Research Article
Travma Sonrası Büyüme Açısından Bir Risk Faktörü Olarak Psikolojik Sağlamlık: Koronavirüs Salgını Örneği
Abstract
Amaç:Bu çalışmanın amacı koronavirüs salgını sonrasında ortaya çıkan psikolojik semptomlardaki değişimin psikolojik sağlamlık ve travma sonrası büyüme açısından incelenmesidir. Ayrıca bireylerin koronavirüs öncesi psikolojik semptomları ile sonrasındaki psikolojik semptomları arasındaki ilişkide psikolojik sağlamlığın aracı rolünün belirlenmesi hedeflenmiştir.
Yöntem:18-66 (31.93±11.57) yaş aralığındaki 553’ü (%76.7) kadın ve 168’i (%23.3) erkek olmak üzere toplam 721 kişilik toplum örnekleminden oluşan katılımcılarapsikolojik semptom, psikolojik sağlamlık vetravma sonrası büyüme ölçekleri online olarak uygulanmıştır.
Bulgular:Koronavirüs öncesi ve sonrası semptom puanlarındaki değişim yönüne göre oluşturulmuş gruplar arasındaki farklar incelendiğinde,psikolojik sağlamlık puanının değişim olmayan grup lehine,travma sonrası büyüme puanının iseolumlu değişim gösteren grup lehine diğer değişim gruplarındananlamlı düzeyde yüksek oldukları saptanmıştır. Koronavirüs öncesi ve sonrası semptom puan ortalamaları arasındaki ilişkide psikolojik sağlamlığın %5.7 ila %13 gibi değişen oranlardasemptom düzeylerini azaltıcı bir yönde aracılık etkisinin olduğu saptanmıştır.
Sonuç:Bu çalışmada koronavirüs sürecinin toplamda bireylerin psikolojik semptomları üzerinde olumsuz bir etkisinin olduğu görülmekle birlikte bazı bireylerin psikolojik semptom puanlarında değişimin olmadığı, bazı bireylerde ise semptom puanlarının düştüğü gözlenmiştir. Bu farklılığı oluşturan değişkenler olarak PS ile TSB’nin travmatik deneyimlerde iki ayrı yapı olarak değerlendirilebileceğigörülmüştür.Bulgular koronavirüs salgını örneğinde PS’nin psikolojik semptomlarda bozulmayakarşı koruyucu bir faktör olduğunudiğer yandan ise TSB’nin oluşumunu engelleyen bir risk faktörü olarak değerlendirilebileceğini akla getirmektedir.
References
- 1. Del Rio C, Malani PN. COVID-19—new insights on a rapidly changing epidemic. Jama2020;323(14):1339-1340.
- 2. Bansal P, Bingemann TA, Greenhawt M, et al. Clinician Wellness During the COVID‐19 Pandemic: Extraordinary Times and Unusual Challenges for the Allergist/Immunologist. J Allergy Clin Immunol Piractice 2020;S2213‐2198(20)30327‐5. 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.04.001.
- 3. Shigemura J, Ursano RJ, Morganstein JC, Kurosawa M, Benedek DM. Public responses to the novel 2019 coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Japan: Mental health consequences and target populations. Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences 2020;74(4):281–282.
- 4. Wilder-Smith A, Freedman DO. Isolation, quarantine, social distancing and community containment: pivotal role for old-style public health measures in the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak. Journal of travel medicine 2020;27(2):taaa020.
- 5. Hawkley LC, Cacioppo JT. Loneliness matters: A theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2010;40(2):218–227.
- 6. Holmes EA, O'ConnorRC, Perry VH, Tracey I, Wessely S, Arseneault L, Bullmore E, Ford T. (2020). Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science.The Lancet Psychiatry 2020;7(6):547-560. 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30168-1
- 7. Banerjee D. The COVID-19 outbreak: Crucial role the psychiatrists can play. Asian journal of psychiatry 2020;50:102014.
