Covid-19 Salgını Sürecinde Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Uzaktan Eğitim Yöntemi ile İlgili Görüşleri ve Kaygı Düzeyleri
Öz
Bu çalışma, Covid-19 salgınının üniversite öğrencilerinin uzaktan eğitim yöntemi ile ilgili görüşleri ve kaygı düzeylerini belirlemek amacıyla gerçekleştirildi. Tanımlayıcı ve kesitsel tipte tasarlanan araştırmanın evrenini Türkiye’deki iki farklı devlet üniversitesinin sağlıkla ilgili yedi farklı bölümlerinde öğrenim gören öğrenciler oluşturdu. Çalışma verileri araştırmacılar tarafından geliştirilen soru formu ve Durumluluk Kaygı Ölçeği (DKÖ) kullanılarak çevrimiçi toplandı. Öğrencilerin %50.2’sinin birinci sınıfta, %30’unun ilk ve acil yardım programında öğrenim gördüğü, %79.3’ünün ailesinin gelir durumunun orta seviyede olduğu, %50.1’inin büyükşehirde yaşadığı, %83’ünün çekirdek aile yapısına sahip olduğu belirlendi. Öğrencilerin %50.9’unun uzaktan eğitim sisteminden memnun olduğu, %52.1’inin dersleri kısmen anlaşılır bulduğu, %46.7’sinin derslerin anlatım dilini kısmen anlaşılır bulduğu ve %72.7’sinin sınav kaygısı yaşadıkları saptandı. Öğrencilerin DKÖ puanının 59.0±5.30 (aralık 29–73) olduğu ve %52.8’inin orta düzeyde kaygı yaşadığı görüldü. Öğrencilerin yaşadığı kaygı ile ilgili olarak; cinsiyet, öğrenim görülen bölüm, ailenin gelir durumuna göre anlamlı bir fark tespit edilirken; yaş, öğrenim görülen sınıf, aile türü, yaşanılan yer, kronik hastalık ve psikolojik hastalığa göre anlamlı bir farklılık bulunmadı. Uzaktan eğitim yönteminden memnun olmayan, sınav kaygısı yaşayan, dersleri kısmen anladığını belirten ve derslere katılan öğrencilerin kaygı puanlarının anlamlı olarak yüksek olduğu belirlendi. Araştırma sonucunda, Covid-19 salgını sürecinde üniversite öğrencilerinin uzaktan eğitim yöntemi ve sınav ile ilgili kaygı yaşadıkları görülmüştür.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Ageron, F.X., Sarasin, F., Pasquier, M., & Carron, P. N. (2020). Emergency department: COVID-19 crisis and organizational aspects [Article in France]. Revue Medicale Suisse, 16(692), 924–929.
- Attardi, S.M., Choi, S., Barnett, J., & Rogers, K. A. (2016). Mixed methods student evaluation of an online systemic human anatomy course with laboratory. Anatomical Sciences Education, 9(3), 272–285.
- Bao, Y., Sun, Y., Meng, S., Shi, J., & Lu, L. (2020). 2019-nCoV epidemic: address mental health care to empower society. Lancet, 395(10224), e37–e38.
- Beiter, R., Nash, R., McCrady, M., Rhoades, D., Linscomb, M., Clarahan, M., & Sammut, S. (2015). The prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and stress in a sample of college students. Journal of Affective Disorders, 173, 90–96.
- Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research, 287, 112934.
- Chang, J., Yuan, Y., & Wang, D. (2020). Dandelion clock-like sign on CT for diagnose of COVID-19. [Article in Chinese] Journal of Southern Medical University, 40(2), 171–176.
- Chen, N., Zhou, M., Dong, X., Qu, J., Gong, F., Han, Y., … Zhang, L. (2020). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A descriptive study. Lancet, 395(10223), 507–513.
- Deasy, C., Coughlan, B., Pironom, J., Jourdan, D., & Mannix-McNamara, P. (2014). Psychological distress and coping amongst higher education students: a mixed method enquiry. PloS One, 9(12), e115193.
- Farzaneh, J. (2012). Challenges and strategies for e-learning Development in the University of Payam Noor in Iran (A case study in Payam Noor University, province of Ardebil). International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences, 3(7), 1353–1359.
- Gomez, E., Azadi, J., & Magid, D. (2020). Innovation born in isolation: Rapid transformation of an in-person medical student radiology elective to a remote learning experience during the COVID-19 pandemic. Academic Radiology, 27(9), 1285–1290.
