Vankomisine Dirençli Enterococcus faecium: Kısa Bir Derleme

Hale Gümüş

doi:10.17827/aktd.1246260

Review

Vankomisine Dirençli Enterococcus faecium: Kısa Bir Derleme

Year 2023, Volume: 32 Issue: 1, 1 - 9, 31.03.2023

Hale Gümüş

https://doi.org/10.17827/aktd.1246260

Abstract

Antimikrobiyal direnç (AMD) ile ilişkili morbidite ve mortalite küresel bir halk sağlığı sorunudur. Sağlık hizmeti ilişkili enfeksiyonlarda sık olarak görülen vankomisine dirençli Enterococcus faecium (VRE), Dünya Sağlık Örgütü’nün AMD’i olan öncelikli patojenler listesinde yüksek öncelik verdiği bir Gram pozitif koktur. Son zamanlarda Türkiye’de invaziv enfeksiyonlarda VRE izolasyon oranı %15.8 bildirilmiştir. Vankomisine direncin ana mekanizması, hedef bölgedeki D-Alanil-D-Alanin terminal molekülünün değişmesi ve ilacın affinitesinin azalmasıdır. Vankomisin direncinden sorumlu olan van geni kromozomal olarak kodlanmakta veya plazmid, transpozon gibi mobil genetik elemanlar ile kazanılmaktadır. Yayılımındaki ana mekanizma, mobil genetik elemanların Enterokoklar veya Staphylococcus aereus gibi farklı tür bakteriler arasında transfer edilebilmeleridir. Bu derlemede PubMed ve Web of Science veritabanlarında “Vankomisin-dirençli Enterococcus faecium”, “Vankomisin direnç mekanizmaları”, “Gram pozitif koklarda vankomisin direnci” terimleri ile arama yapılarak elde edilen literatür verileri özetlenmiş ve önerilerle birlikte kısaca tartışılmıştır.

