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ECONOMIC FACTORS AND THE TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY IN THE NATIONAL HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS: A PANEL DATA-BASED APPLICATION

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 3, 21 - 33, 30.07.2021
https://doi.org/10.51551/verimlilik.760156

Öz

Purpose: In this study, it was aimed to examine the technical efficiency of the healthcare systems of OECD countries and the economic factors affecting it.

Methodology: In the current study, input-oriented Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) with variable returns to scale was used to reveal the technical efficiency levels of the national healthcare systems in OECD countries. After the DEA, a panel Tobit regression was used to analyze some economic factors (per capita gross domestic product by purchasing power parity, as $ (GDP), Gini Coefficient (Gini), inflation rate (Inf), unemployment rate (Unm) and 2008 global economic crisis dummy variable (2008crs)) thought to have effect on the technical efficiency levels of healthcare systems were investigated. The study covered the period of 2000-2016.

Findings: According to the results, income per capita statistically significantly increased the technical efficiency of healthcare systems in OECD countries. In addition, unemployment rate and income distribution unfairness statistically significantly reduced the technical efficiency of healthcare systems in OECD countries. Apart from this, inflation increased the technical efficiency of healthcare systems while 2008 global economic crisis decreased, but the effects of these variables were not found to be statistically significant.

Originality: There is no other study in the literature covering a period as long as the years covered by this study. In addidtion, dividing the years covered by the study into periods made the periods comparable with each other.