- 8. Bilge, Bilge. Koronavirüs salgını ve sosyal izolasyonun psikolojik semptomlar üzerindeki etkilerinin psikolojik sağlamlık ve stresle baş etme tarzları açısından incelenmesi. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi 2020;23 DOI: 10.5505/kpd.2020.66934 (Baskıda).
- 9. Cao W, Fang Z, Hou G, et al. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Res. 2020;287:112934. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
- 10. Huang Y, Zhao N. Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Res. 2020;288:112954. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954
- 11. Rubin GJ, Wessely S. The psychological effects of quarantining a city. Bmj 2020;368.
- 12. Vindegaard N, Benros ME. COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence [published online ahead of print, 2020 May 30]. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;S0889-1591(20):30954-5. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.048
- 13. Yao H, Chen JH, Xu YF. Patients with mental health disorders in the COVID-19 epidemic. The Lancet Psychiatry 2020;7(4):e21.
- 14. Taylor S. The psychology of pandemics: Preparing for the next global outbreak of infectious disease. Cambridge Scholars Publishing;2019.
- 15. Bonanno GA, Galea S, Bucciarelli A, Vlahov D. Psychological resilience after disaster—New York City in the aftermath of the September 11th terrorist attack. Psychological Science 2006;17:181–186.
- 16. Tedeschi RG, Calhoun LG. Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry 2004;15:1–18.
- 17. Linley PA, Joseph S. Positive change following trauma and adversity: A review. Journal of traumatic stress: official publication of the international society for traumatic stress studies 2004;17(1):11-21.
- 18. Fredricson BL, Tugade MM, Waugh CE, Larkin GR. What good are positive emotions in crises? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2003;84:365–376.
- 19. Richardson GE. The metatheory of resilience and resiliency. Journal of Clinical Psychology 2002;58(3):307-321.
- 20. Bonnano GA. Loss, trauma and human resilience. American Psychologist 2004;59(1):20-28.
- 21. Bensimon M. Elaboration on the association between trauma, PTSD and posttraumatic growth: The role of trait resilience. Personality and Individual Differences. 2012;52(7):782-787.
- 22. Hampson SE, Friedman HS. Personality and health: A lifespan perspective. In: John PO, Robins WR, Pervin AL, editors. Handbook of personality: Theory and research. 3rd ed. New York, NY, US:Guilford Press;2008.
- 23. Min JA, Lee CU, Hwang SI, Shin JI, Lee BS, Han SH, Ju H, Lee CY, Chae JH. The moderation of resilience on the negative effect of pain on depression and post-traumatic growth in individuals with spinal cord injury. Disability and rehabilitation 2014;36(14):1196-1202.
- 24. Levine SZ, Laufer A, Stein E, Hamama‐Raz Y, Solomon Z. Examining the relationship between resilience and posttraumatic growth. Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies 2009;22(4):282-286.
- 25. Greup SR, Kaal SE, Jansen R, Manten-Horst E, Thong MS, van der Graaf WT, Prins JB, Husson O. Post-traumatic growth and resilience in adolescent and young adult cancer patients: An overview. Journal of adolescent and young adult oncology 2018;7(1):1-14.
- 26. Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet E, Hughes M, Nelson CB. Posttraumatic–Stress–Disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry 1995;52:1048–1060.
- 27. Ozer EJ, Best SR, Lipsey TL, Weiss DS. Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 2003;129:52-73.
- 28. Walsh F. Traumatic loss and major disasters: Strengthening family and community resilience. Family Process 2007;46:207–227.
- 29. Westphal M, Bonanno GA. Posttraumatic growth and resilience to trauma: Different sides of the same coin or different coins? Applied Psychology 2007;56(3):417-427.
- 30. Polizzi C, Lynn SJ, Perry A. Stress and copıng ın the tıme of covıd-19: pathways to resılıence and recovery. Clinical Neuropsychiatry 2020;17(2):59-62.