Keywords

Antimikrobiyal direnç, vankomisin direnci, E. faecium, vanA, vanB

Supporting Institution

Project Number

Thanks

References

Kaynaklar 1. Lebreton F, Manson AL, Saavedra JT, Straub TJ, Earl AM, Gilmore MS. Tracing the Enterococci from Paleozoic Origins to the Hospital. Cell. 2017;169(5):849-61.
2. Ramos S, Silva V, Dapkevicius MdLE, Igrejas G, Poeta P. Enterococci, from Harmless Bacteria to a Pathogen. Microorganisms. 2020;8(8):1118.
3. Zaheer R, Cook SR, Barbieri R, Goji N, Cameron A, Petkau A, et al. Surveillance of Enterococcus spp. reveals distinct species and antimicrobial resistance diversity across a One-Health continuum. Sci Rep. 2020;10:3937.
4. Marcone GL, Binda E, Berini F, Marinelli F. Old and new glycopeptide antibiotics: from product to gene and back in the post-genomic era. Biotechnol Adv. 2018;36:534–54.
5. Stogios PJ, Savchenko A. Molecular mechanisms of vancomycin resistance. Protein Science. 2020;29(3):654-69.
6. Türk Mikrobiyoloji Cemiyeti, EUCAST Dirençli Olması Beklenen Fenotipler. Avaliable from: https://www.tmc-online.org/userfiles/file/Diren%C3%A7li-Olmas%C4%B1-Beklenen-Fenotipler-2022.pdf Accessed: 11 January 2023.
7. European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, EUCAST guidelines for detection of resistance mechanisms and specific resistances of clinical and/or epidemiological importance. 2017. Avaliable from; https://www.eucast.org/fileadmin/src/media/PDFs/EUCAST_files/Resistance_mechanisms/EUCAST_detection_of_resistance_mechanisms_170711.pdf Accessed: 11 January 2023
8. Courvalin P. Vancomycin resistance in gram-positive cocci. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42(1):25-34.
9. Geraldes C, Tavares L, Gil S, Oliveria M. Enterococcus Virulence and Resistant Traits Associated with Its Permanence in the Hospital Environment. Antibiotics. 2022;11:857.
10. Vimberg V, Zieglerová L, Buriánková K, Branny P, Novotna GB. VanZ Reduces the Binding of Lipoglycopeptide Antibiotics to Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae Cells. Front Microbiol. 2020;11:566.
11. Downing MA, Xiong J, Eshaghi A, McGeer A, Patel SN, Johnstone J. Vancomycin-Variable Enterococcal Bacteremia. J Clin Microbiol. 2015;53(12):3951-3.
12. Sivertsen A, Pedersen T, Larssen KW, Bergh K, Ronning TG, Radtke A, et al. A Silenced vanA Gene Cluster on a Transferable Plasmid Caused an Outbreak of Vancomycin-Variable Enterococci. Antimicrobrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60(7):4119-27.
13. Selim S. Mechanisms of gram-positive vancomycin resistance (Review). Biomed Rep. 2022;16(1):7.
14. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe/European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Antimicrobial resistance surveillance in Europe 2022 – 2020 data. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2022. Avaliable from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/antimicrobial-resistance-surveillance-europe-2022-2020-data Accessed: 13 January 2023
15. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. Antimicrobial Resistance Map. Avaliable from: https://worldhealthorg.shinyapps.io/WHO-AMR-Dashboard/?_ga=2.172166563.1827800992.1668654440-1324205868.1668654440 Accessed: 13 January 2023 16. Purohit G, Gaind R, Dawar R, Verma PK, Aggarwal KC, Sardana R, et al. Characterization of Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci in Hospitalized Patients and Role of Gut Colonization. J Clin Diagn Res. 2017;11(9):DC01-DC05.
17. Sun HL, Liu C, Zhang JJ, Zhou YM, Xu YC. Molecular characterization of vancomycin-resistant enterococci isolated from a hospital in Beijing, China. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2019;52(3):433-42.
18. The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Summary of the Latest Data on Antibiotic Resistance in the European Union. Avaliable from: http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/eaad/Documents/antibiotics-EARS-Net-sum mary-2016.pdf. Accessed: 23 January 2023.
19. Miller WR, Munita JM, Arias CA. Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in enterococci. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2014;12:1221–36.
20. Hammerum AM, Baig S, Kamel Y, Roer L, Pinholt M, Gumpert H, et al. Emergence of vanA Enterococcus faecium in Denmark, 2005–15. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017;72(8);2184–90.
21. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Avaliable from: https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/pdf/threats-report/vre-508.pdf Accessed: 25 January 2023. 22. Guzman Prieto AM, van Schaik W, Rogers MRC, Coque TM, Baquero F, Corander J, et al. Global emergence and dissemination of enterococci as nosocomial patho gens: attack of the clones? Front Microbiol. 2016;7(5):1–15.
23. Gozalan A, Coskun-Ari FF, Ozdem B, Unaldi O, Celikbilek N, Kirca F, et al. Molecular characterization of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from carriage and clinical samples in a tertiary hospital, Turkey. J Med Microbiol. 2015;64(7):759-66.
24. Arslan U, Demir E, Oryaşin E, Türk Dağı H, Tuncer I, Fındık D, et al. Kan kültürlerinden izole edilen vankomisine dirençli Enterococcus faecium suşlarının MLST tipleri [MLST types of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from blood cultures]. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2013;47(3):432-41.
25. Asgin N, Otlu B. Antibiotic Resistance and Molecular Epidemiology of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Turkey. Infect Drug Resist. 2020;13:191-8.