- Hahn, H., Kropp, P., Kirschstein, T., Rücker, G., & Müller-Hilke, B. (2017). Test anxiety in medical school is unrelated to academic performance but correlates with an effort/reward imbalance. PloS one, 12(2), e0171220.
- Hamza, M. S., Badary, O. A., & Elmazar, M. M. (2021). Cross-sectional study on awareness and knowledge of COVID-19 among senior pharmacy students. Journal of Community Health, 46, 139–146.
- Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., … Cao, B. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet, 395(10223), 497–506.
- Jaiswal, V. K. (2013). Current status of e-learning in Indian higher education: A case study of U.P. Education India. Retrieved from: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2231910 (May 7, 2020).
- Kang, L., Li, Y., Hu, S., Chen, M., Yang, C., Yang, … Liu, Z. (2020). The mental health of medical workers in Wuhan, China dealing with the 2019 novel coronavirus. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(3), e14.
- Kisely, S., Warren, N., McMahon, L., Dalais, C., Henry, I., & Siskind, D. (2020). Occurrence, prevention, and management of the psychological effects of emerging virus outbreaks on healthcare workers: Rapid review and meta-analysis. British Medical Journal, 369, m1642.
- Kolagari, S., Modanloo, M., Rahmati, R., Sabzi, Z., & Ataee, A. J. (2018). The effect of computer-based tests on nursing students’ test anxiety: A quasi-experimental study. Acta Informatica Medica, 26(2), 115–118. Kumar, S. C. (2019). Awareness, benefits and challenges of e-learning among the students of Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra: A study. International Journal of Information Dissemination and Technology, 8(4), 227–230.
- Lim, G. Y., Tam, W. W., Lu, Y., Ho, C. S., Zhang, M. W., & Ho, R. C. (2018). Prevalence of depression in the community from 30 countries between 1994 and 2014. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 2861.
- Mao, Y., Zhang, N., Liu, J., Zhu, B., He, R., & Wang, X. (2019). A systematic review of depression and anxiety in medical students in China. BMC Medical Education, 19(1), 327.
- Mei, S. L., Yu, J. X., He, B. W., & Li, J. Y. (2011). Psychological investigation of university students in a university in Jilin Province. Medicine and Society, 24(05), 84–86.
- Mukhtar, K., Javed, K., Arooj, M., & Sethi, A. (2020). Advantages, Limitations and Recommendations for online learning during COVID-19 pandemic era. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 36(COVID19-S4), S27–S31.
- Nemati, M., Ebrahimi, B., Nemati, F. (2020). Assessment of Iranian nurses’ knowledge and anxiety toward COVID-19 during the current outbreak in Iran. Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases, 15(COVID-19): e102848.
- Newman, N. A., & Lattouf, O. M. (2020). Coalition for medical education-A call to action: A proposition to adapt clinical medical education to meet the needs of students and other healthcare learners during COVID-19. Journal of Cardiac Surgery, 35(6), 1174–1175.
- Öner, N., & Le Compte, V. A. (1985). State-trait anxiety inventory handbook. Istanbul: Bogazici University.
- Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health (2020). Retrieved from https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/tr/ (August 20, 2020).
- Roick, J., & Ringeisen, T. (2017). Self-efficacy, test anxiety, and academic success: A longitudinal validation. International Journal of Educational Research, 83, 84–93.
- Rubin, G. J., & Wessely, S. (2020). The psychological effects of quarantining a city. British Medical Journal, 368, m313.
- Savitsky, B., Findling, Y., Ereli, A., & Hendel, T. (2020). Anxiety and coping strategies among nursing students during the Covid-19 pandemic. Nurse Education in Practice, 46, 102809.
- Shigemura, J., Ursano, R. J., Morganstein, J. C., Kurosawa, M., & Benedek, D. M. (2020). Public responses to the novel 2019 coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Japan: Mental health consequences and target populations. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 74(4), 281–282.
- Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. E. (1970). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (self evaluation questionnaire). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press).
- Talidong, K. J. B., & Toquero, C. M. D. (2020). Philippine teachers’ practices to deal with anxiety amid COVID-19. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 25(6–7), 573–579.
- Tang, Q., Song, Y., Shi, M., Cheng, Y., Zhang, W., & Xia, X. Q. (2015). Inferring the hosts of coronavirus using dual statistical models based on nucleotide composition. Scientific Reports, 5, 17155.
- Wang, D., Hu, B., Hu, C., Zhu, F., Liu, X., Zhang, J., Wang, B., Xiang, H., Cheng, Z., Xiong, Y., Zhao, Y., Li, Y., Wang, X., Peng, Z. (2020). Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Journal of American Medical Association, 323(11), 1061–1069.