- 31. Santarone K, McKenney M, Elkbuli A. Preserving mental health and resilience in frontline healthcare workers during COVID-19. The American journal of emergency medicine 2020;38(7):1530–1531.
- 32. Kavčič T, Avsec A, Zager Kocjan G. Psychological Functioning of Slovene Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Does Resilience Matter? The Psychiatric quarterly2020;1-10.
- 33. Şahin NH, Durak A. Kısa Semptom Envanteri: Türk gençleri için uyarlanması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi 1994; 9:44-56.
- 34. Doğan T. Kısa Psikolojik Sağlamlık Ölçeği’nin Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being 2015; 3:93-102.
- 35. Tedeschi RG, Calhoun LG. The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. J Trauma Stress 1996;9:455-471.
- 36. Kağan M, Güleç M, Boysan M, Çavuş H. Travma Sonrası Büyüme Envanteri’nin Türkçe Versiyonunun Normal Toplumda Hiyerarşik Faktör Yapısı. TAFMED 2012;11:617-24.
- 37. Hayes AF. Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis:A regression-based approach. New York, NY: Guilford Publications; 2017.
- 38. Kim SW, Su KP. Using psychoneuroimmunity against COVID-19. Brain, behavior, and immunity 2020;87:4–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.025
- 39. The Academy of Medical Sciences. Survey results: Understanding people’s concerns about the mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic2020; Erişim Tarihi: 01.07.2020 URL: http://www.acmedsci.ac.uk/COVIDmentalhealthsurveys
- 40. Thompson RR, Garfin DR, Holman EA, Silver RC. Distress, worry, and functioning following a global health crisis: A national study of Americans’ responses to Ebola. Clinical psychological science 2017;5(3):513-521.
- 41. Roy D, Tripathy S, Kar SK, Sharma N, Verma SK, Kaushal V. Study of knowledge, attitude, anxiety & perceived mental healthcare need in Indian population during COVID-19 pandemic [published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 8]. Asian J Psychiatr 2020;51:102083. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102083
- 42. North CS, Pfefferbaum B, Vythilingam M, et al. Exposure to bioterrorism and mental health response among staff on Capitol Hill. Biosecur Bioterror. 2009;7(4):379-388. doi:10.1089/bsp.2009.0031
- 43. Mak IW, Chu CM, Pan PC, Yiu MG, Chan VL. Long-term psychiatric morbidities among SARS survivors. General hospital psychiatry 2009;31(4):318–326.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.03.001
- 44. Sun L., Sun Z., Wu L., Zhu Z., Zhang F., Shang Z.…Liu N. Prevalence and risk factors of acute posttraumatic stress symptoms during the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China. medRxiv. 2020 doi: 10.1101/2020.03.06.20032425.
- 45. Rajkumar RP. COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature [published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 10]. Asian J Psychiatr. 2020;52:102066. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066
- 46. Pappa S, Ntella V, Giannakas T, Giannakoulis VG, Papoutsi E, Katsaounou P. Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis [published online ahead of print, 2020 May 8]. Brain Behav Immun 2020;S0889-1591(20)30845-X. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.026
- 47. Stratta P, Capanna C, Patriarca S, de Cataldo S, Bonanni RL, Riccardi I, Rossi A. Resilience in adolescence: Gender differences two years after the earthquake of L’Aquila. Personality and Individual Differences2013;54(3):327-331.
- 48. BonannoGA, Ho SMY, Chan JCK, Kwong RSY, Cheung CKY, Wong CPY, WongVCW. Psychological resilience and dysfunction among hospitalized survivors of the sars epidemic in hong kong: a latent class approach. Health Psychology Copyright 2008;27(5):659–667.
- 49. Masood A, Masud Y, Mazahir S. Gender differences in resilience and psychological distress of patients with burns. Burns 2016;42:300–306.
- 50. Wasonga T, Christman DE, Kilmer L. Ethnicity, gender and age: predicting resilience and academic achievement among urban high school students. Am Second Educ. 2003;32(1):62-74.