26. Coşkun FA, Mumcuoğlu I, Aksu N, Karahan ZC, Us E, Tekeli FA, et al. Bir Devlet Hastanesinde Vankomisine Dirençli Enterokok Suşlarının Fenotipik ve Genotipik Olarak Değerlendirilmesi: İlk vanB-Pozitif Enterococcus faecium İzolatları [Phenotypic and genotypic traits of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in a public hospital: the first vanB-positive Enterococcus faecium isolates]. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2012;46(2):276-82.
27. Cekin Y, Erman Daloğlu A, Oğünç D, Ozhak Baysan B, Dağlar D, Inan D, et al. Evaluation of vancomycin resistance 3 multiplexed PCR assay for detection of vancomycin-resistant enterococci from rectal swabs. Ann Lab Med. 2013;33(5):326-30.
28. Uludağ Altun H, Ataman Hatipoğlu C, Bulut C, Eser OK, Demiröz AP. Vankomisine dirençli enterokokların sürveyansında GeneXpert® vanA/vanB PCR sistemi ile kültür yönteminin karşılaştırılması [Comparison of GeneXpert® vanA/vanB PCR system and culture methods in the surveillance of vancomycin-resistant enterococci]. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2014;48(4):538-44.
29. Devrim F, Gülfidan G, Gözmen S, Demirağ B, Oymak Y, Yaman Y, et al. Comparison of the BD GeneOhm VanR assay and a chromogenic agar-based culture method in screening for vancomycin-resistant enterococci in rectal specimens of pediatric hematology-oncology patients. Turk J Pediatr. 2015;57(2):161-6.
30. Akman N, Sağıroğlu P, Atalay A. Süt Çocukluğu Dönemi Kan Dolaşımı Enfeksiyon Etkenlerinin ve Antimikrobiyal Duyarlılıklarının Araştırılması. Abant Med J. 2021;10(3):369-79.
31. Sakin F, Aslantaş Ö, Bağcı F. Molecular Characterization of Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus faecium Isolates from Patients Admitted to Intensive Care Unit in Hatay State Hospital. J Turk Soc Intens Care. J Turk Soc Intens Care. 2019;17:204-8.
32. Billington EO, Phang SH, Gregson DB, Pitout JD, Ross T, Church DL, et al. Incidence, risk factors, and outcomes for Enterococcus spp. blood stream infections: a population-based study. Int J Infect Dis. 2014;26:76-82.
33. Fox E, Ha D, Bounthavong M, Meng L, Mui E, Holubar M, et al. Risk factors and outcomes associated with persistent vancomycin resistant Enterococcal Bacteremia. BMC Infect Dis. 2022;22(1):855.
34. Contreras GA, Munita JM, Simar S, Luterbach C, Dinh AQ, Rydell K, et al. Contemporary Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcal Bacteremia: A Prospective Multicenter Cohort Study (VENOUS I). Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022;9(3):ofab616.
35. Ye JJ, Shie SS, Cheng CW, Yang JH, Huang PY, Wu, TS, et al. Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium bacteremia. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2018;51:705–16.
36. Hemapanpairoa J, Changpradub D, Thunyaharn S, Santimaleeworagun W. Does Vancomycin Resistance Increase Mortality? Clinical Outcomes and Predictive Factors for Mortality in Patients with Enterococcus faecium Infections. Antibiotics (Basel). 2021;10(2):105.
37. Jiang HL, Zhou Z, Wang LS, Fang Y, Li YH, Chu CI. The Risk Factors, Costs, and Survival Analysis of Invasive VRE Infections at a Medical Center in Eastern Taiwan. Int J Infect Dis. 2017;54:18-24.
38. Zasowski EJ, Claeys KC, Lagnf MA, Davis SL, Rybak MJ. Time Is of the Essence: The Impact of Delayed Antibiotic Therapy on Patient Outcomes in Hospital-Onset Enterococcal Bloodstream Infections, Clin Infecti Dis. 2016;62(10):1242–50.
39. Alevizakos M, Gaitanidis A, Nasioudis D, Tori K, Flokas ME, Mylonakis E. Colonization With Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci and Risk for Bloodstream Infection Among Patients With Malignancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2016;4(1):ofw246.
40. Janjusevic A, Cirkovic I, Minic R, Stevanovic G, Soldatovic I, Mihaljevic B. Predictors of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus spp. Intestinal Carriage among High-Risk Patients in University Hospitals in Serbia. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022;11(9):1228.
41. Farhadi R, Saffar MJ, Monfared FT, Larijani LV, Kenari SA, Charati JY. Prevalence, risk factors, and molecular analysis of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci colonization in a referral neonatal intensive care unit: a prospective study in northern Iran. JGAR. 2022;30:474-79.
42. Akturk H, Sutcu M, Somer A, Acar M, Akgun Karapınar B, Aydin D, et al. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci colonization in a neonatal intensive care unit: who will be infected? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 2016;21:3478-82.
43. Chuang YC, Lin HY, Chen PY, Lin CY, Wang JT, Chang SC. Daptomycin versus linezolid for the treatment of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal bacteraemia: implications of daptomycin dose. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016;22:890.E1-890.E7.
44. Prematunge C, MacDougall C, Johnstone J, Adomako K, Lam F, Robertson J. VRE and VSE Bacteremia Outcomes in the Era of Effective VRE Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2016;37(1):26-35.
45. Hertz FB, Nielsen KL, Olsen MH, Ebdrup SR, Nielsen C, Kirkby NS, Frimodt-Møller N, Møller K. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium: should we screen on admission? APMIS. 2022;130(11):657-60.
46. van Dijk MD, Voor In 't Holt AF, Alp E, Hell M, Petrosillo N, Presterl E, et al; ESCMID Study Group for Nosocomial Infections (ESGNI). Infection prevention and control policies in hospitals and prevalence of highly resistant microorganisms: an international comparative study. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2022;11(1):152.
47. Saito N, Kitazawa J, Horiuchi H, Yamamoto T, Kimura M, Inoue F, et al Interhospital transmission of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in Aomori, Japan. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2022;11(1):99.