Kaynakça

  • AFONSO, A. ve AUBYN, M. (2011), Assessing Health Efficiency Across Countries with a Two-Step and Bootstrap Analysis, Applied Economics Letters, 18 (15), 1427-1430.
  • AHMED, S., HASAN, M. Z., MACLENNAN, M., DORIN, F., AHMED, M. W., HASAN, M. M., HASAN, S. M., ISLAM, M. T. ve KHAN, J. A. M. (2019), Measuring the Efficiency of Health Systems in Asia: A Data Envelopment Analysis, BMJ Open, 9, e022155.
  • ANDERSON, G. ve HUSSEY, P. S. (2001), Comparing Health System Performance in OECD Countries, Health Affairs, 20 (3), 219-232.
  • BALTAGI, B. H. (2005), Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, Third Edition, Wiley ve Sons, England.
  • BANKER, R. D., CHARNES, A. ve COOPER, W. W., (1984), Some Models for Estimating Technical and Scale Inefficiencies in Data Envelopment Analysis, Management Science 30 (9), 1078-1092.
  • BLUM, H. L. (1974), Evaluating Health Care, Medical Care, 12 (12), 999-1011.
  • CETİN, V. R. ve BAHCE, S. (2016), Measuring the Efficiency of Health Systems of OECD Countries by Data Envelopment Analysis, Applied Economics, 48 (37), 3497-3507.
  • CHARNES, A., COOPER, W. ve RHODES, E. (1981), Evaluating Program and Managerial Efficiency: An Application of Data Envelopment Analysis to Program Follow Through, Management Science, 27 (6), 668-697.
  • CHARNES, A., COOPER, W. W. ve RHODES, E. (1978), Measuring the Efficiency of Decision Making Units, European Journal of Operational Research 2, 429-444.
  • CHEN, A., HWANG, Y. ve SHAO, B. (2005), Measurement and Sources of Overall and Input Inefficiencies: Evidences and Implications in Hospital Services, European Journal of Operational Research, 161, 447–468.
  • CHENG, G. ve ZERVOPOULOS, P. D. (2014), Estimating the Technical Efficiency of Health Care Systems: A Cross-Country Comparison Using the Directional Distance Function, European Journal of Operational Research, 238 (3), 899-910.
  • CHILINGERIAN, J. A. (1995), Evaluating Physician Efficiency in Hospitals: A Multivariate Analysis of Best Practices, European Journal of Operational Research, 80, 548-574.
  • CINAROGLU, S. (2020), Efficiency in Health Services Based on Professionals Consensus Quality Indicators, International Journal of Healthcare Management, DOI: 10.1080/20479700.2020.1724436.
  • COELLI, T. (1996), A Guide to DEAP Version 2.1: A Data Envelopment Analysis (Computer) Program, University of New England Publishing, Australia.
  • COOPER, W. W., SEIFORD, L. ve TONE, K. (2007), Data Envelopment Analysis: A Comprehensive Text with Models, Applications, References and DEA Solver Software, Springer, New York.
  • COOPER, W. W., SEIFORD, L. ve ZHU, J. (2011), Handbook on Data Envelopment Analysis, Second Edition, Springer, New York.
  • FARRELL, M. J. (1957), The Measurement of Productive Efficiency, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 120 (3), 253-290.
  • GEARHART, R. (2016), The Robustness of Cross-Country Healthcare Rankings Among Homogeneous OECD Countries, Journal of Applied Economics, 19 (1), 113-143.
  • GOLDBERGER, A. (1964), Econometric Theory, J. Wiley, New York.
  • GRANGER, C. W. J. ve NEWBOLD, P. (1974), Spurious Regressions in Econometrics, Journal of Econometrics, 2, 117.
  • GUJARATI, D. N. ve PORTER, D. C. (2009), Basic Econometrics. Tata McGraw-Hill Education, New Delhi.
  • HADAD, S., HADAD, Y. ve SİMON-TUVAL, T., (2013), Determinants of Healthcare System’s Efficiency in OECD Countries, The European Journal of Health Economics, 14 (2), 253-265.
  • HAUSMAN, A. J. (1978), Specification Tests in Econometrics, Econometrica, 46 (6), 1251-1271.
  • HOFF, A. (2007), Second Stage DEA: Comparison of Approaches for Modelling the DEA Score, European Journal of Operational Research, 181, 425-435.32
  • IBRAHIM, M. D., DANESHVAR, S., HOCAOĞLU, M. B. ve OLUSEYE, O. W. G. (2019), An Estimation of the Efficiency and Productivity of Healthcare Systems in Sub‑Saharan Africa: Health‑Centred Millennium Development Goal‑Based Evidence, Social Indicators Research, 143 (1), 371-389.
  • İLKAY, M. S. ve DOĞAN, N. Ö. (2009), Veri Zarflama Analizi ile Kapadokya Bölgesindeki Belediyelerin Etkinlik Ölçümü: 2004 ve 2008 Yıllarına İlişkin Bir Karşılaştırma, Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 32, 191-218.
  • JAMIL, N. (2013), A Comparison of Iterative Methods for the Solution of Non-Linear Systems of Equations, International Journal, 3 (2), 119-130.
  • KIRIGIA, J. M., ASBU, E. Z., GREENE, W. ve EMROUZNEJAD, A. (2007), Technical Efficiency, Efficiency Change, Technical Progress and Productivity Growth in the National Health Systems of Continental African Countries, Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review, 23 (2), 19-40.
  • KLAZINGA, N. (2010), Health System Performance Management: Quality for Better or for Worse, Eurohealth, 16 (3), 26-28.