- 51. Karataş Z. COVID-19 Pandemisinin Toplumsal Etkileri, Değişim ve Güçlenme. Türkiye Sosyal Hizmet Araştırmaları Dergisi 2020;4(1):3-17.
- 52. Vishnevsky T, Cann A, Calhoun LG, Tedeschi RG, Demakis GJ. Gender differences in self-reported posttraumatic growth: A meta-analysis. Psychology of women quarterly 2010;34(1):110-120.
- 53. Cordova M, Cunningham L, Carlson C, Andrykowski M. Posttraumatic growth following breast cancer: A controlled comparison study. Health Psychology 2001;20:176-185.
- 54. Leong Abdullah MFI, Nik Jaafar NR, Zakaria H, Rajandram RK, Mahadevan R, Mohamad Yunus MR, Shah SA. Posttraumatic growth, depression and anxiety in head and neck cancer patients: examining their patterns and correlations in a prospective study. Psycho‐Oncology2015;24(8):894-900.
- 55. Davis CG, Nolen-Hoeksema S, Larson J. Making sense of loss and benefiting from the experience: Two construals of meaning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1998;75:561−574.
- 56. Haddadi P, Besharat MA. Resilience, vulnerability and mental health. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 2010;5:639-642.
- 57. Perron JL, CleverleyK, Kidd SA. Resilience, loneliness, and psychological distress among homeless youth. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing 2014;28(4):226-229.
- 58. Ye ZJ, Guan HJ, Wu LH, Xiao MY, Luo DM, Quan XM. Resilience and Psychosocial Function Among Mainland Chinese Parents of Children With Cancer: A Cross-sectional Survey. Cancer Nurs 2015;38(6):466-474.
- 59. Vaillant GE. Resilience and posttraumatic growth. Positive psychiatry: a clinical handbook. American Psychiatric Association Publishing, Washington DC:USA;2015.
- 60. Brooks S, Amlôt R, Rubin GJ, Greenberg N. Psychological resilience and post-traumatic growth in disaster-exposed organisations: overview of the literature. BMJ Military Health2020;166(1), 52-56.
- 61. Kalaitzaki AE, Tamiolaki A, Rovithis M. The healthcare professionals amidst COVID-19 pandemic: A perspective of resilience and posttraumatic growth [published online ahead of print, 2020 May 15]. Asian J Psychiatr 2020;52:102172. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102172
Year 2021,
, 312 - 325, 01.04.2021
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the change in psychological symptoms that occur after the COVID-19 epidemic in terms of psychological resilience and posttraumatic growth. In addition, it was aimed to determine the mediating role of PS in the relationship between before COVID-19 psychological symptoms of individuals and their subsequent psychological symptoms.
Method: It was applied psychological symptoms, psychological resilience, and posttraumatic growth scales to the participants, who consisted of 1245 people, 1212 female (81.3%), and 233 (18.7%) male, between the ages of 18-74 as online.
Results: When the differences between the groups formed according to the change in symptom scores before and after COVID-19 were examined, it was found that the resilience score was significantly higher in favor of the group with no change, and the posttraumatic growth score in favor of the group with the positive change that compared to the other change groups. In the relationship between symptom score averages before and after COVID-19, resilience has been found to have a mediating effect in a direction that decreases symptom levels at rates ranging from 5.7% to 13%.
Conclusion: In this study, although the coronavirus process had a negative effect on the psychological symptoms of individuals in total, it was observed that some individuals did not have any change in their psychological symptom scores, while in some individuals their symptom scores decreased. It was seen that resilience and posttraumatic growth can be evaluated as two different structures in traumatic experiences as the variables that make up this difference. The findings suggest that resilience is a protective factor against psychological symptoms deterioration in the coronavirus outbreak sample, on the other hand, it can be considered as a risk factor preventing the formation of posttraumatic growth.
References
- 1. Del Rio C, Malani PN. COVID-19—new insights on a rapidly changing epidemic. Jama2020;323(14):1339-1340.