Year 2023, Volume: 32 Issue: 1, 1 - 9, 31.03.2023

Hale Gümüş

https://doi.org/10.17827/aktd.1246260

Abstract

Project Number

References

Kaynaklar 1. Lebreton F, Manson AL, Saavedra JT, Straub TJ, Earl AM, Gilmore MS. Tracing the Enterococci from Paleozoic Origins to the Hospital. Cell. 2017;169(5):849-61.
2. Ramos S, Silva V, Dapkevicius MdLE, Igrejas G, Poeta P. Enterococci, from Harmless Bacteria to a Pathogen. Microorganisms. 2020;8(8):1118.
3. Zaheer R, Cook SR, Barbieri R, Goji N, Cameron A, Petkau A, et al. Surveillance of Enterococcus spp. reveals distinct species and antimicrobial resistance diversity across a One-Health continuum. Sci Rep. 2020;10:3937.
4. Marcone GL, Binda E, Berini F, Marinelli F. Old and new glycopeptide antibiotics: from product to gene and back in the post-genomic era. Biotechnol Adv. 2018;36:534–54.
5. Stogios PJ, Savchenko A. Molecular mechanisms of vancomycin resistance. Protein Science. 2020;29(3):654-69.
6. Türk Mikrobiyoloji Cemiyeti, EUCAST Dirençli Olması Beklenen Fenotipler. Avaliable from: https://www.tmc-online.org/userfiles/file/Diren%C3%A7li-Olmas%C4%B1-Beklenen-Fenotipler-2022.pdf Accessed: 11 January 2023.
7. European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, EUCAST guidelines for detection of resistance mechanisms and specific resistances of clinical and/or epidemiological importance. 2017. Avaliable from; https://www.eucast.org/fileadmin/src/media/PDFs/EUCAST_files/Resistance_mechanisms/EUCAST_detection_of_resistance_mechanisms_170711.pdf Accessed: 11 January 2023
8. Courvalin P. Vancomycin resistance in gram-positive cocci. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;42(1):25-34.
9. Geraldes C, Tavares L, Gil S, Oliveria M. Enterococcus Virulence and Resistant Traits Associated with Its Permanence in the Hospital Environment. Antibiotics. 2022;11:857.
10. Vimberg V, Zieglerová L, Buriánková K, Branny P, Novotna GB. VanZ Reduces the Binding of Lipoglycopeptide Antibiotics to Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae Cells. Front Microbiol. 2020;11:566.
11. Downing MA, Xiong J, Eshaghi A, McGeer A, Patel SN, Johnstone J. Vancomycin-Variable Enterococcal Bacteremia. J Clin Microbiol. 2015;53(12):3951-3.
12. Sivertsen A, Pedersen T, Larssen KW, Bergh K, Ronning TG, Radtke A, et al. A Silenced vanA Gene Cluster on a Transferable Plasmid Caused an Outbreak of Vancomycin-Variable Enterococci. Antimicrobrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60(7):4119-27.
13. Selim S. Mechanisms of gram-positive vancomycin resistance (Review). Biomed Rep. 2022;16(1):7.
14. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe/European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Antimicrobial resistance surveillance in Europe 2022 – 2020 data. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2022. Avaliable from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/antimicrobial-resistance-surveillance-europe-2022-2020-data Accessed: 13 January 2023
15. World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. Antimicrobial Resistance Map. Avaliable from: https://worldhealthorg.shinyapps.io/WHO-AMR-Dashboard/?_ga=2.172166563.1827800992.1668654440-1324205868.1668654440 Accessed: 13 January 2023 16. Purohit G, Gaind R, Dawar R, Verma PK, Aggarwal KC, Sardana R, et al. Characterization of Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci in Hospitalized Patients and Role of Gut Colonization. J Clin Diagn Res. 2017;11(9):DC01-DC05.
17. Sun HL, Liu C, Zhang JJ, Zhou YM, Xu YC. Molecular characterization of vancomycin-resistant enterococci isolated from a hospital in Beijing, China. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2019;52(3):433-42.
18. The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Summary of the Latest Data on Antibiotic Resistance in the European Union. Avaliable from: http://ecdc.europa.eu/en/eaad/Documents/antibiotics-EARS-Net-sum mary-2016.pdf. Accessed: 23 January 2023.
