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İnsan İmmün Yetmezlik Virüsü ile İnfekte Anne Bebekleri ve Perinatal Geçisin Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 4, 287 - 292, 07.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.12956/tchd.980415

Öz

Amaç: Tüm dünyada ve ülkemizde HIV/AIDS hem bireysel hem de toplumsal sonuçları ağır olan önemli bir halk sağlığı sorunudur. Gelişmekte olan ülkelerde, HIV ile enfekte çocukların %90’ından fazlasında virüs anneden bebeğe bulaşmaktadır. Her yıl tüm dünyada HIV pozitif 1.3 milyon kadın gebe kalmakta ve anneden çocuğa HIV geçişi küresel olarak yeni HIV enfeksiyonlarının %9’unu oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada HIV ile enfekte annelerden doğan bebeklerin ve perinatal geçişi önlem için uygulanan yöntemlerin sonuçlarının değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Gereç ve Yöntemler: Ocak 2015- Aralık 2020 tarihleri arasında Çocuk Enfeksiyon Hastalıkları kliniğinde izlenen HIV ile enfekte annelerden doğan bebeklerin klinik ve laboratuvar özellikleri retrospektif olarak incelendi.

Bulgular: Çalışmamızda 6 yıllık süreçte HIV’li anneden doğan 22 bebek izlendi. Bebeklerin 14’ü (%63.6) erkekti. Bir bebek 34 haftalık prematür diğerleri miad doğumdu. 12 (%54.5) anne gebe kalmadan önce HIV olduğunu biliyordu. 10 anne gebelik sırasında taramalarda tanı almıştı. Bunların 4’ü (%40) ilk trimestirde, 6’sı (%60) son trimestirde idi. 19 (%86.4) anne gebelik sırasında antiretroviral tedavi (ART) aldı. Doğum sırasında annelerin HIV RNA sonucu 14 (%63.6) negatif, 7 (%31.8) pozitif ve 1 (%4.5 ) bilinmiyordu. 7 (%31) anneye doğum sırasında ART profilaksi verildi. Bebeklerin 19’u (%86.4) sezaryen ile doğdu ve hiçbiri anne sütü almamıştı. Hastaların 20’si (%90.9) doğar doğmaz yıkanmıştı. 21 bebeğe doğum sonrası ilk 24 saat içinde oral antiretroviral profilaksi başlandı. 19 hastaya sadece zidovudin, 2 hastaya zidovudin ve nevirapin ikili profilaksi başlandı. Bebeklerinin hiçbiri HIV ile enfekte olmadı.


Sonuç:
Çalışmamızda antiretroviral profilaksi ve bir takım önlemler ile HIV’li anne bebeklerinin hiçbirinin enfekte olmadığı saptandı. HIV ile enfekte çocukların %90’dan fazlasında virus vertikal yolla bulaş sonucu kazanılmaktadır. HIV pozitif gebelerin erken tanısı ve gebelerde antiretroviral tedavinin kullanımının artması, sezaryen ile doğum, bebeğe doğum sonrası antiretroviral profilaksi, anne sütü verilmemesi, doğar doğmaz yıkama gibi bir takım önlemler ile anneden bebeğe HIV geçişini önlemek mümkündür.