- 2. Bansal P, Bingemann TA, Greenhawt M, et al. Clinician Wellness During the COVID‐19 Pandemic: Extraordinary Times and Unusual Challenges for the Allergist/Immunologist. J Allergy Clin Immunol Piractice 2020;S2213‐2198(20)30327‐5. 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.04.001.
- 3. Shigemura J, Ursano RJ, Morganstein JC, Kurosawa M, Benedek DM. Public responses to the novel 2019 coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Japan: Mental health consequences and target populations. Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences 2020;74(4):281–282.
- 4. Wilder-Smith A, Freedman DO. Isolation, quarantine, social distancing and community containment: pivotal role for old-style public health measures in the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) outbreak. Journal of travel medicine 2020;27(2):taaa020.
- 5. Hawkley LC, Cacioppo JT. Loneliness matters: A theoretical and empirical review of consequences and mechanisms. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2010;40(2):218–227.
- 6. Holmes EA, O'ConnorRC, Perry VH, Tracey I, Wessely S, Arseneault L, Bullmore E, Ford T. (2020). Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: a call for action for mental health science.The Lancet Psychiatry 2020;7(6):547-560. 10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30168-1
- 7. Banerjee D. The COVID-19 outbreak: Crucial role the psychiatrists can play. Asian journal of psychiatry 2020;50:102014.
- 8. Bilge, Bilge. Koronavirüs salgını ve sosyal izolasyonun psikolojik semptomlar üzerindeki etkilerinin psikolojik sağlamlık ve stresle baş etme tarzları açısından incelenmesi. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi 2020;23 DOI: 10.5505/kpd.2020.66934 (Baskıda).
- 9. Cao W, Fang Z, Hou G, et al. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Res. 2020;287:112934. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
- 10. Huang Y, Zhao N. Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Res. 2020;288:112954. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954
- 11. Rubin GJ, Wessely S. The psychological effects of quarantining a city. Bmj 2020;368.
- 12. Vindegaard N, Benros ME. COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence [published online ahead of print, 2020 May 30]. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;S0889-1591(20):30954-5. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.048
- 13. Yao H, Chen JH, Xu YF. Patients with mental health disorders in the COVID-19 epidemic. The Lancet Psychiatry 2020;7(4):e21.
- 14. Taylor S. The psychology of pandemics: Preparing for the next global outbreak of infectious disease. Cambridge Scholars Publishing;2019.
- 15. Bonanno GA, Galea S, Bucciarelli A, Vlahov D. Psychological resilience after disaster—New York City in the aftermath of the September 11th terrorist attack. Psychological Science 2006;17:181–186.
- 16. Tedeschi RG, Calhoun LG. Posttraumatic growth: Conceptual foundations and empirical evidence. Psychological Inquiry 2004;15:1–18.
- 17. Linley PA, Joseph S. Positive change following trauma and adversity: A review. Journal of traumatic stress: official publication of the international society for traumatic stress studies 2004;17(1):11-21.
- 18. Fredricson BL, Tugade MM, Waugh CE, Larkin GR. What good are positive emotions in crises? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2003;84:365–376.
- 19. Richardson GE. The metatheory of resilience and resiliency. Journal of Clinical Psychology 2002;58(3):307-321.
- 20. Bonnano GA. Loss, trauma and human resilience. American Psychologist 2004;59(1):20-28.
- 21. Bensimon M. Elaboration on the association between trauma, PTSD and posttraumatic growth: The role of trait resilience. Personality and Individual Differences. 2012;52(7):782-787.
- 22. Hampson SE, Friedman HS. Personality and health: A lifespan perspective. In: John PO, Robins WR, Pervin AL, editors. Handbook of personality: Theory and research. 3rd ed. New York, NY, US:Guilford Press;2008.
- 23. Min JA, Lee CU, Hwang SI, Shin JI, Lee BS, Han SH, Ju H, Lee CY, Chae JH. The moderation of resilience on the negative effect of pain on depression and post-traumatic growth in individuals with spinal cord injury. Disability and rehabilitation 2014;36(14):1196-1202.