- Wang, C., & Zhao, H. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on anxiety in Chinese university students. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1168.
- WHO (2004). Summary of probable SARS cases with onset of illness from 1 November 2002 to 31 July 2003. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/table2004_04_21/en/index. html ((June 6, 2020).
- WHO (2013). Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERSCoV). Retrieved from https://www.who.int/csr/disease/coronavirus_infections/MERS-CoV_summary_update_20140611.pdf?ua=1 (June 24, 2020).
- WHO (2020). Director-General’s statement on IHR Emergency Committee on Novel Coronavirus (2019- nCoV). Retrieved from https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-statement-on-ihr-emergencycommittee-on-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov) (June 30, 2020).
- Yates J. (2012). When did they leave, and why? A retrospective case study of attrition on the Nottingham undergraduate medical course. BMC Medical Education, 12, 43.
- Zhou, T., Huang, S., Cheng, J., & Xiao, Y. (2020a). The distance teaching practice of combined mode of massive open online course micro-video for interns in emergency department during the COVID-19 epidemic period. Telemedicine Journal and e-Health, 26(5), 584–588.
- Zhou, S. J., Zhang, L. G., Wang, L. L., Guo, Z. C., Wang, J. Q., Chen, J. C., … Chen, J. X. (2020b). Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of psychological health problems in Chinese adolescents during the outbreak of COVID-19. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(6), 749–758.
Views and Anxiety Levels of University Students Regarding Distance Education during the Covid-19 Pandemic
Öz
This study was conducted to identify the views and anxiety levels of university students regarding distance education during the Covid-19 pandemic. The population of this descriptive and cross-sectional study consisted of the students studying at seven health-related departments at two state universities in Turkey. The data were collected using a questionnaire developed by the researchers and the State Anxiety Inventory (SAI). The results revealed that 50.2% of the students were first-year students, 30% were studying at the first and emergency aid program, 79.3% had a medium-income level, 50.1% lived in a metropolitan area, and 83% had a nuclear family. 50.9% of the students were satisfied with the distance education system, 52.1% found the lessons given through the distance education method partially understandable, 46.7% found the lecturing styles partially plain and understandable, and 72.7% had exam anxiety. The SAI score of the students was found to be 59.0±5.30 (range 29–73), and 52.8% of them had a moderate anxiety level. While the level of anxiety in students varied significantly according to gender, department, and family income, no significant difference was found among the participants in terms of age, year of study, family type, place of residence, and the presence of chronic and psychological illnesses. The anxiety scores of those who were not satisfied with the distance education, who experienced exam anxiety, who understood the online lessons partially, and who attended the lessons were found to be significantly higher. The study demonstrated that university students experienced anxiety about distance education and exams during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Ageron, F.X., Sarasin, F., Pasquier, M., & Carron, P. N. (2020). Emergency department: COVID-19 crisis and organizational aspects [Article in France]. Revue Medicale Suisse, 16(692), 924–929.
- Attardi, S.M., Choi, S., Barnett, J., & Rogers, K. A. (2016). Mixed methods student evaluation of an online systemic human anatomy course with laboratory. Anatomical Sciences Education, 9(3), 272–285.
- Bao, Y., Sun, Y., Meng, S., Shi, J., & Lu, L. (2020). 2019-nCoV epidemic: address mental health care to empower society. Lancet, 395(10224), e37–e38.
- Beiter, R., Nash, R., McCrady, M., Rhoades, D., Linscomb, M., Clarahan, M., & Sammut, S. (2015). The prevalence and correlates of depression, anxiety, and stress in a sample of college students. Journal of Affective Disorders, 173, 90–96.
- Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research, 287, 112934.
- Chang, J., Yuan, Y., & Wang, D. (2020). Dandelion clock-like sign on CT for diagnose of COVID-19. [Article in Chinese] Journal of Southern Medical University, 40(2), 171–176.
- Chen, N., Zhou, M., Dong, X., Qu, J., Gong, F., Han, Y., … Zhang, L. (2020). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: A descriptive study. Lancet, 395(10223), 507–513.
- Deasy, C., Coughlan, B., Pironom, J., Jourdan, D., & Mannix-McNamara, P. (2014). Psychological distress and coping amongst higher education students: a mixed method enquiry. PloS One, 9(12), e115193.