  • KNEIP, A., PARK, B. U. ve SIMAR, L. (1998), A Note on the Convergence of Nonparametric DEA Estimators for Production Efficiency Scores, Econometric Theory, 14 (6), 783-793.
  • KRUK, M. E. ve FREEDMAN L. P. (2008), Assessing Health System Performance in Developing Countries: A Review of the Literature, Health Policy, 85, 263-276.
  • LALONDE, M. (1974), A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians, Government of Canada, Ottowa.
  • LINNA, M., NORDBLAD A. ve KOIVU M. (2003), Technical and Cost Efficiency of Oral Health Care Provision in Finnish Health Centres, Social Science ve Medicine, 56, 343-353.
  • LUTKEPOHL, H. ve XU, F. (2009), The Role of the log Transformation in Forecasting Economic Variables, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.596.2695verep=rep1vetype=pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 13.05.2020).
  • MARQUES R. C. ve MONTEIRO, A. J. (2004), Benchmarkıng the Economıc Performance of Portuguese Water and Sewerage Services, Data Envelopment Analysis and Performance Measurement, Warwick Print, UK.
  • MORAN, V. ve JACOBS, R. (2013), An International Comparison of Efficiency of Inpatient Mental Health Care Systems, Health Policy, 112c (1-2), 88-99.
  • MURRAY, C. J. L. ve FRENK, J. (2000), A Framework for Assessing the Performance of Health Systems, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 78 (6), 717-731.
  • NARCI, H. Ö. (2012), Sağlık Kurumlarında Verimlilik Ölçümü ve Yöntemleri, Şahin, İ ve Narcı H. Ö. (Eds.) içinde: Sağlık Kurumlarında Operasyon Yönetimi, T.C. Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları, Eskişehir.
  • NARCI, H. Ö., OZCAN, Y. A., ŞAHİN, İ., TARCAN, M. ve NARCI, M. (2015), An Examination of Competition and Efficiency for Hospital Industry in Turkey, Health Care Manag Science, 18, 407-418.
  • O’NEILL, L., RAUNE, M., HEIDENBERGE, K. ve KRAU, M. (2008), A Cross-National Comparison and Taxonomy of DEA-Based Hospital Efficiency Studies, Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 42, 158-189.
  • OZCAN, Y. A. ve KHUSHALANI, J. (2017), Assessing Efficiency of Public Health and Medical Care Provision in OECD Countries After a Decade of Reform., Central European Journal of Operations Research, 25 (2), 325-343.
  • OZCAN, Y. A. (2014), Health Care Benchmarking and Performance Evaluation: An Assessment Using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), Second Edition, Springer, USA.
  • RAVANGARD, R., HATAM, N., TEIMOURIZAD, A. ve JAFARI, A. (2014), Factors Affecting the Technical Efficiency of Health Systems: A Case Study of Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) Countries (2004–10), International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 3 (2), 63-69.
  • SAMUT, P. K. ve CAFRI, R. (2016), Analysis of the Efficiency Determinants of Health Systems in OECD Countries by DEA and Panel Tobit, Social Indicators Research, 129 (1), 113-132.
  • SINIMOLE, K. R. (2012), Evaluation of the Efficiency of National Health Systems of the Members of World Health Organization, Leadership in Health Services, 25 (2), 139-150.
  • SMITH, P. C. ve PAPANICOLAS, I. (2012), Health System Performance Comparison: An Agenda for Policy, Information and Research, Open University Press, UK.
  • SMITH, P., MOSSIALOS, E., PAPANICOLAS, I. ve LEATHERMAN, S. (2009), Performance Measurement for Health System Improvement: Experiences, Challenges and Prospects, Cambrıdge University Press, UK.
  • SULTAN, W. I. ve CRISPIM, J. (2018), Measuring the Efficiency of Palestinian Public Hospitals During 2010–2015: An Application of A Two-Stage DEA Method, BMC Health Services Research, 18, 381-398.
  • ŞAHİN, İ. (1999), Sağlık Kurumlarında Göreceli Verimlilik Ölçümü: Sağlık Bakanlığı Hastanelerinin İllere Göre Karşılaştırmalı Verimlilik Analizi, Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 32 (2), 124-145.
  • TANDON, A., MURRAY, C. J. L., LAUER, J. A. ve EVANS D. B. (2000), Measuring Overall Health System Performance For 191 Countries, World Health Organization, Geneva.
  • TOBIN, J. (1958), Estimation of Relationships for Limited Dependent Variables, Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 26 (1), 24-36.
  • TOP, M., KONCA, M. ve SAPAZ, B. (2019), Technical Efficiency of Healthcare Systems in African Countries: An Application Based on Data Envelopment Analysis, Health Policy and Technology, 9 (1), 62-68.
  • VASSILOGLOU, M. ve GIOKAS, D. (1990), A Study of the Relative Efficiency of Bank Branches: An Application of Data Envelopment Analysis, Journal of Operational Research Society, 41, 591-597.
  • WOOLDRIDGE, J. M. (2010), Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data, Second Edition, MIT Press, USA.