Kaynakça

  • UNAIDS. Global HIV & AIDS statistics — 2019 fact sheet. Available at: https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet (Erişim Tarihi: Aralık 2020).
  • Ending AIDS: progress towards the 90–90–90 targets. Global AIDS update 2017. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2017 (http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/Global_AIDS_ update_2017_en.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: Aralık 2020).
  • The gap report 2014: children and pregnant women living with HIV. Geneva: UNAIDS: 2014:5 (http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/09_ChildrenandpregnantwomenlivingwithHIV.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 2021).
  • De Cock KM, Fowler MG, Mercier E, de Vincenzi I,Saba J, Hoff E, ve ark. Prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission in resource-poor countries: translating research into policy and practice. JAMA 2000; 283:1175-82.
  • World Health Organization, Unicef. Guidance on global scale-up of the prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV: towards universal access for women, infants and young children and eliminating HIV and AIDS among children / Inter-Agency Task Team on Prevention of HIV Infection in Pregnant Women, Mothers and their Children. WHO, 2007, Switzerland. Accessible at: http://www.unicef.org/aids/fi les/ PMTCT_enWEBNov26.pdf
  • Cooper ER, Charurat M, Mofenson L, Hanson IC, Pitt J, Diaz C, ve ark. Combination antiretroviral strategies for the treatment of pregnant HIV-1-infected women and prevention of perinatal HIV-1 transmission. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002; 29:484-94.
  • Townsend CL, Cortina-Borja M, Peckham CS, Ruiter A, Lyall H, Tookey PA. Low rates of mother-to-child transmission of HIV following effective pregnancy interventions in the United Kingdom and Ireland, 2000-2006. AIDS 2008; 22:973-81.
  • Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS).GlobalHIV & AIDS statistics Available at: https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet (Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 2021).
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV Surveillance Reports. 2017. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/library/reports/hiv-surveillance.html (Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 2021).
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü HIV/AIDS TANI TEDAVİ REHBERİ 2019 Ankara. Erişim adresi: Erişim adresi: https://hsgm.saglik.gov. tr/depo/birimler/Bulasici-hastaliklar-db/hastaliklar/HIV-ADS/Tani-Tedavi_Rehberi 2019.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 03.2.2021.
  • Flynn PM , Abrams EJ, Fowler MG. Prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission in resource-limited settings. http://www.uptodate.com/contents/ Prevention-of- mother-to-child- HIV- transmission- in- resource-limited- settings. ( Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 2021).
  • John GC, Kreiss J. Mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Epidemiol Rev 1996; 18:149-57.
  • Nesheim S, Taylor A, Lampe MA, Kilmarx PH, Harris LF, Whitmore S, ve ark. A framework for elimination of perinatal transmission of HIV in the United States. Pediatrics 2012; 130:738-44.
  • Warszawski J, Tubiana R, Le Chenadec J, Blanche S, Teglas JP, Dollfus C ve ark. Mother-to-child HIV transmission despite antiretroviral therapy in the ANRS French Perinatal Cohort. AIDS 2008; 22:289-99. 
  • Birkhead GS, Pulver WP, Warren BL, Klein SC, Parker MM, Caggana M, ve ark. Progress in prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in New York State: 1988-2008. J Public Health Manag Pract 2010; 16:481-91.
  • Volmink JA,Marais BJ. HIV: mother-to-child transmission. BMJ Clin Evid 2008:0909
  • Campos Coelho AV, Campos Coelho HF, Arraes LC, Crovella S. HIV-1 mother-to-child transmission in Brazil (1994–2016): a time series modeling. Braz J Infec Dis 2019;23:218-23.
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü. (2020). Türkiye HIV/AIDS Kontrol Programı, 2019 - 2024. Ankara. Erişim adresi: https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/birimler/Bulasici-hastaliklar-db/hastaliklar/HIVADS/kontrol /programı 2019-2024.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 03.2.2021
  • Sütçü M, Aktürk H, Somer A, Hançerli Törün S, İnce Z, Çoban A ve ark. Anneden Bebeğe HIV Geçişi: Sekiz Yıllık Deneyim Mother-to-Child Transmisson of HIV: An Eight-Year Experience. Mikrobiyol Bul 2015; 49: 542-53.
  • İnkaya AÇ, Örgül G, Halis N, Alp Ş, Kara A, Özyüncü Ö ve ark. Perinatal outcomes of twenty-five human immunodeficiency virus-infected pregnant women: Hacettepe University experience. J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc 2020; 21: 180-6.