- Farzaneh, J. (2012). Challenges and strategies for e-learning Development in the University of Payam Noor in Iran (A case study in Payam Noor University, province of Ardebil). International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences, 3(7), 1353–1359.
- Gomez, E., Azadi, J., & Magid, D. (2020). Innovation born in isolation: Rapid transformation of an in-person medical student radiology elective to a remote learning experience during the COVID-19 pandemic. Academic Radiology, 27(9), 1285–1290.
- Hahn, H., Kropp, P., Kirschstein, T., Rücker, G., & Müller-Hilke, B. (2017). Test anxiety in medical school is unrelated to academic performance but correlates with an effort/reward imbalance. PloS one, 12(2), e0171220.
- Hamza, M. S., Badary, O. A., & Elmazar, M. M. (2021). Cross-sectional study on awareness and knowledge of COVID-19 among senior pharmacy students. Journal of Community Health, 46, 139–146.
- Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y., … Cao, B. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet, 395(10223), 497–506.
- Jaiswal, V. K. (2013). Current status of e-learning in Indian higher education: A case study of U.P. Education India. Retrieved from: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2231910 (May 7, 2020).
- Kang, L., Li, Y., Hu, S., Chen, M., Yang, C., Yang, … Liu, Z. (2020). The mental health of medical workers in Wuhan, China dealing with the 2019 novel coronavirus. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(3), e14.
- Kisely, S., Warren, N., McMahon, L., Dalais, C., Henry, I., & Siskind, D. (2020). Occurrence, prevention, and management of the psychological effects of emerging virus outbreaks on healthcare workers: Rapid review and meta-analysis. British Medical Journal, 369, m1642.
- Kolagari, S., Modanloo, M., Rahmati, R., Sabzi, Z., & Ataee, A. J. (2018). The effect of computer-based tests on nursing students’ test anxiety: A quasi-experimental study. Acta Informatica Medica, 26(2), 115–118. Kumar, S. C. (2019). Awareness, benefits and challenges of e-learning among the students of Kurukshetra University Kurukshetra: A study. International Journal of Information Dissemination and Technology, 8(4), 227–230.
- Lim, G. Y., Tam, W. W., Lu, Y., Ho, C. S., Zhang, M. W., & Ho, R. C. (2018). Prevalence of depression in the community from 30 countries between 1994 and 2014. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 2861.
- Mao, Y., Zhang, N., Liu, J., Zhu, B., He, R., & Wang, X. (2019). A systematic review of depression and anxiety in medical students in China. BMC Medical Education, 19(1), 327.
- Mei, S. L., Yu, J. X., He, B. W., & Li, J. Y. (2011). Psychological investigation of university students in a university in Jilin Province. Medicine and Society, 24(05), 84–86.
- Mukhtar, K., Javed, K., Arooj, M., & Sethi, A. (2020). Advantages, Limitations and Recommendations for online learning during COVID-19 pandemic era. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 36(COVID19-S4), S27–S31.
- Nemati, M., Ebrahimi, B., Nemati, F. (2020). Assessment of Iranian nurses’ knowledge and anxiety toward COVID-19 during the current outbreak in Iran. Archives of Clinical Infectious Diseases, 15(COVID-19): e102848.
- Newman, N. A., & Lattouf, O. M. (2020). Coalition for medical education-A call to action: A proposition to adapt clinical medical education to meet the needs of students and other healthcare learners during COVID-19. Journal of Cardiac Surgery, 35(6), 1174–1175.
- Öner, N., & Le Compte, V. A. (1985). State-trait anxiety inventory handbook. Istanbul: Bogazici University.
- Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health (2020). Retrieved from https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/tr/ (August 20, 2020).
- Roick, J., & Ringeisen, T. (2017). Self-efficacy, test anxiety, and academic success: A longitudinal validation. International Journal of Educational Research, 83, 84–93.
- Rubin, G. J., & Wessely, S. (2020). The psychological effects of quarantining a city. British Medical Journal, 368, m313.
- Savitsky, B., Findling, Y., Ereli, A., & Hendel, T. (2020). Anxiety and coping strategies among nursing students during the Covid-19 pandemic. Nurse Education in Practice, 46, 102809.
- Shigemura, J., Ursano, R. J., Morganstein, J. C., Kurosawa, M., & Benedek, D. M. (2020). Public responses to the novel 2019 coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Japan: Mental health consequences and target populations. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 74(4), 281–282.
- Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. E. (1970). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (self evaluation questionnaire). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press).
- Talidong, K. J. B., & Toquero, C. M. D. (2020). Philippine teachers’ practices to deal with anxiety amid COVID-19. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 25(6–7), 573–579.