19. Miller WR, Munita JM, Arias CA. Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in enterococci. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2014;12:1221–36.
20. Hammerum AM, Baig S, Kamel Y, Roer L, Pinholt M, Gumpert H, et al. Emergence of vanA Enterococcus faecium in Denmark, 2005–15. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017;72(8);2184–90.
21. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Avaliable from: https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/pdf/threats-report/vre-508.pdf Accessed: 25 January 2023. 22. Guzman Prieto AM, van Schaik W, Rogers MRC, Coque TM, Baquero F, Corander J, et al. Global emergence and dissemination of enterococci as nosocomial patho gens: attack of the clones? Front Microbiol. 2016;7(5):1–15.
23. Gozalan A, Coskun-Ari FF, Ozdem B, Unaldi O, Celikbilek N, Kirca F, et al. Molecular characterization of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from carriage and clinical samples in a tertiary hospital, Turkey. J Med Microbiol. 2015;64(7):759-66.
24. Arslan U, Demir E, Oryaşin E, Türk Dağı H, Tuncer I, Fındık D, et al. Kan kültürlerinden izole edilen vankomisine dirençli Enterococcus faecium suşlarının MLST tipleri [MLST types of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium strains isolated from blood cultures]. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2013;47(3):432-41.
25. Asgin N, Otlu B. Antibiotic Resistance and Molecular Epidemiology of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Turkey. Infect Drug Resist. 2020;13:191-8.
26. Coşkun FA, Mumcuoğlu I, Aksu N, Karahan ZC, Us E, Tekeli FA, et al. Bir Devlet Hastanesinde Vankomisine Dirençli Enterokok Suşlarının Fenotipik ve Genotipik Olarak Değerlendirilmesi: İlk vanB-Pozitif Enterococcus faecium İzolatları [Phenotypic and genotypic traits of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in a public hospital: the first vanB-positive Enterococcus faecium isolates]. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2012;46(2):276-82.
27. Cekin Y, Erman Daloğlu A, Oğünç D, Ozhak Baysan B, Dağlar D, Inan D, et al. Evaluation of vancomycin resistance 3 multiplexed PCR assay for detection of vancomycin-resistant enterococci from rectal swabs. Ann Lab Med. 2013;33(5):326-30.
28. Uludağ Altun H, Ataman Hatipoğlu C, Bulut C, Eser OK, Demiröz AP. Vankomisine dirençli enterokokların sürveyansında GeneXpert® vanA/vanB PCR sistemi ile kültür yönteminin karşılaştırılması [Comparison of GeneXpert® vanA/vanB PCR system and culture methods in the surveillance of vancomycin-resistant enterococci]. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2014;48(4):538-44.
29. Devrim F, Gülfidan G, Gözmen S, Demirağ B, Oymak Y, Yaman Y, et al. Comparison of the BD GeneOhm VanR assay and a chromogenic agar-based culture method in screening for vancomycin-resistant enterococci in rectal specimens of pediatric hematology-oncology patients. Turk J Pediatr. 2015;57(2):161-6.
30. Akman N, Sağıroğlu P, Atalay A. Süt Çocukluğu Dönemi Kan Dolaşımı Enfeksiyon Etkenlerinin ve Antimikrobiyal Duyarlılıklarının Araştırılması. Abant Med J. 2021;10(3):369-79.
31. Sakin F, Aslantaş Ö, Bağcı F. Molecular Characterization of Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus faecium Isolates from Patients Admitted to Intensive Care Unit in Hatay State Hospital. J Turk Soc Intens Care. J Turk Soc Intens Care. 2019;17:204-8.
32. Billington EO, Phang SH, Gregson DB, Pitout JD, Ross T, Church DL, et al. Incidence, risk factors, and outcomes for Enterococcus spp. blood stream infections: a population-based study. Int J Infect Dis. 2014;26:76-82.
33. Fox E, Ha D, Bounthavong M, Meng L, Mui E, Holubar M, et al. Risk factors and outcomes associated with persistent vancomycin resistant Enterococcal Bacteremia. BMC Infect Dis. 2022;22(1):855.