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü. Doğum Öncesi Bakım Yönetim Rehberi (2018). Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayın No: 925 Ankara, 2018. Erişim Tarihi: 03.2.2021 Panel on treatment of pregnant women with HIV infection and prevention of perinatal transmission. Recommendations for the use of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant women with HIV infection and interventions to reduce perinatal HIV transmission in the United States. Rockville (MD): Department of Health and Human Services; 2017. Available at:https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/PerinatalGL.pdf.( Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 2021) Connor EM, Sperling RS, Gelber R, Kiselev P, Scott G, O’Sullivan MJ ve ark. Reduction of maternal-infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with zidovudine treatment. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 Study Group. N Engl J Med 1994;331:1173-80.
  • Shaffer N, Chuachoowong R, Mock PA, Bhadrakom C, Siriwasin W, Young NL ve ark. Short-course zidovudine for perinatal HIV-1 transmission in Bangkok, Thailand: a randomised controlled trial. Bangkok Collaborative Perinatal HIV Transmission Study Group. Lancet 1999; 53:773-80.
  • Jamieson DJ, Sibailly TS, Sadek R, Roels THEkpini ER, Ouattara EB, ve ark. HIV-1 viral load and other risk factors for mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in a breast-feeding population in Cote d’Ivoire. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2003;34:430-6.
  • Jackson JB, Musoke P, Fleming T, Guay LA, Bagenda D, Allen M ve ark. Intrapartum and neonatal single-dose nevirapine compared with zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Kampala, Uganda: 18-month follow-up of the HIVNET 012 randomised trial. Lancet 2003; 362:859-68.
  • John GC, Nduati RW, Mbori-Ngacha DA, Richardson BA,Panteleeff D, Mwatha A ve ark. Correlates of mother-to-child human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission: association with maternal plasma HIV-1 RNA load, genital HIV-1 DNA shedding, and breast infections. J Infect Dis 2001;183:206-12.
  • Townsend CL, Byrne L, Cortina-Borja M, Thorne C, Ruiter A,Lyall H ve ark. Earlier initiation of ART and further decline in mother-to-child HIV transmission rates, 2000-2011. AIDS 2014; 28:1049-57.
  • Mandelbrot L, Tubiana R, Le Chenadec J,Dollfus C,Faye A, Pannier E ve ark. No perinatal HIV-1 transmission from women with effective antiretroviral therapy starting before conception. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 61:1715-25.
  • World Health Organization. On the fast-track to an AIDS-free generation. Geneva, Switzerland. 2016. http://emtct-iatt.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/GlobalPlan2016_en.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 2021).
  • Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Panel on Treatment of Pregnant Women with HIV Infection and Prevention of Perinatal Transmission. Recommendations for the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs in Pregnant Women with HIV Infection and Interventions to Reduce Perinatal HIV Transmission in the United States. https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/perinatal/whats-new-guidelines (Erişim Tarihi: 04.07.2021)
  • European Mode of Delivery Collaboration. Elective caesarean-section versus vaginal delivery in prevention of vertical HIV-1 transmission: a randomised clinical trial. Lancet 1999;353:1035–9.
  • Aho I, Kaijomaa M, Kivelä P, Surcel HM, Sutinen J, Heikinheimo O. Most women living with HIV can deliver vaginally-National data from Finland 1993-2013. PloS One 2018;13:e0194370.
  • Hughes BL, Cu-Uvin S. Management of pregnant women with HIV and infant prophylaxis in resource-rich settings. http://www.uptodate.com/contents/management-of-pregnant-women-with-HIV-and-infant –prophylaxis- in -resource-rich- settings. ( erişim tarihi Haziran 2021)
  • Effect of breastfeeding on infant and child mortality due to infectious diseases in less developed countries: a pooled analysis. WHO Collaborative Study Team on the Role of Breastfeeding on the Prevention of Infant Mortality. Lancet 2000; 355:451.
  • Arikawa S, Rollins N, Jourdain G, Humphrey J, Kourtis AP, Hoffman I ve ark. Contribution of Maternal Antiretroviral Therapy and Breastfeeding to 24-Month Survival in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Exposed Uninfected Children: An Individual Pooled Analysis of African and Asian Studies. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 66:1668-77.
  • De Cock KM, Fowler MG, Mercier E, de Vincenzi I, Saba J, Hoff E ve ark. Prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission in resource-poor countries: translating research into policy and practice. JAMA 2000; 283:1175-82.
  • Lallemant M, Jourdain G, Le Coeur S, Kim S, Koetsawang S, Comeau AM ve ark. A trial of shortened zidovudine regimens to prevent mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Perinatal HIV Prevention Trial (Thailand) Investigators. N Engl J Med 2000; 343:982-91.
  • Kourtis AP, Bulterys M, Nesheim SR, Lee FK. Understanding the timing of HIV transmission from mother to infant. JAMA 2001; 285:709-12.
  • King CC, Ellington SR, Kourtis AP. The role of co-infections in mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Curr HIV Res 2013;11:10-23.
  • Huang KY, Li YP, Shih CC, Lin CH, Kang J, Lin MW ve ark. Mother-to-child transmission of HIV: An 11-year experience in a single center and HIV prevention effectiveness in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc 2019; 118:1211-7.