- Tang, Q., Song, Y., Shi, M., Cheng, Y., Zhang, W., & Xia, X. Q. (2015). Inferring the hosts of coronavirus using dual statistical models based on nucleotide composition. Scientific Reports, 5, 17155.
- Wang, D., Hu, B., Hu, C., Zhu, F., Liu, X., Zhang, J., Wang, B., Xiang, H., Cheng, Z., Xiong, Y., Zhao, Y., Li, Y., Wang, X., Peng, Z. (2020). Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Journal of American Medical Association, 323(11), 1061–1069.
- Wang, C., & Zhao, H. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on anxiety in Chinese university students. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1168.
- WHO (2004). Summary of probable SARS cases with onset of illness from 1 November 2002 to 31 July 2003. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/table2004_04_21/en/index. html ((June 6, 2020).
- WHO (2013). Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERSCoV). Retrieved from https://www.who.int/csr/disease/coronavirus_infections/MERS-CoV_summary_update_20140611.pdf?ua=1 (June 24, 2020).
- WHO (2020). Director-General’s statement on IHR Emergency Committee on Novel Coronavirus (2019- nCoV). Retrieved from https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-statement-on-ihr-emergencycommittee-on-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov) (June 30, 2020).
- Yates J. (2012). When did they leave, and why? A retrospective case study of attrition on the Nottingham undergraduate medical course. BMC Medical Education, 12, 43.
- Zhou, T., Huang, S., Cheng, J., & Xiao, Y. (2020a). The distance teaching practice of combined mode of massive open online course micro-video for interns in emergency department during the COVID-19 epidemic period. Telemedicine Journal and e-Health, 26(5), 584–588.
- Zhou, S. J., Zhang, L. G., Wang, L. L., Guo, Z. C., Wang, J. Q., Chen, J. C., … Chen, J. X. (2020b). Prevalence and socio-demographic correlates of psychological health problems in Chinese adolescents during the outbreak of COVID-19. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 29(6), 749–758.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Eğitim Üzerine Çalışmalar |
| Bölüm | Ampirik Araştırma |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 31 Aralık 2021 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2021 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 3 |
Cited By
Video Conferencing from Crises and Disasters to Daily Life: Reviewing the Psychometric Properties of the Zoom Exhaustion and Fatigue Scale and Determining the Cut-off Score
Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi
https://doi.org/10.53568/yyusbed.1338569
Anxiety scale for distance education: development and validation
Behaviour & Information Technology
https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2023.2237607
Yükseköğretim Dergisi, bünyesinde yayınlanan yazıların fikirlerine resmen katılmaz, basılı ve çevrimiçi sürümlerinde yayınladığı hiçbir ürün veya servis reklamı için güvence vermez. Yayınlanan yazıların bilimsel ve yasal sorumlulukları yazarlarına aittir. Yazılarla birlikte gönderilen resim, şekil, tablo vb. unsurların özgün olması ya da daha önce yayınlanmış iseler derginin hem basılı hem de elektronik sürümünde yayınlanabilmesi için telif hakkı sahibinin yazılı onayının bulunması gerekir. Yazarlar yazılarının bütün yayın haklarını derginin yayıncısı Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi'ne (TÜBA) devrettiklerini kabul ederler. Yayınlanan içeriğin (yazı ve görsel unsurlar) telif hakları dergiye ait olur. Dergide yayınlanması uygun görülen yazılar için telif ya da başka adlar altında hiçbir ücret ödenmez ve baskı masrafı alınmaz; ancak ayrı baskı talepleri ücret karşılığı yerine getirilir.
TÜBA, yazarlardan devraldığı ve derginin çevrimiçi (online) sürümünde yayımladığı içerikle ilgili telif haklarından, bilimsel içeriğe evrensel açık erişimin (open access) desteklenmesi ve geliştirilmesine katkıda bulunmak amacıyla, bilinen standartlarda kaynak olarak gösterilmesi koşuluyla, ticari kullanım amacı ve içerik değişikliği dışında kalan tüm kullanım (çevrimiçi bağlantı verme, kopyalama, baskı alma, herhangi bir fiziksel ortamda çoğaltma ve dağıtma vb.) haklarını (ilgili içerikte tersi belirtilmediği sürece) Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-ND4.0) Lisansı aracılığıyla bedelsiz kullanıma sunmaktadır. İçeriğin ticari amaçlı kullanımı için TÜBA'dan yazılı izin alınması gereklidir.