- 24. Levine SZ, Laufer A, Stein E, Hamama‐Raz Y, Solomon Z. Examining the relationship between resilience and posttraumatic growth. Journal of Traumatic Stress: Official Publication of The International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies 2009;22(4):282-286.
- 25. Greup SR, Kaal SE, Jansen R, Manten-Horst E, Thong MS, van der Graaf WT, Prins JB, Husson O. Post-traumatic growth and resilience in adolescent and young adult cancer patients: An overview. Journal of adolescent and young adult oncology 2018;7(1):1-14.
- 26. Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet E, Hughes M, Nelson CB. Posttraumatic–Stress–Disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry 1995;52:1048–1060.
- 27. Ozer EJ, Best SR, Lipsey TL, Weiss DS. Predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms in adults: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 2003;129:52-73.
- 28. Walsh F. Traumatic loss and major disasters: Strengthening family and community resilience. Family Process 2007;46:207–227.
- 29. Westphal M, Bonanno GA. Posttraumatic growth and resilience to trauma: Different sides of the same coin or different coins? Applied Psychology 2007;56(3):417-427.
- 30. Polizzi C, Lynn SJ, Perry A. Stress and copıng ın the tıme of covıd-19: pathways to resılıence and recovery. Clinical Neuropsychiatry 2020;17(2):59-62.
- 31. Santarone K, McKenney M, Elkbuli A. Preserving mental health and resilience in frontline healthcare workers during COVID-19. The American journal of emergency medicine 2020;38(7):1530–1531.
- 32. Kavčič T, Avsec A, Zager Kocjan G. Psychological Functioning of Slovene Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Does Resilience Matter? The Psychiatric quarterly2020;1-10.
- 33. Şahin NH, Durak A. Kısa Semptom Envanteri: Türk gençleri için uyarlanması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi 1994; 9:44-56.
- 34. Doğan T. Kısa Psikolojik Sağlamlık Ölçeği’nin Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being 2015; 3:93-102.
- 35. Tedeschi RG, Calhoun LG. The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma. J Trauma Stress 1996;9:455-471.
- 36. Kağan M, Güleç M, Boysan M, Çavuş H. Travma Sonrası Büyüme Envanteri’nin Türkçe Versiyonunun Normal Toplumda Hiyerarşik Faktör Yapısı. TAFMED 2012;11:617-24.
- 37. Hayes AF. Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis:A regression-based approach. New York, NY: Guilford Publications; 2017.
- 38. Kim SW, Su KP. Using psychoneuroimmunity against COVID-19. Brain, behavior, and immunity 2020;87:4–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.025
- 39. The Academy of Medical Sciences. Survey results: Understanding people’s concerns about the mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic2020; Erişim Tarihi: 01.07.2020 URL: http://www.acmedsci.ac.uk/COVIDmentalhealthsurveys
- 40. Thompson RR, Garfin DR, Holman EA, Silver RC. Distress, worry, and functioning following a global health crisis: A national study of Americans’ responses to Ebola. Clinical psychological science 2017;5(3):513-521.
- 41. Roy D, Tripathy S, Kar SK, Sharma N, Verma SK, Kaushal V. Study of knowledge, attitude, anxiety & perceived mental healthcare need in Indian population during COVID-19 pandemic [published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 8]. Asian J Psychiatr 2020;51:102083. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102083
- 42. North CS, Pfefferbaum B, Vythilingam M, et al. Exposure to bioterrorism and mental health response among staff on Capitol Hill. Biosecur Bioterror. 2009;7(4):379-388. doi:10.1089/bsp.2009.0031
- 43. Mak IW, Chu CM, Pan PC, Yiu MG, Chan VL. Long-term psychiatric morbidities among SARS survivors. General hospital psychiatry 2009;31(4):318–326.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.03.001
- 44. Sun L., Sun Z., Wu L., Zhu Z., Zhang F., Shang Z.…Liu N. Prevalence and risk factors of acute posttraumatic stress symptoms during the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China. medRxiv. 2020 doi: 10.1101/2020.03.06.20032425.