Evaluation of Infants of Mothers Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Perinatal Transmission

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 4, 287 - 292, 07.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.12956/tchd.980415

Öz

Objective: HIV/AIDS is an important public health problem with severe individual and social consequences all over the world and in our country. Every year, 1.3 million women become pregnant worldwide, and mother to child transmission of HIV accounts for 9% of new HIV infections globally. In this study, it was aimed to evaluate infants born to HIV-infected mothers, and to evaluate the results of the methods applied to prevent perinatal transmission.

Material and Methods: The clinical and laboratory characteristics of infants born to HIV-infected mothers, who were followed up in the Pediatric Infectious Diseases clinic between January 2015 and December 2020, were analyzed retrospectively.

Results: In our study, 22 infants born to HIV-infected mothers were followed over a six-year period. 14 (63.6%) of the infants were male. One infant was 34 weeks premature and the others were term. 12 (54.5%) mothers knew they had HIV before they became pregnant. 10 mothers were diagnosed during pregnancy scans. Four (40%) of these were in the first trimester and six (60%) were in the last trimester. 19 (86.4%) patients received antiretroviral therapy (ART) during pregnancy. The HIV RNA result of the mothers at the time of delivery was found to be 14 (63.6%) negative, seven (31.8%) positive and one (4.5%) unknown. Seven (31%) mothers were given ART prophylaxis during delivery. 19 (86.4%) infants were delivered by C-section. None of them had been breastfed. 20 (90.9%) of the patients were bathed as soon as they were born. Oral antiretroviral prophylaxis was started in 21 infants within the first 24 hours after delivery. 19 patients were started only on zidovudine, and 2 patients were started on dual prophylaxis with zidovudine and nevirapine. None of the infants were found to be HIV-infected.

Conclusion: It was determined that none of the infants of HIV-infected mothers followed up in our study were infected. In more than 90% of HIV-infected children, the virus is acquired as a result of vertical transmission. Prevention of HIV transmission from mother to infant is possible with some measures such as early diagnosis of HIV-positive pregnant women, increase of antiretroviral therapy in pregnant women, Cesarean delivery, postpartum antiretroviral prophylaxis, avoidance of breastfeeding and bathing the infant as soon as it is born.