34. Contreras GA, Munita JM, Simar S, Luterbach C, Dinh AQ, Rydell K, et al. Contemporary Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcal Bacteremia: A Prospective Multicenter Cohort Study (VENOUS I). Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022;9(3):ofab616.
35. Ye JJ, Shie SS, Cheng CW, Yang JH, Huang PY, Wu, TS, et al. Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium bacteremia. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2018;51:705–16.
36. Hemapanpairoa J, Changpradub D, Thunyaharn S, Santimaleeworagun W. Does Vancomycin Resistance Increase Mortality? Clinical Outcomes and Predictive Factors for Mortality in Patients with Enterococcus faecium Infections. Antibiotics (Basel). 2021;10(2):105.
37. Jiang HL, Zhou Z, Wang LS, Fang Y, Li YH, Chu CI. The Risk Factors, Costs, and Survival Analysis of Invasive VRE Infections at a Medical Center in Eastern Taiwan. Int J Infect Dis. 2017;54:18-24.
38. Zasowski EJ, Claeys KC, Lagnf MA, Davis SL, Rybak MJ. Time Is of the Essence: The Impact of Delayed Antibiotic Therapy on Patient Outcomes in Hospital-Onset Enterococcal Bloodstream Infections, Clin Infecti Dis. 2016;62(10):1242–50.
39. Alevizakos M, Gaitanidis A, Nasioudis D, Tori K, Flokas ME, Mylonakis E. Colonization With Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci and Risk for Bloodstream Infection Among Patients With Malignancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2016;4(1):ofw246.
40. Janjusevic A, Cirkovic I, Minic R, Stevanovic G, Soldatovic I, Mihaljevic B. Predictors of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus spp. Intestinal Carriage among High-Risk Patients in University Hospitals in Serbia. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022;11(9):1228.
41. Farhadi R, Saffar MJ, Monfared FT, Larijani LV, Kenari SA, Charati JY. Prevalence, risk factors, and molecular analysis of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci colonization in a referral neonatal intensive care unit: a prospective study in northern Iran. JGAR. 2022;30:474-79.
42. Akturk H, Sutcu M, Somer A, Acar M, Akgun Karapınar B, Aydin D, et al. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci colonization in a neonatal intensive care unit: who will be infected? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 2016;21:3478-82.
43. Chuang YC, Lin HY, Chen PY, Lin CY, Wang JT, Chang SC. Daptomycin versus linezolid for the treatment of vancomycin-resistant enterococcal bacteraemia: implications of daptomycin dose. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016;22:890.E1-890.E7.
44. Prematunge C, MacDougall C, Johnstone J, Adomako K, Lam F, Robertson J. VRE and VSE Bacteremia Outcomes in the Era of Effective VRE Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2016;37(1):26-35.
45. Hertz FB, Nielsen KL, Olsen MH, Ebdrup SR, Nielsen C, Kirkby NS, Frimodt-Møller N, Møller K. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium: should we screen on admission? APMIS. 2022;130(11):657-60.
46. van Dijk MD, Voor In 't Holt AF, Alp E, Hell M, Petrosillo N, Presterl E, et al; ESCMID Study Group for Nosocomial Infections (ESGNI). Infection prevention and control policies in hospitals and prevalence of highly resistant microorganisms: an international comparative study. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2022;11(1):152.
47. Saito N, Kitazawa J, Horiuchi H, Yamamoto T, Kimura M, Inoue F, et al Interhospital transmission of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in Aomori, Japan. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2022;11(1):99.

There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language	Turkish
Subjects	Health Care Administration
Journal Section	Review
Authors	Hale Gümüş 0000-0001-9071-9606
Project Number	-
Publication Date	March 31, 2023
Acceptance Date	March 24, 2023
Published in Issue	Year 2023 Volume: 32 Issue: 1

Cite

AMA	Gümüş H. Vankomisine Dirençli Enterococcus faecium: Kısa Bir Derleme. aktd. March 2023;32(1):1-9. doi:10.17827/aktd.1246260

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