and aesthetics of the mons pubis in normal weight females. Plast Reconstr Surg 2010; 126:46e-48e.
- 22. Akbiyik, F. Kutlu, AO. External genital proportions in prepubertal girls: a morphometric reference for female genitoplasty J Urol 2010; 184:1476-1481.
- 23. Ajayi, OA. Re: clinical characteristics of well women seeking labial reduction surgery: a prospective study. BJOG:119 2012; 504: 504-505.
- 24. Masters ,WH. Johnson, VE. Human sexual response. Boston: Little Brown 1976; 47-8.
- 25. Krissi, H. Ben-Shitrit, G. Avıram, A. Weintraub, AY. From, A. Wiznitzer, A. Peled, Y. Et al. Anatomical diversity of the female external genitalia and its association to sexual function. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2016; 196:44-7.
- 26. Barbara, G. Facchin, F. Meschia, M. Vercellin, İP. The first cut is the deepest: a psychological, sexological and gynecological perspective on female genital cosmetic surgery. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2015; 94:915-20.
- 27. Good, MP. Female genital cosmetic and plastic surgery: a review. J Sex Med:8:1813-25.2011
- 28. Yurteri-Kaplan, LA. Antosh, DO. Sokol, AI. et al. Interest in cosmetic vulvar surgery and perception of vulvar appearance. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012;207:428.el-7.
- 29. Liao, LM. Taghinejadi, N. Creighton, SM. An analysis of the content and clinical implications of online advertisements for female genital cosmetic surgery. BMJ Open 2012; (2):e001908.
- 30. Goldstein, I. Alexander, JL. Practical aspects in the management of vaginal atrophy and sexual dysfunction in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. J Sex Med:2 (Suppl3) 2005; 154-165.
- 31. Suckling, J. Lethaby, A. Kennedy, R. Local oestrogen for vaginal atrophy in postmenopausal women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; CD0011500.
- 32. Berman, JR. Berman, L. Goldstein, I. Female sexual dysfunction: incidence, pathophysiology, evaluation, and treatment options. Urology 1999; 54:385-91.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Anatomi |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 22 Nisan 2024 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 24 Kasım 2023 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 17 Ocak 2024 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2024 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1 |
SDÜ Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, makalenin gönderilmesi ve yayınlanması dahil olmak üzere hiçbir aşamada herhangi bir ücret talep etmemektedir. Dergimiz, bilimsel araştırmaları okuyucuya ücretsiz sunmanın bilginin küresel paylaşımını artıracağı ilkesini benimseyerek, içeriğine anında açık erişim sağlamaktadır.