Kaynakça

  • UNAIDS. Global HIV & AIDS statistics — 2019 fact sheet. Available at: https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet (Erişim Tarihi: Aralık 2020).
  • Ending AIDS: progress towards the 90–90–90 targets. Global AIDS update 2017. Geneva: UNAIDS; 2017 (http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/Global_AIDS_ update_2017_en.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: Aralık 2020).
  • The gap report 2014: children and pregnant women living with HIV. Geneva: UNAIDS: 2014:5 (http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/09_ChildrenandpregnantwomenlivingwithHIV.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 2021).
  • De Cock KM, Fowler MG, Mercier E, de Vincenzi I,Saba J, Hoff E, ve ark. Prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission in resource-poor countries: translating research into policy and practice. JAMA 2000; 283:1175-82.
  • World Health Organization, Unicef. Guidance on global scale-up of the prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV: towards universal access for women, infants and young children and eliminating HIV and AIDS among children / Inter-Agency Task Team on Prevention of HIV Infection in Pregnant Women, Mothers and their Children. WHO, 2007, Switzerland. Accessible at: http://www.unicef.org/aids/fi les/ PMTCT_enWEBNov26.pdf
  • Cooper ER, Charurat M, Mofenson L, Hanson IC, Pitt J, Diaz C, ve ark. Combination antiretroviral strategies for the treatment of pregnant HIV-1-infected women and prevention of perinatal HIV-1 transmission. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002; 29:484-94.
  • Townsend CL, Cortina-Borja M, Peckham CS, Ruiter A, Lyall H, Tookey PA. Low rates of mother-to-child transmission of HIV following effective pregnancy interventions in the United Kingdom and Ireland, 2000-2006. AIDS 2008; 22:973-81.
  • Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS).GlobalHIV & AIDS statistics Available at: https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet (Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 2021).
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV Surveillance Reports. 2017. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/library/reports/hiv-surveillance.html (Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 2021).
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü HIV/AIDS TANI TEDAVİ REHBERİ 2019 Ankara. Erişim adresi: Erişim adresi: https://hsgm.saglik.gov. tr/depo/birimler/Bulasici-hastaliklar-db/hastaliklar/HIV-ADS/Tani-Tedavi_Rehberi 2019.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 03.2.2021.
  • Flynn PM , Abrams EJ, Fowler MG. Prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission in resource-limited settings. http://www.uptodate.com/contents/ Prevention-of- mother-to-child- HIV- transmission- in- resource-limited- settings. ( Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 2021).
  • John GC, Kreiss J. Mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Epidemiol Rev 1996; 18:149-57.
  • Nesheim S, Taylor A, Lampe MA, Kilmarx PH, Harris LF, Whitmore S, ve ark. A framework for elimination of perinatal transmission of HIV in the United States. Pediatrics 2012; 130:738-44.
  • Warszawski J, Tubiana R, Le Chenadec J, Blanche S, Teglas JP, Dollfus C ve ark. Mother-to-child HIV transmission despite antiretroviral therapy in the ANRS French Perinatal Cohort. AIDS 2008; 22:289-99. 
  • Birkhead GS, Pulver WP, Warren BL, Klein SC, Parker MM, Caggana M, ve ark. Progress in prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in New York State: 1988-2008. J Public Health Manag Pract 2010; 16:481-91.
  • Volmink JA,Marais BJ. HIV: mother-to-child transmission. BMJ Clin Evid 2008:0909
  • Campos Coelho AV, Campos Coelho HF, Arraes LC, Crovella S. HIV-1 mother-to-child transmission in Brazil (1994–2016): a time series modeling. Braz J Infec Dis 2019;23:218-23.
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü. (2020). Türkiye HIV/AIDS Kontrol Programı, 2019 - 2024. Ankara. Erişim adresi: https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/birimler/Bulasici-hastaliklar-db/hastaliklar/HIVADS/kontrol /programı 2019-2024.pdf. Erişim Tarihi: 03.2.2021
  • Sütçü M, Aktürk H, Somer A, Hançerli Törün S, İnce Z, Çoban A ve ark. Anneden Bebeğe HIV Geçişi: Sekiz Yıllık Deneyim Mother-to-Child Transmisson of HIV: An Eight-Year Experience. Mikrobiyol Bul 2015; 49: 542-53.
  • İnkaya AÇ, Örgül G, Halis N, Alp Ş, Kara A, Özyüncü Ö ve ark. Perinatal outcomes of twenty-five human immunodeficiency virus-infected pregnant women: Hacettepe University experience. J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc 2020; 21: 180-6.
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü. Doğum Öncesi Bakım Yönetim Rehberi (2018). Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayın No: 925 Ankara, 2018. Erişim Tarihi: 03.2.2021 Panel on treatment of pregnant women with HIV infection and prevention of perinatal transmission. Recommendations for the use of antiretroviral drugs in pregnant women with HIV infection and interventions to reduce perinatal HIV transmission in the United States. Rockville (MD): Department of Health and Human Services; 2017. Available at:https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/PerinatalGL.pdf.( Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 2021) Connor EM, Sperling RS, Gelber R, Kiselev P, Scott G, O’Sullivan MJ ve ark. Reduction of maternal-infant transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with zidovudine treatment. Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 076 Study Group. N Engl J Med 1994;331:1173-80.