EKONOMİK FAKTÖRLER VE ULUSAL SAĞLIK SİSTEMLERİNDE TEKNİK ETKİNLİK: PANEL VERİYE DAYALI BİR UYGULAMA

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 3, 21 - 33, 30.07.2021
https://doi.org/10.51551/verimlilik.760156

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmada OECD ülkelerinin sağlık sistemlerinin teknik etkinliğinin ve buna etki eden ekonomik faktörlerin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Yöntem: Bu çalışmada, OECD ülkelerinin ulusal sağlık sistemlerinin teknik etkinliğini ortaya koymak adına girdi yönelimli ölçeğe göre değişken getirili Veri Zarflama Analizi (VZA) kullanılmıştır. VZA sonrasında panel Tobit regresyon ile çeşitli ekonomik faktörlerin (satın alma gücü paritesine göre kişi başına düşen $ (GDP), Gini Katsayısı (Gini), enflasyon oranı (Inf), işsizlik oranı (Unm) ve 2008 küresel ekonomik krizi kukla değişkeni (2008crs)) sağlık sistemlerinin teknik etkinliği üzerindeki etkisi araştırılmıştır. Çalışma 2000-2016 dönemini kapsamıştır.

Bulgular: Analiz sonuçlarına göre, kişi başına düşen gelir arttıkça OECD ülkelerinde sağlık sistemleri teknik etkinliği istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir şekilde artmaktadır. Ayrıca, işsizlik oranı ve gelir dağılımı adaletsizliği OECD ülkelerinin sağlık sistemlerinin teknik etkinliğini istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir şekilde
azaltmaktadır. Bunun dışında, sağlık sistemlerinde teknik etkinliğine enflasyon olumlu, 2008 küresel ekonomik krizi ise olumsuz etki etmiştir ancak bu değişkenlerin etkileri istatistiksel olarak anlamlı değildir.