- 45. Rajkumar RP. COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature [published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 10]. Asian J Psychiatr. 2020;52:102066. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066
- 46. Pappa S, Ntella V, Giannakas T, Giannakoulis VG, Papoutsi E, Katsaounou P. Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis [published online ahead of print, 2020 May 8]. Brain Behav Immun 2020;S0889-1591(20)30845-X. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.026
- 47. Stratta P, Capanna C, Patriarca S, de Cataldo S, Bonanni RL, Riccardi I, Rossi A. Resilience in adolescence: Gender differences two years after the earthquake of L’Aquila. Personality and Individual Differences2013;54(3):327-331.
- 48. BonannoGA, Ho SMY, Chan JCK, Kwong RSY, Cheung CKY, Wong CPY, WongVCW. Psychological resilience and dysfunction among hospitalized survivors of the sars epidemic in hong kong: a latent class approach. Health Psychology Copyright 2008;27(5):659–667.
- 49. Masood A, Masud Y, Mazahir S. Gender differences in resilience and psychological distress of patients with burns. Burns 2016;42:300–306.
- 50. Wasonga T, Christman DE, Kilmer L. Ethnicity, gender and age: predicting resilience and academic achievement among urban high school students. Am Second Educ. 2003;32(1):62-74.
- 51. Karataş Z. COVID-19 Pandemisinin Toplumsal Etkileri, Değişim ve Güçlenme. Türkiye Sosyal Hizmet Araştırmaları Dergisi 2020;4(1):3-17.
- 52. Vishnevsky T, Cann A, Calhoun LG, Tedeschi RG, Demakis GJ. Gender differences in self-reported posttraumatic growth: A meta-analysis. Psychology of women quarterly 2010;34(1):110-120.
- 53. Cordova M, Cunningham L, Carlson C, Andrykowski M. Posttraumatic growth following breast cancer: A controlled comparison study. Health Psychology 2001;20:176-185.
- 54. Leong Abdullah MFI, Nik Jaafar NR, Zakaria H, Rajandram RK, Mahadevan R, Mohamad Yunus MR, Shah SA. Posttraumatic growth, depression and anxiety in head and neck cancer patients: examining their patterns and correlations in a prospective study. Psycho‐Oncology2015;24(8):894-900.
- 55. Davis CG, Nolen-Hoeksema S, Larson J. Making sense of loss and benefiting from the experience: Two construals of meaning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1998;75:561−574.
- 56. Haddadi P, Besharat MA. Resilience, vulnerability and mental health. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences 2010;5:639-642.
- 57. Perron JL, CleverleyK, Kidd SA. Resilience, loneliness, and psychological distress among homeless youth. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing 2014;28(4):226-229.
- 58. Ye ZJ, Guan HJ, Wu LH, Xiao MY, Luo DM, Quan XM. Resilience and Psychosocial Function Among Mainland Chinese Parents of Children With Cancer: A Cross-sectional Survey. Cancer Nurs 2015;38(6):466-474.
- 59. Vaillant GE. Resilience and posttraumatic growth. Positive psychiatry: a clinical handbook. American Psychiatric Association Publishing, Washington DC:USA;2015.
- 60. Brooks S, Amlôt R, Rubin GJ, Greenberg N. Psychological resilience and post-traumatic growth in disaster-exposed organisations: overview of the literature. BMJ Military Health2020;166(1), 52-56.
- 61. Kalaitzaki AE, Tamiolaki A, Rovithis M. The healthcare professionals amidst COVID-19 pandemic: A perspective of resilience and posttraumatic growth [published online ahead of print, 2020 May 15]. Asian J Psychiatr 2020;52:102172. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102172
There are 61 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Primary Health Care |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | April 1, 2021 |
| Submission Date | July 30, 2020 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2021 |