  • Shaffer N, Chuachoowong R, Mock PA, Bhadrakom C, Siriwasin W, Young NL ve ark. Short-course zidovudine for perinatal HIV-1 transmission in Bangkok, Thailand: a randomised controlled trial. Bangkok Collaborative Perinatal HIV Transmission Study Group. Lancet 1999; 53:773-80.
  • Jamieson DJ, Sibailly TS, Sadek R, Roels THEkpini ER, Ouattara EB, ve ark. HIV-1 viral load and other risk factors for mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in a breast-feeding population in Cote d’Ivoire. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2003;34:430-6.
  • Jackson JB, Musoke P, Fleming T, Guay LA, Bagenda D, Allen M ve ark. Intrapartum and neonatal single-dose nevirapine compared with zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Kampala, Uganda: 18-month follow-up of the HIVNET 012 randomised trial. Lancet 2003; 362:859-68.
  • John GC, Nduati RW, Mbori-Ngacha DA, Richardson BA,Panteleeff D, Mwatha A ve ark. Correlates of mother-to-child human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission: association with maternal plasma HIV-1 RNA load, genital HIV-1 DNA shedding, and breast infections. J Infect Dis 2001;183:206-12.
  • Townsend CL, Byrne L, Cortina-Borja M, Thorne C, Ruiter A,Lyall H ve ark. Earlier initiation of ART and further decline in mother-to-child HIV transmission rates, 2000-2011. AIDS 2014; 28:1049-57.
  • Mandelbrot L, Tubiana R, Le Chenadec J,Dollfus C,Faye A, Pannier E ve ark. No perinatal HIV-1 transmission from women with effective antiretroviral therapy starting before conception. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 61:1715-25.
  • World Health Organization. On the fast-track to an AIDS-free generation. Geneva, Switzerland. 2016. http://emtct-iatt.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/GlobalPlan2016_en.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: Şubat 2021).
  • Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Panel on Treatment of Pregnant Women with HIV Infection and Prevention of Perinatal Transmission. Recommendations for the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs in Pregnant Women with HIV Infection and Interventions to Reduce Perinatal HIV Transmission in the United States. https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/perinatal/whats-new-guidelines (Erişim Tarihi: 04.07.2021)
  • European Mode of Delivery Collaboration. Elective caesarean-section versus vaginal delivery in prevention of vertical HIV-1 transmission: a randomised clinical trial. Lancet 1999;353:1035–9.
  • Aho I, Kaijomaa M, Kivelä P, Surcel HM, Sutinen J, Heikinheimo O. Most women living with HIV can deliver vaginally-National data from Finland 1993-2013. PloS One 2018;13:e0194370.
  • Hughes BL, Cu-Uvin S. Management of pregnant women with HIV and infant prophylaxis in resource-rich settings. http://www.uptodate.com/contents/management-of-pregnant-women-with-HIV-and-infant –prophylaxis- in -resource-rich- settings. ( erişim tarihi Haziran 2021)
  • Effect of breastfeeding on infant and child mortality due to infectious diseases in less developed countries: a pooled analysis. WHO Collaborative Study Team on the Role of Breastfeeding on the Prevention of Infant Mortality. Lancet 2000; 355:451.
  • Arikawa S, Rollins N, Jourdain G, Humphrey J, Kourtis AP, Hoffman I ve ark. Contribution of Maternal Antiretroviral Therapy and Breastfeeding to 24-Month Survival in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Exposed Uninfected Children: An Individual Pooled Analysis of African and Asian Studies. Clin Infect Dis 2018; 66:1668-77.
  • De Cock KM, Fowler MG, Mercier E, de Vincenzi I, Saba J, Hoff E ve ark. Prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission in resource-poor countries: translating research into policy and practice. JAMA 2000; 283:1175-82.
  • Lallemant M, Jourdain G, Le Coeur S, Kim S, Koetsawang S, Comeau AM ve ark. A trial of shortened zidovudine regimens to prevent mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Perinatal HIV Prevention Trial (Thailand) Investigators. N Engl J Med 2000; 343:982-91.
  • Kourtis AP, Bulterys M, Nesheim SR, Lee FK. Understanding the timing of HIV transmission from mother to infant. JAMA 2001; 285:709-12.
  • King CC, Ellington SR, Kourtis AP. The role of co-infections in mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Curr HIV Res 2013;11:10-23.
  • Huang KY, Li YP, Shih CC, Lin CH, Kang J, Lin MW ve ark. Mother-to-child transmission of HIV: An 11-year experience in a single center and HIV prevention effectiveness in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc 2019; 118:1211-7.
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Klinik Tıp Bilimleri
Bölüm ORIGINAL ARTICLES
Yazarlar

Ümmühan Çay 0000-0001-5803-878X

Nisa Nur Tapaç Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-7464-2394

Özlem Özgür Gündeşlioğlu 0000-0003-2202-7645

Derya Alabaz 0000-0003-4809-2883

Yayımlanma Tarihi 7 Temmuz 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 23 Ağustos 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Çay Ü, Tapaç NN, Özgür Gündeşlioğlu Ö, Alabaz D. İnsan İmmün Yetmezlik Virüsü ile İnfekte Anne Bebekleri ve Perinatal Geçisin Değerlendirilmesi. Türkiye Çocuk Hast Derg. 2022;16(4):287-92.

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