Özgünlük: Literatürde, bu çalışmanın kapsadığı yıllar kadar uzun bir dönemi kapsayan başka bir çalışmaya rastlanmamıştır. Bununla birlikte, çalışmanın kapsadığı yılların dönemlere ayrılması, dönemleri birbirleri ile kıyaslanabilir hale getirmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • AFONSO, A. ve AUBYN, M. (2011), Assessing Health Efficiency Across Countries with a Two-Step and Bootstrap Analysis, Applied Economics Letters, 18 (15), 1427-1430.
  • AHMED, S., HASAN, M. Z., MACLENNAN, M., DORIN, F., AHMED, M. W., HASAN, M. M., HASAN, S. M., ISLAM, M. T. ve KHAN, J. A. M. (2019), Measuring the Efficiency of Health Systems in Asia: A Data Envelopment Analysis, BMJ Open, 9, e022155.
  • ANDERSON, G. ve HUSSEY, P. S. (2001), Comparing Health System Performance in OECD Countries, Health Affairs, 20 (3), 219-232.
  • BALTAGI, B. H. (2005), Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, Third Edition, Wiley ve Sons, England.
  • BANKER, R. D., CHARNES, A. ve COOPER, W. W., (1984), Some Models for Estimating Technical and Scale Inefficiencies in Data Envelopment Analysis, Management Science 30 (9), 1078-1092.
  • BLUM, H. L. (1974), Evaluating Health Care, Medical Care, 12 (12), 999-1011.
  • CETİN, V. R. ve BAHCE, S. (2016), Measuring the Efficiency of Health Systems of OECD Countries by Data Envelopment Analysis, Applied Economics, 48 (37), 3497-3507.
  • CHARNES, A., COOPER, W. ve RHODES, E. (1981), Evaluating Program and Managerial Efficiency: An Application of Data Envelopment Analysis to Program Follow Through, Management Science, 27 (6), 668-697.
  • CHARNES, A., COOPER, W. W. ve RHODES, E. (1978), Measuring the Efficiency of Decision Making Units, European Journal of Operational Research 2, 429-444.
  • CHEN, A., HWANG, Y. ve SHAO, B. (2005), Measurement and Sources of Overall and Input Inefficiencies: Evidences and Implications in Hospital Services, European Journal of Operational Research, 161, 447–468.
  • CHENG, G. ve ZERVOPOULOS, P. D. (2014), Estimating the Technical Efficiency of Health Care Systems: A Cross-Country Comparison Using the Directional Distance Function, European Journal of Operational Research, 238 (3), 899-910.
  • CHILINGERIAN, J. A. (1995), Evaluating Physician Efficiency in Hospitals: A Multivariate Analysis of Best Practices, European Journal of Operational Research, 80, 548-574.
  • CINAROGLU, S. (2020), Efficiency in Health Services Based on Professionals Consensus Quality Indicators, International Journal of Healthcare Management, DOI: 10.1080/20479700.2020.1724436.
  • COELLI, T. (1996), A Guide to DEAP Version 2.1: A Data Envelopment Analysis (Computer) Program, University of New England Publishing, Australia.
  • COOPER, W. W., SEIFORD, L. ve TONE, K. (2007), Data Envelopment Analysis: A Comprehensive Text with Models, Applications, References and DEA Solver Software, Springer, New York.
  • COOPER, W. W., SEIFORD, L. ve ZHU, J. (2011), Handbook on Data Envelopment Analysis, Second Edition, Springer, New York.
  • FARRELL, M. J. (1957), The Measurement of Productive Efficiency, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 120 (3), 253-290.
  • GEARHART, R. (2016), The Robustness of Cross-Country Healthcare Rankings Among Homogeneous OECD Countries, Journal of Applied Economics, 19 (1), 113-143.
  • GOLDBERGER, A. (1964), Econometric Theory, J. Wiley, New York.
  • GRANGER, C. W. J. ve NEWBOLD, P. (1974), Spurious Regressions in Econometrics, Journal of Econometrics, 2, 117.
  • GUJARATI, D. N. ve PORTER, D. C. (2009), Basic Econometrics. Tata McGraw-Hill Education, New Delhi.
  • HADAD, S., HADAD, Y. ve SİMON-TUVAL, T., (2013), Determinants of Healthcare System’s Efficiency in OECD Countries, The European Journal of Health Economics, 14 (2), 253-265.
  • HAUSMAN, A. J. (1978), Specification Tests in Econometrics, Econometrica, 46 (6), 1251-1271.
  • HOFF, A. (2007), Second Stage DEA: Comparison of Approaches for Modelling the DEA Score, European Journal of Operational Research, 181, 425-435.32
  • IBRAHIM, M. D., DANESHVAR, S., HOCAOĞLU, M. B. ve OLUSEYE, O. W. G. (2019), An Estimation of the Efficiency and Productivity of Healthcare Systems in Sub‑Saharan Africa: Health‑Centred Millennium Development Goal‑Based Evidence, Social Indicators Research, 143 (1), 371-389.
  • İLKAY, M. S. ve DOĞAN, N. Ö. (2009), Veri Zarflama Analizi ile Kapadokya Bölgesindeki Belediyelerin Etkinlik Ölçümü: 2004 ve 2008 Yıllarına İlişkin Bir Karşılaştırma, Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 32, 191-218.
  • JAMIL, N. (2013), A Comparison of Iterative Methods for the Solution of Non-Linear Systems of Equations, International Journal, 3 (2), 119-130.
  • KIRIGIA, J. M., ASBU, E. Z., GREENE, W. ve EMROUZNEJAD, A. (2007), Technical Efficiency, Efficiency Change, Technical Progress and Productivity Growth in the National Health Systems of Continental African Countries, Eastern Africa Social Science Research Review, 23 (2), 19-40.
  • KLAZINGA, N. (2010), Health System Performance Management: Quality for Better or for Worse, Eurohealth, 16 (3), 26-28.
  • KNEIP, A., PARK, B. U. ve SIMAR, L. (1998), A Note on the Convergence of Nonparametric DEA Estimators for Production Efficiency Scores, Econometric Theory, 14 (6), 783-793.
  • KRUK, M. E. ve FREEDMAN L. P. (2008), Assessing Health System Performance in Developing Countries: A Review of the Literature, Health Policy, 85, 263-276.
  • LALONDE, M. (1974), A New Perspective on the Health of Canadians, Government of Canada, Ottowa.
  • LINNA, M., NORDBLAD A. ve KOIVU M. (2003), Technical and Cost Efficiency of Oral Health Care Provision in Finnish Health Centres, Social Science ve Medicine, 56, 343-353.
  • LUTKEPOHL, H. ve XU, F. (2009), The Role of the log Transformation in Forecasting Economic Variables, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.596.2695verep=rep1vetype=pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 13.05.2020).
  • MARQUES R. C. ve MONTEIRO, A. J. (2004), Benchmarkıng the Economıc Performance of Portuguese Water and Sewerage Services, Data Envelopment Analysis and Performance Measurement, Warwick Print, UK.
  • MORAN, V. ve JACOBS, R. (2013), An International Comparison of Efficiency of Inpatient Mental Health Care Systems, Health Policy, 112c (1-2), 88-99.
  • MURRAY, C. J. L. ve FRENK, J. (2000), A Framework for Assessing the Performance of Health Systems, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 78 (6), 717-731.
  • NARCI, H. Ö. (2012), Sağlık Kurumlarında Verimlilik Ölçümü ve Yöntemleri, Şahin, İ ve Narcı H. Ö. (Eds.) içinde: Sağlık Kurumlarında Operasyon Yönetimi, T.C. Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları, Eskişehir.
  • NARCI, H. Ö., OZCAN, Y. A., ŞAHİN, İ., TARCAN, M. ve NARCI, M. (2015), An Examination of Competition and Efficiency for Hospital Industry in Turkey, Health Care Manag Science, 18, 407-418.
  • O’NEILL, L., RAUNE, M., HEIDENBERGE, K. ve KRAU, M. (2008), A Cross-National Comparison and Taxonomy of DEA-Based Hospital Efficiency Studies, Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 42, 158-189.
  • OZCAN, Y. A. ve KHUSHALANI, J. (2017), Assessing Efficiency of Public Health and Medical Care Provision in OECD Countries After a Decade of Reform., Central European Journal of Operations Research, 25 (2), 325-343.
  • OZCAN, Y. A. (2014), Health Care Benchmarking and Performance Evaluation: An Assessment Using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), Second Edition, Springer, USA.
  • RAVANGARD, R., HATAM, N., TEIMOURIZAD, A. ve JAFARI, A. (2014), Factors Affecting the Technical Efficiency of Health Systems: A Case Study of Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) Countries (2004–10), International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 3 (2), 63-69.
  • SAMUT, P. K. ve CAFRI, R. (2016), Analysis of the Efficiency Determinants of Health Systems in OECD Countries by DEA and Panel Tobit, Social Indicators Research, 129 (1), 113-132.
  • SINIMOLE, K. R. (2012), Evaluation of the Efficiency of National Health Systems of the Members of World Health Organization, Leadership in Health Services, 25 (2), 139-150.
  • SMITH, P. C. ve PAPANICOLAS, I. (2012), Health System Performance Comparison: An Agenda for Policy, Information and Research, Open University Press, UK.
  • SMITH, P., MOSSIALOS, E., PAPANICOLAS, I. ve LEATHERMAN, S. (2009), Performance Measurement for Health System Improvement: Experiences, Challenges and Prospects, Cambrıdge University Press, UK.
  • SULTAN, W. I. ve CRISPIM, J. (2018), Measuring the Efficiency of Palestinian Public Hospitals During 2010–2015: An Application of A Two-Stage DEA Method, BMC Health Services Research, 18, 381-398.
  • ŞAHİN, İ. (1999), Sağlık Kurumlarında Göreceli Verimlilik Ölçümü: Sağlık Bakanlığı Hastanelerinin İllere Göre Karşılaştırmalı Verimlilik Analizi, Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 32 (2), 124-145.
  • TANDON, A., MURRAY, C. J. L., LAUER, J. A. ve EVANS D. B. (2000), Measuring Overall Health System Performance For 191 Countries, World Health Organization, Geneva.
  • TOBIN, J. (1958), Estimation of Relationships for Limited Dependent Variables, Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 26 (1), 24-36.
  • TOP, M., KONCA, M. ve SAPAZ, B. (2019), Technical Efficiency of Healthcare Systems in African Countries: An Application Based on Data Envelopment Analysis, Health Policy and Technology, 9 (1), 62-68.
  • VASSILOGLOU, M. ve GIOKAS, D. (1990), A Study of the Relative Efficiency of Bank Branches: An Application of Data Envelopment Analysis, Journal of Operational Research Society, 41, 591-597.
  • WOOLDRIDGE, J. M. (2010), Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data, Second Edition, MIT Press, USA.
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Murat Konca 0000-0002-6830-8090

Mehmet Top 0000-0001-9162-4238

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Temmuz 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 29 Haziran 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Konca, M., & Top, M. (2021). EKONOMİK FAKTÖRLER VE ULUSAL SAĞLIK SİSTEMLERİNDE TEKNİK ETKİNLİK: PANEL VERİYE DAYALI BİR UYGULAMA. Verimlilik Dergisi(3), 21-33. https://doi.org/10.51551/verimlilik.760156

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